ELEC 482 Module # 6 Outline TOPIC: Phase Controlled Converter Drives

Key educational goals: Evaluate and identify the different types of phase controlled converter (ac-dc converter) configurations to drive a separately excited dc motor. Reading/Preparatory activities for class i) Textbook: Chapter 6: Controlled bridge rectifiers with DC motor load. 6.1 The principles of rectification. 6.2 Separately excited d.c. motor with rectified single-phase supply (up to and including equation 6.9 only). 6.3 Separately excited d.c. motor with rectified three-phase supply (up to and including equation 6.46 only in 6.3.2.1 and exclude 6.3.2.2 and 6.3.2.3).6.1. The principles of rectification. Chapter 7: Three-phase naturally commutated bridge circuit as a rectifier or inverter. 7.1 Three-phase controlled bridge rectifier with passive load impedance (only up to and including equation 7.12 in sub-section 7.1.1, and only up to and including equation (7.54) in sub-section 7.1.2 ). 7.2 Three-phase controlled bridge rectifier-converter. ii) Power-point file: Phase_controlled_drives.

ELEC 482 Module # 6 Outline TOPIC: Phase Controlled Converter Drives

Questions to guide your reading and think about ahead of time. 1. Why is the conduction interval different for an inductive and resistive load in a single phase half wave controlled rectifier using a single SCR? 2. How does firing angle affect power factor? 3. Why is the power factor in a single phase semi-converter better than a full-converter? 4. Which converter can provide 4 quadrant operation of the drive? 5. A 60 Hz converter produces 360 Hz ripple in the motor current. Is the converter single- phase or three-phase? The main concepts for today 1. Analyze why an inductor causes a SCR to conduct even in the negative half of the voltage cycle in a single SCR, diode less, single phase, half controlled rectifier circuit. 2. Identify the effect of a replacing strategic SCRs with diodes in phase controlled converters. 3. Assess the effect of changing of firing angle on input power factor. 4. Analyze why the input line current looks different for a single-phase semi-converter and full-converter when driving a DC motor and how it affects power factor. 5. Compare the different phase controlled rectifier configurations and their properties. 6. Recognize the advantages of three phase converters over single phase converters.

ELEC 482 Module # 6 Outline TOPIC: Phase Controlled Converter Drives

Summary The knowledge gained from this module helps in analyzing and designing phase controlled converter circuits for separately excited dc machines. For next time We will discuss the basic working principles of an induction motor. This will help in formulating speed control strategies for these motors. Sample test/exam questions/problems to help you study 1) A separately excited dc motor (10 kW, 240 V) is supplied from a fully controlled single phase bridge. The power supply supplying the bridge is sinusoidal (240 V, 60 Hz). Ra = 0.42 ohm. 2 V-s/rad. Assume Ia to be continuous dc. Calculate Ia, speed, p.f, efficiency with firing delay angle = 0 degree and 20 degrees with constant load torque equal to rated torque. Assume constant flux operation. The machine draws rated power at = 0. 2) A 3 phase double converter bridge supplies power to a 560 V, 50 A, DC motor with Ra = 1.2 ohms. The voltage drop on the bridge thyristor is 20 V at rated armature current. Supply to the three phase source is 415 V line to line. Find for (i) Motoring operation with (ii) (iii) Regeneration with Plugging with limiting resistor = 10 ohms. and with a current

Presentation Summary
Single phase half-wave controlled rectifier with resistive load

Single phase half-wave controlled rectifier with inductive load

Single phase half-wave rectifier with dc motor load

Different single phase controlled rectifier topologies such as half wave , Semi converter, full converter, double converter
Definition of power factor in presence of harmonics Change of power factor with firing angle Numerical example on single phase controlled rectifier

Different three phase controlled rectifier topologies such as half wave , Semi converter, full converter, double converter
Numerical example on three phase controlled rectifier to illustrate different quadrant of operation

Single-phase half-wave controlled rectification: resistive load

vs
t

T1

is
-

vTh

is
R

vs

vR
-

vTh
t

The SCR has been triggered at an angle

vR

Single-phase half-wave controlled rectification: inductive load

vs
2 t

is

=2-

The SCR has been triggered at an angle

vTh
2 t

vL
=2- t

Single-phase half-wave controlled rectification: inductive load(2)

= 2 ; extinction angle = = 2 2 ; conduction angle

= =
1

At = ; = 0 Therefore, = , =

The current extinct at an angle = 2 . In an inductive circuit, SCR will conduct beyond the voltage zero crossing.

Single-phase half-wave controlled rectification: dc motor load v

T1

ith

vs

AC

vTh

- + i D vM D -

vM

The motor draws ripple free current due to large inductance inside. i T . 1 does not need auxiliary commutation circuit. As Vs tries to go negative with T1, D turns on as it gets forward biased. Motor current starts freewheeling through D. ThusT1 becomes reverse biased and turns off.

Th

iD

Single-phase naturally commutated phase controlled converters and their properties

Note: is Average output voltage the peak of phase voltage Half wave
= 2

Ripple frequency 2 2 2

Maximum Drive rating Few hundred watts 75 kW 75 kW 75 kW

1+cos

Semiconverter Full converter Double converter

= 1+cos 2 = cos = cos

Full-converter waveforms for = 600

Note: The current ripple is due to non-ideal filtering by inductance in motor circuit.

Semi-converter waveforms for = 600

Note: The current ripple is due to non-ideal filtering by inductance in motor circuit.

Waveforms in phase-controlled converter and calculation of power factor

Power factor = Average input power V1 cos 1 = RMS input volt ampreres

OR Power factor = where = Displacement or Fundamental Power Factor cos 1 DF = Distortion Factor=
1 = ; 1+ 2

S1, D1

S2, D1

= Total Harmonic Distotion =

2 2 1 = 1

2 =2

S1, D2

S2, D2

(a) Full and semi-converter circuits, (b)Full-converter waveforms (c) Semi-converter waveforms. The current waveforms assume infinite filter inductance.

Variation of DPF and PF with Firing Angle

Full Converter Semi Converter DPF cos cos 2 Power Factor 2 2 cos 2(1 + cos ) 1

Example I
Question :A separately excited dc motor (10 kW, 240 V) is supplied from a fully controlled single phase bridge. The power supply supplying the bridge is sinusoidal (240 V, 60 Hz). Ra = 0.42 ohm. = 2 V-s/rad. Assume Ia to be continuous dc. Calculate Ia, speed, p.f, efficiency with firing delay angle = 0 degree and 20 degrees with constant load torque equal to rated torque. Assume constant flux operation. The machine draws rated power at = 0. Solution: The output of a fully controlled single phase full bridge rectifier is given by
( ) = ( ) =
2 2

=
2 2240

For = 0, cos 00 = 216.1 . ( ) = + ; = ( ) Multiplying the above equation by Ia, ( ) = + 2 . The equation holds because for ripple free dc current = = ( ) . or 216.1 = 10000 + 0.42 2 ; 0 = = 10000W or 0.42 2 216.1 + 10000 = 0

Example I (2)
=
216.1 216.12 40.42 10000 0.84

216.1172.9 0.84

= 51.4, 463.1 A.

If = 51.4 , = ( ) = 216.1 51.4 0.42 = 194.51 V. If = 463.1 , = ( ) = 216.1 463.1 0.42 = 21.59 V. Clearly the second case is unrealistic as is too high and too small, implying either field failure or a very low speed as though the motor is starting up. Thus = 51.4 is the only acceptable choice. 194.51 60 Speed of the motor = = = 97.25 rad/s =97.25 = 928.7 rpm. 2 2 Input power = = ( ) = + 2 = 10000 + 51.42 0.42 = 11107.54 W. 10000 Efficiency = = = 90% 11107 .54 Power factor = =
11107 .54 240 51.4

= 0.9

Example I (3)
Alternatively, Using Fourier series (#) DF=
1

2 2

= 0.9.

DPF = cos 00 = 1. Power factor = DPF*DF =1*0.9=0.9. For = 20, ( ) =

2

2 2240

cos 200 = 203.04 V.

= ( ) = 203.04 51.4 0.42 = 181.45 (The current is the same as the load torque is constant) 181.45 60 Speed = = 2 = 90.76 rad/s= 90.76 2 = 866.7 rpm. Output power= = = 181.45 51.4 = 9326.53W. Input power = = ( ) = + 2 =81.45 51.4 + 51.42 0.42 =10440 W.

Example I (4)
Efficiency = =
9326.53W 10440

= 89.37%
10440 240 51.4

Power factor = Alternatively,

= 0.85

Using Fourier series DF (#) =

2 2

= 0.9.

DPF = cos 200 = 0.94. Power factor = DPF*DF =0.94*0.9=0.85.

# Note: The Fourier series of rectangular shaped current is given by =

4 =1,3,5..

sin . 1 1 1 + + 32 52 2 2 =

1 = =

1+

Comparison of phase-controlled and chopper drives

Variation of peak-to-average motor current with speed. The separately excited dc motor operates at a constant torque ( 10 N-m) of rated load.

Variation of rms-to-average motor current with speed. The separately excited dc motor operates at a constant torque ( 10 N-m) of rated load.

Three-phase naturally commutated phase controlled converters and their properties

Note: is the peak of phase voltage Half wave Semiconverter Full converter Double converter Average output voltage Ripple Maximum frequency Drive rating 3 3 6 6 7.5-37.5 kW 10- 110 kW 75-110 kW 150-1500 kW

3 3 = cos 2

3 3 = 1+cos 2

3 3 = cos

3 3 = cos

Characteristics of full converter in CCM

Th1 Th1 Th3 Th3 Th5 Th5 Th1 Th6 Th2 Th2 Th4 Th4 Th6 Th6

Motor voltage and line current with a 3 phase double converter working both as an controlled rectifier and inverter

Motor Voltage

Line Current

Note: (i) >1500 is not usually used in practice because an SCR needs sufficient reverse voltage over sufficient time (tq) to commutate. (ii) The change of power factor due to change in (DPF=cos ) .

Example II
A 3 phase double converter bridge supplies power to a 560 V, 50 A, DC motor with Ra = 1.2 ohms. The voltage drop on the bridge thyristor is 20 V at rated armature current. Supply to the three phase source is 415 V line to line. Find and for (i) Motoring operation with ( ) = 500 V, ( ) = 50A (ii) Regeneration with ( ) = 500 V, ( ) = 50A (iii) Plugging with ( ) = 500 V, ( ) = 50A and with a current limiting resistor = 10 ohms.

Example II (2)
i) Quadrant 1 operation (forward motoring):

vTh drop ia(avg) + R DC a

DC

vconv

va(avg) DC E b -

( ) = 500 V = + ( ) Therefore, = 440 V. = or 500 V = 20V or = 520 V = cos = 3 3 3 2 3 2 415 V = cos V = cos = 520 V

520 = 0.9278. 560.45 = cos 1 0.9278 = 21.91.

ii) Quadrant 4 operation (Regenerating):

Example II (3)
DC

vTh drop ia(avg) + R a

+ -

DC

vconv v conv

va(avg) DC E b -

In regeneration, > 90 implying > ( ) . Also by regenerating in this mode the motor terminals do not have to be flipped. = = + = 560 V. = + . or 500 V = + 20V or = 480 V In this quadrant of operation, the converter voltage has to reverse its polarity for inverter operation. Thus a negative sign has to be used for . = 3 3 3 2 3 2 415 V = cos V = cos = 480 V 480 cos = = 0.8565. 560.45 = cos 1 0.8565 = 148.92.

Example II (4)
iii) Quadrant 4 operation (plugging):
DC

vTh drop vconv v conv DC

Rs + va(avg)

Ra ia(avg)
DC

Eb

During plugging, the armature voltage and back emf are aiding each other. Thus the equivalent circuit is modified as shown above. = = + = 560 V. = + + . or 500 V = + 20V + 50 10 V; or = 20 V or
3 2

cos = 20 V

20 cos = = 0.03569. 560.45 = cos 1 0.03569 = 87.95.

Additional References Other than the textbook

P.C.Sen : Thyristor DC Drives, Wiley-Interscience, 1981.