Chapter 26 and 27 Test Review Dont know 22 and 24 For number 3, 19 and 23, there are two answers.

First mine second is Hoangs. 1. Weakness associated with the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century? - Weak rulers within a political and social order that was centered on the sultan at the top; inactive or inept sultans opened the way for power struggles between rival ministers; religious experts, and the commanders of Janissary corps, competitions between elite factions; distrustful provincial officials. 2. Describe the Muslim economy at the beginning of the 18 th century. -Merchants within the empire, especially those who were Jews or Christians, grew more dependent on commercial dealings with European counterparts. 3. What was the first region to successfully rebel and achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire? - Greece - Serbia 4. Describe the reforms of the Sultan Selim III. - Angered powerful factions within the bureaucracy; seen by the Janissary corps as a direct threat; they cost him his throne. 5. Identify the parts of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire. - Despite widespread discussion of the practices of seclusion, polygamy, and veiling, few improvements in women's social status were won in the 19th century. 6. In what ways did the Sultan Abdul Hamid want to increase westernization? - Military reform 7. What group overthrew of the Ottoman sultanate in 1908? - Ottoman Society for Union and Progress 8. What nation invaded Egypt in 1798 marking the beginning or European control of the Islamic heartland? - France 9. What reforms were introduced in Egypt after 1801? - [Muhammad Ali]...Introduced Western-style conscription among the Egyptian peasantry; Hired French officers to train his troops; Imported Western arms and adopted Western tactics and modes of organization and supply; Ordered Egyptian peasantry to increase production of cotton, hemp, indigo, and other crops in growing demand in industrial Europe; Improve Egyptian harbors and extend irrigation works led to modest increases in the revenues that could be devoted to the continuing modernization of the military; Attempts to reform education were ambitious, but little was actually achieved; Sought to eliminate nonofficial intermediaries who collected taxes from the peasants, and he claimed all land as state property. 10. Which reforms of Muhammad Ali failed? - Buildup of an Egyptian industrial sector 11. Who or what were khedives? - Muhammad Ali's successors as rulers of Egypt 12. Why did European bankers lend money to the successors of Muhammad Ali? - They desired access to Egypts cheap cotton and by the 1850s share the Suez Canal

13. What was the result of the rebellion by Egyptian army officers in 1882? - Riots in the city of Alexandria, associated with mutinies in the Egyptian armies, drove the frightened khedive to seek British assistance. After bombarding the coastal batteries set up by Orabi's troops, the British sent ashore an expeditionary force that crushed Orabi's rebellion and secured the position of the khedive. 14. How was Muhammad Ahcmad able to claim leadership of the resistance to Egyptian rule? - Claimed direct descent from Muhammad 15. Describe the components of the Manchu government. - They made it clear they wanted scholar -officials who had served the Ming to continue in office; The Manchus even pardoned many who had been instrumental in prolonging resistance to their conquest; They also reduced tax exemptions and privileges of these functionaries; For most of the first century of the dynasty, Chinese and Manchu officials were paired in appointments to most of the highest posts of the imperial bureaucracy, and Chinese official predominated at the regional and local levels; The Manchus retained the examination system and had their own sons educated in the Chinese classics. 16. In which areas did the Manchus attempt strong measures of reform? - Fixing rural unrest and distress; Taxes and state labor demands decreased; Incentives like tax-free tenure offered; Up to 10% of imperial budget set aside for improving roads and such. 17. What were e signs of dynastic decline in the Qing Empire by the beginning of the 19 th century? - Corruption of the examinations system; diversion of revenue from state projects to private fortunes; food shortages, mass 18. What did Britain find to trade with China instead of gold and silver? - Opium 19. Who or what was the Meiji? - Name the year that the new emperor, Mutsuhito but commonly called "Meiji" or "Enlightened One," proclaimed, signaling the end of a major political crisis. - In 1868 the Tokugawa shogun ("great general"), who ruled Japan in the feudal period, lost his power and the emperor was restored to the supreme position. The emperor took the name Meiji ("enlightened rule") as his reign name; this event was known as the Meiji Restoration. 20. Describe Japanese industrialization prior to World War I. - Pre-World War I Japan was far from the West's equal. It depended on imports of Western equipment and raw materials such as coal; for industrial purposes, Japan was a resource-poor nation. Although economic growth and careful government policy allowed Japan to avoid Western domination, Japan was newly dependent on world economic conditions and was often at a disadvantage. It needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports, and these in turn took hordes of low-paid workers. Silk-production grew rapidly, the bulk of it destined for Western markets. Much of this production was based on the labor of poorly-paid women who worked at home or in sweatshops, not in mechanized factories. Some of these women were sold into service by farm families. Efforts at labor organization or other means of protest were met by vigorous repression. 21. Describe the Western cultural characteristics adopted by Japanese. - The cultural characteristics adopted consisted of: Western hairstyles replaced the samurai shaved head with a top knot; Western standards of hygiene spread (Ex.-Teeth-brushing, patent medicines, etc...); Western calendar and metric system were adopted; The Japanese converted to Christianity, yet they were still able to preserve their own values. 22. What was the position of Japan with regards to Europe and the U.S. before the arrival of the Americans? 23. Describe the Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life. - Japan gradually became more secular - It was developing, neo-Confucianism continued to gain among the ruling elite at the expense of Buddhism, became more secular, schools and academies were expanded, 40% of men literate and 15% of women literate.

24. What factor of the Tokugawa shogunate was important for moving Japan toward westernization? 25. What group in Tokugawa Japan advocated interest in Western scientific advance? - A group of scholars who were interested in "Dutch medicine" were referred to as the Dutch Studies. 26. What advantages did Japan have over China with respect to leadership and establish of industrialization in Asia? - The advantages consisted of: Japan already knew the benefits of imitation; Japan's slower government growth had allowed a stronger, more autonomous merchant tradition even as both societies became more commercial in the 17th and early 18th centuries; Japan maintained political and economic vigor into the 19th century; Feudal traditions, though declining under the Tokugawa Shogunate, also limited the heavy hand of government controls while simulating some sense of competitiveness, as in the West; Japan enjoyed increasing industrial success and had a conservative state that would yield after World War II to a more fully parliamentary form; Japan's industrial lead remains, but China's economy is stirring. 27. Who was Matthew Perry? - A militant leader who commanded a fleet of well-armed American fleets, and brought a letter to Japan demanding them to open its ports to diplomatic & commercial exchange 28. Which religious group gained new followers in industrialized Japan? - The religion was Shintoism 29. What were the signs of social stress in industrialization Japan? - The signs of social stress consisted of: Poor living standards and crowed cities; Many Japanese conservatives resented the passion other Japanese displayed for Western fashions; Disputes between the clashing generations occurred-(Old clung to their conservative ways and traditional standards while the young were more interested in Western styles); Political parties in Japan's parliament clashed with the Emperor's ministers over rights to determine policy; Assassinations and attempted assassinations reflected grievances, including direct action impulses in the samurai tradition; Tension in the intellectual field occurred as well-(Some scholars copied Western philosophers while other expressed pessimistic views about the loss of identity in a changing world); Japanese nationalism built on traditions of superiority, cohesion, and deference to rulers, as well as on the new tensions generated by rapid change. 30. How did Japan ease the strains of the society caused by the Industrial Revolution? - As an antidote to social and cultural insecurity , Japaneses leaders urged national loyalty and devotion to the emperor.