Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fakultt Bauingenieurwesen
R. Pohl
Lesson
Course
Rehabilitation Engineering
Lesson
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 2
Navigation
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 3
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 4
Last Quarter of the 19 Century, beginning 20th century Boom in Waterway Construction in Germany Extensive Industrialization after 1850 Growth of Population in Germany (1852: 36 Mio., 1895: 52 Mio.) Railway Network Navigation Canal Network between 1863 and 1917 twenty seven large Navigation Projects in Germany including e.g.
1880 1884 1884 1886 1877 1896 1906 1906 - 1887 1886 1895 1899 1900 1916 1915 Ems-Jade-Canal Neckar Canalization Main Canalization downstream of Frankfurt Kaiser-Wilhelm-Canal Dortmund-Ems-Canal Elbe-Trave-Canal Ems-Weser-Canal (Mittellandkanal) Development of Oder-Weichsel-Waterway
th
Ship Lift Niederfinow Between 1990 and 2004 : one large Navigation Project in Germany Transport Project German Unity 17 Waterway Cross Magdeburg
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 5
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 6
Canal aqueducts
Ancient non-navigable aqueducts for water supply: Niniveh, Assyria 700 BC, Acqua Marcia, Rome 144 BC, Segovia, Spain 10 AD, Pont du Gard, Nimes, France 14 AD 1462-1470 navigable canal aqueduct Adda-Milan, Italy 1779 cast iron canal bridge over river Severn, UK 1847 Delaware Hudson canal aqueduct, USA 1914 reinforced concrete aqueduct Minden, Germany 2000 Elbe crossing canal aqueduct Magdeburg, Germany (Project 17 German Unity)
Inclined planes
Ancient primitive portages to bypass ships around river rapids or to connect two navigable waters Later: gentle gradient slipways. Boats were draged through shallow water an aprons of stonework 12th century AD slipway in the Netherlands15th century AD rope hauled short inclines to convey boats in wheeled cradles: 1437 Lizzafusina on river Brenta, Italy (near Venice) 18th century double and counterbalanced long inclines e.g. in Ireland 19th century railway canal links, powered inclines
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 7
Barge Ramp: the Cart of Zasofina (Lizzafosina) by Vittorio Zonca (Padova 1607)
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 8
Barge Ramp 19th Century: Dry Ship Lift Top: crossing the apex, Bottom: with lock chamber at the upper end
Barge Ramp in Morris Canal 19th century (between Hudson and Delaware) Non-lock type platform barge lift
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 9
1st boatlift on Churprinz Canal for small 2.5 ton-Boats at Halsbrcke in Saxony, Germany Grand Western Canal in England: 7 counterbalanced twin-chamber lifts (operated until 1867) hydraulically operated lifts
Locks
Fundamental to the ability of any navigation to rise or fall was the use of lock-gates to hold one reach of water at a higher level than an adjoining section 1st century BC Single (or "flash") lock-gates in use (Chien-Lu Dam and canals near Nanyang, in the valley of the Euphrates, or the port of Sidon) for irrigation and sluicing purposes
late 12th century AD In Europe, the lock was developed initially to overcome two specific problems: - a desire to allow boats to enter a drainage and navigable water system which was protected by dykes (single lifting gate portcullis type), - the need to increase the depth of water available for the navigation of rivers (weirs with removable wooden boards ).
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 10
boats sailing up or down the river on the "flash" of water released when the boards were removed. earliest single-gate locks in Europe: Netherlands at Nieuwpoort, in Italy on the river Mincio at Governolo, Stecknitz Canal in Germany (1398) was the first summit canal in Europe, a progression made possible by the use of single locks. 10th century AD 1373 China: the chamber lock radically reduced water usage. in Europe at Vreeswijk (Netherlands), where the canal from Utrecht entered the river Lek, in more upland canal schemes 15th-century in Italy building of a lock in Milan (1420) A Chinese text of mentions a staircase of locks. In Europe they were first used in France, when the Canal du Briare (France) opened in 1642
1072 AD
late 15th century AD The mitre stem gate was probably introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate, earliest drawings are by Leonardo da Vinci and date from the late 15th century 1754 The earliest known (but unsuccessful) shaft lock was built on the line of the uncompleted trans-Sweden canal at Trollhttan
Improvements in lock design have continued throughout this century, with different types of gate design appearing. These have included gates which lift and rotate, increasing headroom under the raised gate, gates which slide to one side, gates which lower either sliding vertically or are hinged at the bottom, and sector and segment gates which are curved and thus distribute stresses more evenly. Gates are also now used for emptying and filling locks, doing away with the necessity for sluices and paddle gear.
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 11
Box lock
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 12
Begin of construction of shaft locks and stairs of locks for higher reach level differences
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 13
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 14
Water Power
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 15
Simple water wheels were the predominant hydropower machines during several centuries, driving mills for grinding and sawing 19th century Turbines from 1900 after invention of long distance electricity transmission with alternating current also large dams for hydropower from 1930 pumping storage (for balance between base load and peak demand)
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 16
Dams
3000 1000 BC 1000 BC 300 BC 300 AD embankment dams impound reservoirs mostly for irrigation water, dams partial without (sufficient) spillway dams with spillways, intakes ancient Roman dams for drinking and spa water supply in southern Europe, dams often combined structures: upstream masonry, downstream embankment fill, water transport via aqueducts and covered canals prime of masonry and concrete dam construction e.g. in mediaeval Spain reservoirs for mining water supply in Germany (Freiberg), embankment dams with steep slopes new era of masonry dams, drinking water supply for the quickly growing cities e.g. in Germany and France requires large reservoirs after invention of electricity transmission with alternating current also large dams for hydropower concrete dams of several types (gravity, arch, multiple arch, vault) very high (major) dams, Concrete dams H > 250 m: e.g. Grande Dixence, Vajont; rockfill dams: e.g. Nurek different techniques for concrete dams: climbing formwork, roller compacted concrete (rcc) multipurpose reservoirs (water supply, flood protection, hydropower )
from 1900 from 1920 from 1950 20th century 20th century
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 17
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 18
Ancient Roman water supply canal bridge (aqueducts) Pont du Gard, Southern France
Beginning of modern dam construction, e.g. Bouzey, France water supply for a navigation canal
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 19
Gravity dam construction at the beginning 20th century: Mhne dam, Germany water supply for the Ruhr region, hydropower, flood protection
Major dams: 1960 Vajont, Italy 266 m high vault dam, 1963 Vajont disaster: sliding slope displaced storage water, dam withstood risks in civil engineering
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. Course: Rehabilitation Engineering Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 R. Pohl
page 20
References
Arthur Ernest Morgan: Dams and Other Disasters : A Century of the Army Corps of Engineers in Civil Works.- Paperback (March 1972) Porter Sargent Pub; ISBN: 0875580947 Eric B. Kollgaard, Wallace L. Chadwick (Editor): Development of Dam Engineering in the United States Alan W. Cooper: The men who breached the dams : 617 Squadron "the Dambusters" Uhlemann, H.-J. : Die Geschichte der Schiffshebewerke.- DSV-Verlag, Busse Seewald, ISBN 3-88412-291-6 The International Canal Monuments List - Part IIa - Individual Structures.htm Kirschmer, O.: Zerstrung und Schutz von Talsperren und Dmmen. In: Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Vol. 67(20), 1949, S. 277-281 und Vol. 67(21), 1949, S. 300-303 Lanser, O.: berblick ber die Talsperrenkatastrophen der Vergangenheit. In: sterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, 12(1960)8/9, S. 142 ff Schnitter, N.: Alte Talsperren in Spanien. In: Wasser- und Energiewirtschaft, 1973, S. 176-187 Schnitter, N. J.: Dam Failures Due to Overtopping. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Dam Safety Evaluation, Grindewald (Schweiz), 1993, Vol. 1, S. 13-19 Singh, V. P.: Dam Breach Modeling Technology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996 Thomas, H. H.: Engineering of large Dams.- J. Wiley & Sons 1976, chapter 3, S. 35ff Vogel, A.: Die Geschichte gemauerter Talsperren II. In: sterreichische Wasserwirtschaft, 34(1982)1/2, S. 27 ff Gnther Garbrecht: Historische Talsperren.- Vol. 1 + 2, Wittwer Verl. 1991, ISBN: 3879191581 Nicholas J. Schnitter :A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids.- Ashgate Publishing (March 1, 1994), Hardcover: 282 pages, ISBN: 9054101490
From Book News, Inc. Schnitter, a dam designer with a historical curiosity, describes the structures built by the ancient civilizations of Asia, Europe, and the New World, of the Romans, the Moslem world, medieval dams, and the evolution of the modern dam. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
John Nichols: St. Francis Dam Disaster (Images of America).Civil Engineering Guidelines for Planning and Designing Hydroelectric Developments: Planning Design of Dams and Related Features and Environmental.Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (September 1, 1989), Paperback, ISBN: 0872627268 The International Canal Monuments List - Part IIa - Individual Structures.htm