Battery storage systems and Smart mini-grid - Sharing our experiences

PARIMITA MOHANTY, TERI

Workshop on ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 3-4 April 2013, ADB Headquarters

How critical the selection of energy storage

Energy storage

Power backup

Power quality

Lighting

Telecom

Micromini-grid

E-vehicle

Critical load

Grid stability

Comparison Comparison

Storage batteries for solar lighting and small PV applications - TERIs experiences

TERIs battery testing facility

Battery Analyser

Battery Capacity Tester

Features: 4 batteries can be tested simultaneously Different mode are present for charging and discharging test. Capable of testing various types of batteries such as Lead-acid, Liion/Lithium Polymer and NiMH Maximum charging and discharging rate-20Amp Environment chamber s

battery Inverter Performance evaluation experiment

Performance testing of the solar PV modules using solar array simulator and load emulator

Battery charging experiment in DC micro-grid application

On field testing of the battery in Solar Lantern

Battery chemistries

Sealed Lead Acid (SLA)

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

Nickel Cadmium (NiCd)

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)

Lithium Ion Cobalt (Li-ion)

Battery chemistry comparison

http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/secondary_batteries

List of standards/test methods

S.NO. Standard No 1. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IEC 61427 IEC 61951-2 IS 13369 : 1992 JIS C 8702-1 JIS C 8702-2 JIS C 8702-3 IEC 60896 11 IES 61960 Name of the Standards Secondary cells and batteries for photovoltaic energy systems (PVES) General requirements and methods of test Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes portable sealed rechargeable single cells NiMH (Part 2) Stationary lead acid batteries in monobloc containers specs Small sized sealed lead-acid batteries Part 1: General requirements, functional characteristics methods of test Small-sized sealed lead-acid batteries (valve regulated types) Part2: Dimensions, terminals and marking Small-sized sealed lead-acid batteries (valve regulated types) Part 3: Safety recommendations for use in electric applications Stationary lead acid batteries Part 11 Vented types general requirements and methods of tests Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications PV GAP recommended specification Lead acid batteries for solar photovoltaic energy systems General requirements and methods of test for modified automotive batteries PV GAP recommended specification : Portable solar photovoltaic lanterns Design qualification and type approval, Extension to include lanterns with nickel-metal hydride batteries

PVRS 5A

10

PVRS 11A

Recommended battery testing details

Battery capacity analysis of 2 nos. of 6V/4.5Ah lead acid battery of same make and same manufacturing date (MFD)

Model-A Charging cycle

Model-A discharging cycle

Model-B charging cycle

Model A Battery Capacity : Runtime with LED lantern : 5.74 hrs*.

Model-B discharging cycle

Model B Battery Capacity : Runtime with LED lantern : 3.98 hrs.*

4.61 Ah

2.81 Ah

Capacity measurement of SMF @ various temperature

Capacity measurement at -20 C Capacity measurement at 25 C

Nominal Battery capacity : 4.5Ah Observed Battery Capacity : 2.29 Ah

% variation in battery capacity

: -49.11

Nominal Battery capacity :4.5 Ah Observed Battery Capacity : 4.61 Ah % variation in battery capacity: +2.45

Capacity measurement at 45 C

Nominal Battery capacity : 4.5Ah Observed Battery Capacity : 4.74 Ah % variation in battery capacity: +5.34

Capacity of 6V/4.5Ah lead acid battery at 20C, 25C, 45C

Capacity measurement of 7.2V/2Ah Lithium Ion battery at various temperature

Capacity measurement at -20 C

Model-E Charging cycle

Model-E discharging cycle

Nominal Battery capacity : 2 Ah Observed Battery Capacity : 1.48 Ah % variation in battery capacity: -26 %

Capacity measurement at 25C

Model-B discharging cycle

Nominal Battery capacity : 2 Ah Observed Battery Capacity : 2.07 Ah % variation in battery capacity: +3.5%

Capacity measurement at 45C

Model-B Charging cycle

Model-B discharging cycle

Nominal Battery capacity : 2 Ah Observed Battery Capacity : 2.11 Ah % variation in battery capacity: +5.5 %

Capacity of 7.2V/2Ah Li-ion battery at -20C, 25C, 45C

Comparative assessment of lead acid battery based and li-ion battery based LED lantern

Lead acid based lantern and li-ion based lantern are being charged by power supply

Test results of Li-ion battery lantern vs. lead acid battery based lantern

Test parameters
Battery (V/Ah)

(lead acid battery based LED lantern) 6V/4.5Ah

(li-ion battery based LED lantern) 7.2V/2Ah

Charging time (hrs.)

15.60 -49% @-20 deg C 2.45% @ 25 deg C 5.34%@ 45 deg C

7.4
-26% @-20 deg C 3.5 % @ 25 deg C 5.5 %@ 45 deg C

% variation in battery capacity

Field observations

Quality issues in both Lead acid and Lithium ion- batteries

Battery management /electronics is more critical for Lithium based than Lead acid based batteries

Smart Mini-grid- An electricity distribution network operating below 11 KV, providing electricity to a community. It is supplied by a diverse range of small, local, conventional generators, such as a diesel gensets combined with a range of renewable generators, such as micro-hydro power plants, wind turbines, biomass and solar PV.

Wind Generators

Solar Power plant

Central generating station

Transmission Tower

Requirement of multiple local control system

Mini grid

Require effective power management for power routing

Reliability and quality of power

Courtesy: TERI

Distributed Generation based Smart Mini-Grid system at TERI, Gram, India

4/5/2013

23

Introducing the SMG facility at TERI, GualPahari

Charge Controller

Inverter

Generator Switch

Charge Controller

Inverter Analog Digital

Generator Switch Intelligent Load Dispatch Interface

Role of storage batteries in Mini-grids TERIs experience

Standard StandardDesign design

Optimal placement of batteries: Efficient, Reliable and Flexible Solar PV system

The improved design separates day/night, critical/non-critical loads and offers flexibility in connecting other energy resources and in the future, the grid.

To summarize

The overall configuration, performance and cost economics of any power application mainly depends on
Optimum selection of energy storage Planning and Placement of energy storage Scheduling and energy storage management

THANK YOU