Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

Heat transfer Extended surface fins Heat equation Analytical solution

HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer is the transition of thermal energy from a hotter mass to a cooler mass. When an object is at a different temperature than its surroundings or another object, transfer of thermal energy, also known as heat flow, or heat exchange, occurs in such a way that the body and the surroundings reach thermal equilibrium; this means that they are at the same temperature. Heat transfer always occurs from a higher-temperature object to a coolertemperature one as described by the second law of thermodynamics or the Clausius statement. Where there is a temperature difference between objects in proximity, heat transfer between them can never be stopped; it can only be slowed. MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER There are three modes of Heat transfer, they are Conduction Convection Radiation

CONDUCTION Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter. The transfer of energy could be primarily by elastic impact as in fluids or by free electron diffusion as predominant in metals or phonon vibration as predominant in insulators. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as electrons move from one atom to another. Conduction is greater in solids, where a network of relatively fixed spacial relationships between atoms helps to transfer energy between them by vibration. Heat conduction is directly analogous to diffusion of particles into a fluid, in the situation where there are no fluid currents. This type of heat diffusion differs from mass diffusion in behavior, only in as much as it can occur in solids, whereas mass diffusion is mostly limited to fluids. Metals (e.g. copper, platinum, gold, iron, etc.) are usually the best conductors of thermal energy. This is due to the way that metals are chemically bonded: metallic bonds (as opposed

to covalent or ionic bonds) have free-moving electrons which are able to transfer thermal energy rapidly through the metal. As density decreases so does conduction. Therefore, fluids (and especially gases) are less conductive. This is due to the large distance between atoms in a gas: fewer collisions between atoms means less conduction. Conductivity of gases increases with temperature. Conductivity increases with increasing pressure from vacuum up to a critical point that the density of the gas is such that molecules of the gas may be expected to collide with each other before they transfer heat from one surface to another. After this point in density, conductivity increases only slightly with increasing pressure and density. To quantify the ease with which a particular medium conducts, engineers employ the thermal conductivity, also known as the conductivity constant or conduction coefficient, k. In thermal conductivity k is defined as "the quantity of heat, Q, transmitted in time (t) through a thickness (L), in a direction normal to a surface of area (A), due to a temperature difference (T) [...]." Thermal conductivity is a material property that is primarily dependent on the medium's phase, temperature, density, and molecular bonding. A heat pipe is a passive device that is constructed in such a way that it acts as though it has extremely high thermal conductivity. Steady-state conduction vs. Transient conduction

Steady state conduction is the form of conduction which happens when the temperature difference driving the conduction is constant so that after an equilibration time, the spatial distribution of temperatures (temperature field) in the conducting object does not change any further. For example, a bar may be cold at one end and hot at the other, but the gradient of temperatures along the bar does not change with time. The temperature at any given section of the rod remains constant, and this temperature varies linearly along the direction of heat transfer. In steady state conduction, the amount of heat entering a section is equal to amount of heat coming out. In steady state conduction, all the laws of direct current electrical conduction can be applied to "heat currents". In such cases, it is possible to take "thermal resistances" as the analog to electrical resistances. Temperature plays the role of voltage and heat transferred is the analog of electrical current.

Transient conduction There also exists non-steady-state situations, in which the temperature drop or increase occurs more drastically, such as when a hot copper ball is dropped into oil at a low temperature. Here the temperature field within the object changes as a function of time, and the interest lies in analyzing this spatial change of temperature within the object over time. This mode of heat conduction can be referred to as transient conduction. Analysis of these systems is more complex and (except for simple shapes) calls for the application of approximation theories, and/or numerical analysis by computer.

CONVECTION Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of molecules from one part of the material to another. As the fluid motion increases, so does the convective heat transfer. The presence of bulk motion of the fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface and the fluid. There are two types of convective heat transfer: Natural convection: when the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that result from the density variations due to variations of temperature in the fluid. For example, in the absence of an external source, when the mass of the fluid is in contact with a hot surface, its molecules separate and scatter, causing the mass of fluid to become less dense. When this happens, the fluid is displaced vertically or horizontally while the cooler fluid gets denser and the fluid sinks. Thus the hotter volume transfers heat towards the cooler volume of that fluid. Forced convection: when the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external source such as fans and pumps, creating an artificially induced convection current. Internal and external flow can also classify convection. Internal flow occurs when the fluid is enclosed by a solid boundary such as a flow through a pipe. An external flow occurs when the fluid extends indefinitely without encountering a solid surface. Both of these convections, either natural or forced, can be internal or external because they are independent of each other.[citation needed] The rate of convective heat transfer is given by: q = hA(Ts Tb)

A is the surface area of heat transfer. Ts is the surface temperature and Tb is the temperature of the fluid at bulk temperature. However, Tb varies with each situation and is the temperature of the fluid far away from the surface. h is the constant heat transfer coefficient that depends upon physical properties of the fluid such as temperature and the physical situation in which convection occurs. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficient must be derived or found experimentally for every system analyzed. Formulas and correlations are available in many references to calculate heat transfer coefficients for typical configurations and fluids. For laminar flows, the heat transfer coefficient is rather low compared to the turbulent flows; this is due to turbulent flows having a thinner stagnant fluid film layer on heat transfer surface. RADIATION Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through empty space. All objects with a temperature above absolute zero radiate energy at a rate equal to their emissivity multiplied by the rate at which energy would radiate from them if they were a black body. No medium is necessary for radiation to occur, for it is transferred through electromagnetic waves; radiation works even in and through a perfect vacuum. The energy from the Sun travels through the vacuum of space before warming the earth. Both reflectivity and emissivity of all bodies is wavelength dependent. The temperature determines the wavelength distribution of the electromagnetic radiation as limited in intensity by Plancks law of black-body radiation. For any body the reflectivity depends on the wavelength distribution of incoming electromagnetic radiation and therefore the temperature of the source of the radiation. The emissivity depends on the wave length distribution and therefore the temperature of the body itself. For example, fresh snow, which is highly reflective to visible light, (reflectivity about 0.90) appears white due to reflecting sunlight with a peak energy wavelength of about 0.5 micrometers. Its emissivity, however, at a temperature of about -5C, peak energy wavelength of about 12 micrometers, is 0.99. Gases absorb and emit energy in characteristic wavelength patterns that are different for each gas. Visible light is simply another form of electromagnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength (and therefore a higher frequency) than infrared radiation. The difference between visible light and the radiation from objects at conventional temperatures is a factor of about 20 in

frequency and wavelength; the two kinds of emission are simply different "colours" of electromagnetic radiation.

Extended Surfaces: Fins

Extended surfaces are often used to reduce the thermal resistance at a surface and thereby increase the heat transfer rate from the surface to the adjacent fluid. They are also referred to as fins. It is also not possible to increase the temperature difference (T1 Tf) because temperatures in the system are fixed by other constraints. The only option is to increase the area. This is done by using extended surfaces or fins. The use of fins is very common and they are fabricated in a variety of shapes. A familiar application is the use of circumferential fins around the cylinder of motorcycle engine. This geometry is shown in the figure for two shapes. In the figures shown below, one show the fins having a rectangular cross section, while in the other figure shows them having a triangular cross section. Fins are most commonly used in heat exchanging devices such as radiators in cars and heat exchangers in power plants. They are also used in newer technology such as hydrogen fuel cells. Nature has also taken advantage of the phenomena of fins. The ears of jackrabbits and Fennec Foxes act as fins to release heat from the blood that flows through them. Aluminum Fins take 30% & Copper fins takes 35% less time for cooling from 350 degree centigrade to 100 degree centigrade than standard Fins.

HEAT EQUATION The heat equation is an important partial differential equation which describes the distribution of heat (or variation in temperature) in a given region over time. For a function u(x,y,z,t) of three spatial variables (x,y,z) and the time variable t, the heat equation is given as follows.

or , where is a constant.

Derivation in one dimension The heat equation is derived from Fourier's law and conservation of energy (Cannon 1984). By Fourier's law, the flow rate of heat energy through a surface is proportional to the negative temperature gradient across the surface,

where k is the thermal conductivity and u is the temperature. In one dimension, the gradient is an ordinary spatial derivative, and so Fourier's law is

where ux is du/dx. In the absence of work done, a change in internal energy per unit volume in the material, Q, is proportional to the change in temperature, u. That is,

where cp is the specific heat capacity and is the mass density of the material. Choosing zero energy at absolute zero temperature, this can be rewritten as .

The increase in internal energy in a small spatial region of the material

over the time period

is given by[1]

where the fundamental theorem of calculus was used. Additionally, with no work done and absent any heat sources or sinks, the change in internal energy in the interval [ x-x, x+x] is accounted for entirely by the flux of heat across the boundaries. By Fourier's law, this is

again by the fundamental theorem of calculus.[2] By conservation of energy,

This is true for any rectangle [tt, t+t] [xx, x+x]. Consequently, the integrand must vanish identically:

Which can be rewritten as:

or:

which is the heat equation. The coefficient k/(cp) is called thermal diffusivity and is often noted .

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION

To create a simplified equation for the heat transfer of a fin, many assumptions need to be made. Assume: 1. Steady state 2. Constant material properties (independent of temperature) 3. No internal heat generation 4. One-dimensional conduction 5. Uniform cross-sectional area 6. Uniform convection across the surface area

With these assumptions, the conservation of energy can be used to create an energy balance for a differential cross section of the fin.

Fouriers law states that

Where, Ac is the cross-sectional area of the differential element. Therefore the conduction rate at x+dx can be expressed as

Hence, it can also be expressed as

. Since the equation for heat flux is

Then dqconv is equal to

Where, As is the surface area of the differential element. By substitution it is found that

This is the general equation for convection from extended surfaces. Applying certain boundary conditions will allow this equation to simplify.

Chapter-2
Computer simulation
Computer simulation Fluid flow and heat transfer Methods of discretization Closure

COMPUTER SIMULATION
What is Computer Simulation???
The simulation of an industrial system on computers involving mathematical representation of the physical process undergone by the various component of the system, by a set of governing equations (usually differential equations) transformed to difference equations which are in turn solved as a set of simultaneous algebraic equations.

Advantages of Computer Simulation:Here are some of the important advantages of computer simulation or also known as numerical simulation: It is possible to see simultaneously the effect of various parameters and variables on the behavior of the system since the speed of computing is very high. To study the same in an experimental setup is not only difficult and time consuming but in many cases, may be impossible. It is much cheaper than setting up big experiments or building prototypes of physical systems. Numerical modeling is versatile. A large variety of problems with different level of complexity can be simulated on a computer. A numerical simulation allows models and hence physical understanding of the problem to be improved. It is similar to conducting experiments. In some cases, it is the only feasible substitute foe experiments, for example, modeling loss of coolant accident (LOCA) in nuclear reactors, numerical simulation of spread of fire in a building and modeling of incineration of hazardous waste.

However, it is to be emphasized that not every problem can be solved by computer simulation. Experiments are still required to get an insight into the phenomena that are not well understood and also to check the validity of the results of computer simulation of complex problems.

Application of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

Fluid flow and heat transfer plays a very important role in nature, living organism and in a variety of practical situations. More often than not, flow and heat transfer are coupled and rarely an engineer solves a problem of either pure fluid flow or pure heat transfer. The various applications of fluid flow and heat transfer are:-

Power production e.g. thermal, nuclear, hydraulic, wind, and solar plants. Heating and Air-conditioning of buildings. Chemical and metallurgical industries, e.g. furnace, heat exchangers, condensers and reactors. Design of an I.C engine. Optimization of heat transfer from cooling fins Aircraft and spacecraft. Design of electrical machinery and electronic circuits. Cooling of computers. Weather prediction and environment pollution. Material processing such as solidification and melting, metal cutting, welding, rolling, extrusion, plastics and food processing in screw extruders and laser cutting of materials.

Oil exploration. Production of chemicals such as cement and aluminium oxide. Drying. Processing of solid and liquid waste. Bio-heat transfer.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL, ANALYTICAL, AND NUMERICAL METHODS:-

1. Experimental Method: - Experimental methods are used to obtain reliable information about the physical process that are not well understood example combustion and turbulence. The major disadvantage this method are high cost, measurements difficulties and probe errors. Often, small scale models do not always simulate all the features if the full scale set up. The advantage of this method is that it is more realistic. 2. Analytical Method :- Analytical methods or methods of classic mathematics are used to obtain the solution of a mathematical model consisting of a set of differential equation which represents a physical process within the limit of assumption made. Only a handful of analytical solutions are available in heat transfer because of the complexity involved in the handling of the complex boundary and non-linearities in differential equation or boundary conditions. Furthermore, the analytical solution contains infinite series, special functions, transcendental equations foe Eigen values etc. thus the numerical evaluation becomes quite cumbersome. 3. Numerical Method: - The major advantages of numerical solution are its abilities to handle complex geometry and non linearity in the governing equation and boundary condition. Other advantages of numerical method are briefly described below :a. Low cost b. High speed c. Complete information d. Ability to simulate realistic conditions e. Ability to simulate ideal conditions

The disadvantage of the numerical predictions is the associated truncation error and round off error and the difficulties in simulating the complicated boundary condition.

METHODS OF DISCRETIZATION

A. The Finite Difference Method

Because of the importance of the heat equation to a wide variety of fields, there are many analytical solutions of that equation for a wide variety of initial and boundary conditions. However, one very often runs into a problem whose particular conditions have no analytical solution, or where the analytical solutions even more difficult to implement than a suitably accurate numerical solution. Here we will discuss one particular method for analytical solution of partial differential equations called the finite difference method.

The usual procedure for deriving the finite difference equations consists of of approximating derivatives in the differential equation via the truncated Taylor series. The method includes the assumption that the variation of the unknown to be computed is somewhat like a polynomial in x, y or z so that higher derivatives are unimportant. The great popularity of the finite difference method is mainly due to their straight-forwardness and relative simplicity by which a newcomer in the field is able to obtain solutions of a simple problem.

Disadvantages of Finite Difference Method Several shortcomings and limitations of the FDM were discovered when researchers tried to solve problems with increasing degree of physical complexity such as : 1. Flow at higher Reynoldss numbers. 2. Flows around arbitrarily shaped bodies. 3. Strong time-dependant flows.

This led to the development of superior methods, particularly in the area where finite difference method have some disadvantage. These Methods can be divided into two main categories 1. Finite Element Method. 2. Spectral Method.

B. Finite Element Method:Finite Element Method (FEM) basically seeks solution at discrete spatial regions called elements by assuming that the governing differential equations apply to the continuum within each element. Their introduction and ready acceptance was due to the relative ease by which flow problems with complicated boundary shapes can be modelled, especially when compared with finite difference method. However disadvantage of FEM arises from the fact that more complicated matrix operation are required to solve the resulting system of equations. Furthermore, meaningful variational formulations are difficult to obtain for high Reynolds number flows. Hence, variation principle based FEM is limited to solutions of creeping flow and heat conduction problems. Glarkins weighted residual method, which is also another FEM is a powerful method and circumvents the difficulties faced by variational calculus based FEM. Much research is in progress in the use of this method.

C. Spectral Method:Spectral methods are generally much more accurate than simple first or second order finite difference methods. In this method, the approximation is based on expansions of independent variables into finite truncated series of smooth functions. A disadvantage of the spectral method is their relative complexity in comparisons with standard finite difference methods. Also the implementation of complex boundary conditions appears to be a frequent source of considerable difficulty.

D. Control Volume Formulation:In this method, the calculation domain is divided into number of non overlapping control volumes such that there is one control volume surrounding each grid point. The differential equation is integrated over each control volume. The major advantage of this method is its physical soundness. The disadvantage is that it is not as straightforward as finite difference method.

Closure Here, the finite difference method is chosen as a method of discretization because For a newcomer in the field of numerical field of flow and heat transfer, this is the best possible method to begin with simply because of its inherent straight forwardness and simplicity. In recent years tremendous refinements and advances have been made by numerous researchers in the finite difference method, particularly in the areas where it was known to be weak, such as irregular boundaries or superior accuracy. FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD There are three numerical techniques: 1. Finite difference (numerical solution) 2. Finite element 3. Finite volume (in CFD) This project uses finite-difference method to get temperature distribution, which is then verified using finite-volume method in CFD. NODES>>>
0 1 2 3 4 5 M-1 M

D1

D2

X L

Slice the fins at right angle to the length, defining X=L/M For interior elements the node is centre having width x , while for two end elements the node is at the edge having width x/2.

Chapter-3
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Introduction Governing equations Boundary conditions Discretization Closure

ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE PROBLEM: Considering the one-dimensional steady state heat conduction in an isolated rectangular horizontal fin as shown figure below. The base temperature is maintained at T=T0 and the tip of the fin is insulated. The fin is exposed to a convective environment (neglecting the heat transfer by radiation from the tip of the fin) which is at T (T<T0).

h, T T=T0 =0

(Physical domain of the rectangular fin) The average heat transfer coefficient of the fin to the ambient is h. the length of the fin is L and the coordinate axis begins at the base of the fin. The one dimentionality arises from the fact that the thickness of the fin is much small as compared to its length and width can be considered either too long or the sides to the fin to be insulated.

Governing differential equation: The energy equation for the fin at the steady state (assuming constant k) is

Where

P = Perimeter of the fin A= Cross sectional area of the fin

Boundary conditions: The governing equation is a linear, second order ordinary differential equation, two boundary conditions are needed to completely describe this problem( which is a boundary value problem). Boundary conditions are: B.C.1: At x=0, T=T0 Non Dimensionalisation: Non dimensionalising the governing equation and the boundary conditions, using the dimensionaless variables. = Also, and X= i.e dx= B.C.2: At x=L, =0

From above eqn,

Now if,

We get

i.e

i.e i.e Boundary conditions are: (0) = 1 and (1) = | =0

Discretization:The governing equation in non-dimensional form is discretized at any interior grid point i using central difference for as follows ( )

- m2L2i = 0 i-1 Di + i+1 = 0 .........(A) i=1,2,3.......

Where D = 2 + (mL)2(X)2 i-1 2i + i+1 - (mL)2i (X)2 = 0 i-1 [2 + (mL)2(X)2]i + i+1 = 0

Handling of the boundary condition:At x = L i.e. i=M The above equation reduces to M-1 DM + M+1 = 0 Hence M+1 represents a fictious temperature at point M+1 which lies outside the computational domain. Hence here the image point technique is used.

Image point technique:It is assumed that Vs X curve extends beyond X = 1 so that at X = 1, the condition satisfied. M-1 M-1 M+1 = 0 is

In other words, Vs X curve can be imagined to look as above figure. The dotted line represents the mirror imageextension of the solid lineindicating that a minima exist at X=1. Therefore, the boundary condition at X=1 can be aproximately satisfied by M+1 = M-1 Substituting this in the equation M-1 DM + M+1 = 0 M-1 DM + M-1 = 0 2M-1 DM = 0 Therefore, we can write that 1 = 1 i-1 Di + i+1 = 0 2M-1 DM = 0 for i = 1 (Known) for i=2,3....... for i=M ..........(B)

Hence, we have a set of M-1 linear simultaneous algebraic equations and M-1 unknown which can be easily solved by standard numerical method.

If M=5 we have N=M-1=4 equations to solve These 4 equation are, From equation A, putting i = 1 and i-1 =1-1= 0=1(given boundary temperature) i-1 Di + i+1 = 0 1 D1 + 2 = 0 D1 - 2 = 1 For i = 2, 1 D2 + 3= 0 -1+ D2 - 3= 0 -ve is multiplied to make the D as +ve. For i = 3, -2 + D3 4= 0 For i = 4, -3+ D4 5= 0 .........(3) ...........(2) ..........(1)

But 3 = 5 (Image point technique or apply equation B) -23+ D4 = 0 Now arranging these 4 equations in the matrix form. ........(4)

It should be noted that 1 corresponds to the temprature at grid point 2 and so on for 2 ,3, 4.

Chapter-4
About Matlab and Ansys-Inc
Matlab Ansys-Inc Closure

MATLAB
MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language. Developed by The Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other languages. Although it is numeric only, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to computer algebra capabilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. MATLAB (meaning "matrix laboratory") was invented in the late 1970s by Cleve Moler, then chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico.[3] He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without having to learn Fortran. It soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded The MathWorks in 1984 to continue its development. These rewritten libraries were known as

JACKPAC.[citation needed] In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK[4].MATLAB was first adopted by control design engineers, Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra and numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved with image processing.

This project utilizes MATLAB tool for solving n equations found by the finite difference method, hence plotting of temperature distribution diagram for different materials and finally comparing the results..

ANSYS Inc.
ANSYS, Inc. is an engineering simulation software provider founded by software engineer John Swanson. It develops general-purpose finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics software. While ANSYS has developed a range of computer-aided engineering (CAE) products, it is perhaps best known for its ANSYS Mechanical and ANSYS Multiphysics products. ANSYS Mechanical and ANSYS Multiphysics software are non exportable analysis tools incorporating pre-processing (geometry creation, meshing), solver and post-processing modules in a graphical user interface. These are general-purpose finite element modeling packages for numerically solving mechanical problems, including static/dynamic structural analysis (both linear and non-linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electro-magnetic problems. ANSYS Mechanical technology incorporates both structural and material non-linearities. ANSYS Multiphysics software includes solvers for thermal, structural, CFD,

electromagnetics, and acoustics and can sometimes couple these separate physics together in order to address multidisciplinary applications. ANSYS software can also be used in civil engineering, electrical engineering, physics and chemistry. ANSYS, Inc. acquired the CFX computational fluid dynamics code in 2003 and Fluent, Inc. in 2006. The CFD packages from ANSYS are used for engineering simulations. In 2008, ANSYS acquired Ansoft Corporation, a leading developer of high-performance electronic design automation (EDA) software, and added a suite of products designed to simulate highperformance electronics designs found in mobile communication and Internet devices, broadband networking components and systems, integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, and electromechanical systems. The acquisition allowed ANSYS to address the continuing convergence of the mechanical and electrical worlds across a whole range of industry sectors.

What is ANSYS? ANSYS is a finite-element analysis package used widely in industry to simulate the response of a physical system to structural loading, and thermal and electromagnetic effects. ANSYS uses the finite-element method to solve the underlying governing equations and the associated problem-specific boundary conditions. How to obtain a solution in ANSYS? A solution can be obtained by following these nine steps: 1. Start-up and preliminary set-up 2. Specify element type and constants 3. Specify material properties 4. Specify geometry 5. Mesh geometry 6. Specify boundary conditions 7. Solve! 8. Postprocess the results 9. Validate the results Results were plotted using different materials by simulating them in the ANSYS package. The results show obtained were compared with experimental data.

Closure
Matlab is used to get numerical solutions of one dimensional fin. The temperature profiles are hence plotted. The fin is simulated in Ansys cfd tool and hence respective plots are generated and atudied.

Chapter-5
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Experimental setup Procedure Observation Closure

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

For a pin fin under electrical heating and subjected to natural convection with insulated tip. We are to find out temperature distribution along the length of the fin as measured by thermocouples and comparison with theoretical temperature distribution.

DESCRIPTION OF TEST RIG:

The test rig consists of a square duct with a pin fin attached on inside duct wall at the mid length. Thermocouples are attached on the fins surface at 5 locations including the fin root and tip. A sixth thermocouple to measure the temperature of the air surrounding the fin. The base of the fin receives the heat from an electrical heater. The test rig is shown in photograph below. PHOTOGRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
The heater is first switched on and the system is allowed to com to steady state. The temperature read by all the thermocouples are monitored from time to time. When the temperature measured by all the thermocouples does not vary anymore with time, steady state is reached. The steady state temperature of all thermocouples are measured and tabulated. The dimensions, heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity of the fin are: Fin diameter 5 mm Fin length 120 mm Heat transfer coefficient of the fin 10.68 W/m2-K

OBSERVATION TABLE: Thermal conductivity of fin material(copper alloy) 386 W/m-K TEMPERATURE T1 (Root) In Celcius(0C) In Kelvin(K) 89.5 362.5 T2 87.5 360.5 T3 86 359 T4 85 358 T5 84.5 357.5 T(Ambient) 32 305

Thermal conductivity of fin material(aluminium) 250 W/m-K TEMPERATURE T1 (Root) 0 In Celcius( C) 89.5 In Kelvin(K) 362.5 T2 86 359 T3 85.5 358.5 T4 84 357 T5 83.5 356.5 T(Ambient) 32 305

Thermal conductivity of fin material(copper) 401 W/m-K TEMPERATURE T1 (Root) 0 In Celcius( C) 89.5 In Kelvin(K) 362.5 T2 88 361 T3 86.5 359.5 T4 86 359 T5 85.5 358.5 T(Ambient) 32 305

Thermal conductivity of fin material(carbon steel) 54 W/m-K TEMPERATURE T1 (Root) In Celcius(0C) In Kelvin(K) 89.5 362.5 T2 80.5 353.5 T3 74 347 T4 70 343 T5 67 340 T(Ambient) 32 305

CONCLUSION: The experiment was conducted sucessesfully and the temperatures were recorded. SOURCES OF ERROR: Probably, some heat is lost from the steel wall which goes unaccounted for. The temperature readings from the thermocouple may not be at steady state. There may be some energy loss in the thermocouple wire. Impurities present in the fin material.

Closure
The observation were taken for various materials of fin under given experimental conditions. The results were plotted using matlab tool. The results were idealized for one-dimensional steady state conditions.

Chapter-6
Results and discussions Plots from Ansys Programme output Experimental plots Comparative study of the results

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Results obtained from ANSYS

For the experimental setup: By taking following data Fin length = 120 mm Fin width = 5 mm Convection heat transfer coefficient = 10.68 W/m2-K Thermal conductivity of the lab specimen = 386 W/m-K

TEMP

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For Brass fin: By taking following data Fin length = 120 mm Fin width = 5 mm Convection heat transfer coefficient = 10.68 W/m2-K Thermal conductivity of the Brass = 109 W/m-K

TEMP

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For Aluminium fin: By taking following data Fin length = 120 mm Fin width = 5 mm Convection heat transfer coefficient = 10.68 W/m2-K Thermal conductivity of the Aluminium = 250 W/m-K

TEMP

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For Copper fin: By taking following data Fin length = 120 mm Fin width = 5 mm Convection heat transfer coefficient = 10.68 W/m2-K Thermal conductivity of the Copper = 250 W/m-K

TEMP

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For Carbon Steel fin: By taking following data Fin length = 120 mm Fin width = 5 mm Convection heat transfer coefficient = 10.68 W/m2-K Thermal conductivity of the Carbon Steel = 54 W/m-K

TEMP

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Programme output

Pin fin Material: BRASS K (thermal conductivity)=109 w/m-K h (coefficient of convection)=10.68 w/m2-K l (length of pin-fin)=120mm d (diameter of pin fin)=5mm hence, = 8.85 convergence criteria =0.01

0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1

temprature

0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0

1.5

2.5 nodes

3.5

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0.35

0.3

0.25

temprature

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
40 | P a g e

5 nodes

0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3

temprature

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

6 nodes

10

12

14

41 | P a g e

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35

temprature

0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

10 12 nodes

14

16

18

20

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convergence criteria = 10-20

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

temprature

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

10 nodes

12

14

16

18

20

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Pin fin Material: ALUMINIUM K (thermal conductivity)=200 w/m-K h (coefficient of convection)=10.68 w/m2-K l (length of pin-fin)=120mm d (diameter of pin fin)=5mm hence, = 6.536

convergence criteria=0.01

0.25

0.2

temprature

0.15

0.1

0.05

1.5

2.5 nodes

3.5

44 | P a g e

0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25

temprature

0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

5 nodes

45 | P a g e

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35

temprature

0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

0
46 | P a g e

6 nodes

10

12

14

convergence criteria = 10-20

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

temprature

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

10 12 nodes

14

16

18

20

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Pin fin Material: COPPER K (thermal conductivity)=401w/m-K h (coefficient of convection)=10.68 w/m2-K l (length of pin-fin)=120mm d (diameter of pin fin)=5mm hence, = 4.616

convergence criteria =0.01

0.35

0.3

0.25

temprature

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

1.5

2.5 nodes

3.5

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0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3

temprature

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

5 nodes

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0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35

temprature

0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

6 nodes

10

12

14

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0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35

temprature

0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

10 12 nodes

14

16

18

20

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convergence criteria = 10-20

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

temprature

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

10 12 nodes

14

16

18

20

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Pin fin Material: CARBON STEEL K (thermal conductivity)=54w/m-K h (coefficient of convection)=10.68 w/m2-K l (length of pin-fin)=120mm d (diameter of pin fin)=5mm hence, = 12.579

convergence criteria=0.01

0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06

temprature

0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0

1.5

2.5 nodes

3.5

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0.35

0.3

0.25

temprature

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

5 nodes

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0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25

temprature

0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

6 nodes

10

12

14

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0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3

temprature

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

10 12 nodes

14

16

18

20

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Convergence criteria= 10-20

0.7

0.6

0.5

temprature

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

10 12 nodes

14

16

18

20

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COMAPARISON OF RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT PIN FIN MATERIALS OBTAINED BY PROGRAMME OUTPUT

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

temprature

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

10 nodes

12

14

16

18

20

blue-copper Red-aluminium Black-brass Green-carbon steel

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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
TEMPRATURE V/S DISTANCE(COPPER ALLOY) 89.5 89 88.5

TEMPRATURE(in celsius)

88 87.5 87 86.5 86 85.5 85 84.5

20

40

60 DISTANCE(in mm)

80

100

120

TEMPRATURE V/S DISTANCE(aluminium) 90

89

TEMPRATURE(in celsius)

88

87

86

85

84

83

20

40

60 DISTANCE(in mm)

80

100

120

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TEMPRATURE V/S DISTANCE(copper) 89.5 89 88.5

TEMPRATURE(in celsius)

88 87.5 87 86.5 86 85.5

20

40

60 80 DISTANCE(in mm)

100

120

TEMPRATURE V/S DISTANCE(carbon steel) 90

85

TEMPRATURE(in celsius)

80

75

70

65

20

40

60 80 DISTANCE(in mm)

100

120

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COMAPARITIVE PLOT OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS

temprature v/s distance plot for different materials 90

85

temprature(in celsius)

80

75

70

65

20

40

60 distance(in mm)

80

100

120

RED-CARBON-STEEL GREEN-COPPER BLUE-ALUMINIUM BLACK-COPPER ALLOY

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Chapter-7
Conclusion and further scope

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7.1 CONCLUSION
A numerical was developed to solve the one- dimensional differential heat equation and plot the variation of temperature along the entire length of the pin fin of different material. An experiment was conducted to measure the temperature along the surface of the pin fin assuming steady state heat transfer, free convection and the tip of the fin insulated. The experiment was repeated with different materials having different values of thermal heat conductivity (k) and a graph was plotted between temperature variance and length of the fin. The results obtain thought the numerical coding and the experiments were verified by using the CFD tool of ANSYS. Thus a comparative study was done for each of the materials to see the temperature variation along the length of the pin fin in different cases. With the above analysis we could see the difference in heat transfer of different materials in one dimension and could predict the most suitable material for this purpose. But there were some deficiency in the results as the following facts were ignored in the code formation process. The heat transfer takes place in all three dimensions Some heat is lost from the tip of the fin which goes unaccounted for In practical cases, free and forced convection depends on the nature of the surrounding environment Due to the shortage of time and the complexity of the practical case these facts were not taken into consideration into the present investigation but can be sorted out and can even better analyzed in the future work.

7.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

In this analysis we have considered only one dimensional heat transfer from a pin fin an hence used the one dimensional heat equation in the problem formulation and numerical coding. There exists much more scope to extend this work. For example, using the two dimensional heat equation or even the three dimensional heat equation during the problem formulation and numerical coding, which will further optimize the solution. Moreover the fin can be considered of nay size and shape and the heat transfer from the tip and sides of the fin can be considered. In place of free convection forced convection can be considered depending on the air flow around the surface of the fin.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. HEAT TRANSFER BY SP SUKHATME 2. GETTING STARTED WITH MATLAB BY RUDRA PRATAP 3. HEISLER,M.P 1947.TEMPARATURE CHARTS FOR INDUCTION AND CONSTANT TEMPARATURE. 4. SCHNEIDER,P.J,1955 CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER.READING,MASS:ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING CO. 5. GARDNER,KA,1945.EFFICIENCY OF EXTENDED SURFACES.TRANS.ASME,VOL 67:621 6. LEON ,OCTAVIO.,MEY,GILBERT DE., JAN VIERENDEELS,ERIK DICK ..COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STANDARD AND STAGGERED LAYOUT FOR COOLING FINS IN FREE CONVECTION COOLING , ASME SEPTEMBER 2003 7. BEBNIA ,MASUD,NAKAYAMA,WATARU.CFD SIMULATIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER FROM A HEATED MODULE IN AN AIR STREAM 8. NAKAYAMA ,MATSOUKIS, HACHO,YAKIMA A NEW ROLE OF CFD SIMULATION IN THERMAL DESIGN OF COMPACT EQUIPMENT :APPLICATON OF THE BUILD-UP APPROACH TO THERMAL ANALYSIS OF BENCH MARK MODEL

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Appendix A
Matlab program ml=input('enter the value of ml......>'); m=input('enter the number of nodes...>'); n=m-1; x=1/n; d=2+(ml^2)*(x^2); node=zeros(n,1); a=zeros(n,n);b=zeros(n,1);c=zeros(n,1);f=zeros(n,1);k=0;r=0; a(1,1)=d;a(n,n)=d;f(1,1)=1; a(1,2)=-1;a(n,n-1)=-2; for i=2:1:n-1 a(i,i)=d; a(i,i-1)=-1; a(i,i+1)=-1; end disp(a); if d>-2; disp(char('scanborough criterian is sattisfied')); end e=input('enter the value of convergence factor i.e. E...>'); while k>=0 for i=1:1:n; c(i,1)=b(i,1); end for i=1:1:n; cal=0;
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for j=i+1:1:n; cal=cal+(a(i,j)*b(j,1)); end for j=1:1:i-1; cal=cal+(a(i,j)*b(j,1)); end b(i,1)=(f(i,1)-cal)/a(i,i); end for i=1:1:n; if (b(i,1)-c(i,1))<e k=-1; else k=0; end end r=r+1; disp([char('iteration no.') int2str(r)]); disp(b); end for i=1:1:n; node(i,1)=i; end plot(node,b); ylabel('temprature'); xlabel('nodes');

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Appendix B
Program iteration results
enter the value of ml......>8.85 enter the number of nodes...>5 6.8952 -1.0000 -1.0000 0 0 0

6.8952 -1.0000

0 -1.0000 0

6.8952 -1.0000 6.8952

0 -2.0000

scanborough criterian is sattisfied enter the value of convergence factor i.e. E...>0.0000000000000001 iteration no.1 0.1450 0.0210 0.0031 0.0009
iteration no.4 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.2 0.1481 0.0219 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.5 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.3 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.6 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

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iteration no.7 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.10 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.8 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.11 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.9 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

iteration no.12 0.1482 0.0220 0.0033 0.0010

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