TCP Ip PDF

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.
The Internet protocols are the worlds most popular open-system (nonproprietary) protocol suite because they can be used to communicate across any set of interconnected networks and are equally well suited for LAN and WAN communications. The TCP/IP protocol suite is being used for communications, whether for voice, video, or data. TCP/IP is a large collection of different communication protocols based upon the two original protocols TCP and IP.
TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT. 2
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol The TCP protocol is used for the transmission of data from an application to the network. TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive. IP - Internet Protocol The IP protocol takes care of the communication with other computers. IP is responsible for the sending and receiving data packets over the Internet.
In the mid 1970s, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) was interested in providing packet-switched network communications between the many research institutions in the United States. DARPA and other government organizations understood the potential of packet-switched technology and were just beginning to discover that virtually all companies with networks needed to support communication among dissimilar computer systems.
Computer communication started for exchanging simple text and binary data, carried by the most common telecommunications network technology called Circuit Switching. It is highly inefficient in use of network resources. The fundamental technology of the Internet is Packet Switching, a data network in which all components (i.e., hosts and switches) operate independently.
With the goal of heterogeneous connectivity in mind, DARPA funded research by Stanford University and Bolt, Beranek, and Newman to create a series of communication protocols. The result of that development effort, completed in the late 1970s, was the Internet protocol suite, of which the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are the two best-known members.
Use of the term Internet to refer to these protocols is appropriate, because the Internet protocols were developed to operate across and provide connectivity between already existing networks (for example, the telephone network, dedicated links, and satellite circuits). The design of the Internet protocols explicitly accounted for the fact that the networks being tied together were heterogeneous in nature. They each supported different speeds, error characteristics, data unit sizes, and information formats.
The protocol suite of TCP/IP is becoming the worlds most widely implemented network protocol. 1970sWANG 1980sSNA / Novell NetWare 1990sNovell and TCP/IP TCP/IP combined with the Web browser is creating a new type of client/server network operating system.
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Internetworking The first design goal of TCP/IP was to build an interconnection of networks that provided universal communication services. Each physical network has its own technology-dependent communication interface, in the form of a programming interface that provides basic communication functions (primitives).
Communication services are provided by software that runs between the physical network and the user applications and that provides a common interface for these applications, independent of the underlying physical network. The architecture of the physical networks is hidden from the user.
The second aim is to interconnect different physical networks to form what appears to the the user to be one large network. Such a set of interconnected networks is called an INTERNETWORK or an INTERNET. To be able to interconnect two networks, A device (Router) is attached to both networks and that can forward packets from one network to the other.
The TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Using TCP, programs on networked computers can create connections to one another, over which they can send data. The protocol guarantees that data sent by one endpoint will be received in the same order by the other, and without any pieces missing. It also distinguishes data for different applications (such as a Web server and an email server) on the same computer.
TCP supports many of the Internet's most popular applications, including HTTP, SMTP, and SSH. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented, reliable-delivery byte-stream transport layer communication protocol, In the Internet protocol suite, TCP is the intermediate layer between the Internet Protocol below it, and an application above it.
Applications most often need reliable pipe-like connections to each other, whereas the Internet Protocol does not provide such streams, but rather only unreliable packets. TCP does the task of the transport layer in the simplified OSI model of computer networks. TCP sends data as an unstructured stream of bytes.
By using sequence numbers and acknowledgment messages, TCP can provide a sending node with delivery information about packets transmitted to a destination node. Where data has been lost in transit from source to destination, TCP can retransmit the data until either a timeout condition is reached or until successful delivery has been achieved.
TCP can also recognize duplicate messages and will discard them appropriately. If the sending computer is transmitting too fast for the receiving computer, TCP can employ flow control mechanisms to slow data transfer. TCP can also communicate delivery information to the upper-layer protocols and applications it supports.
Applications send streams of 8-bit bytes to TCP for delivery through the network, and TCP divides the byte stream into appropriately sized segments (usually delineated by the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the data link layer of the network the computer is attached to).
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TCP then passes the resulting packets to the Internet Protocol, for delivery through an internet to the TCP module of the entity at the other end. TCP checks to make sure that no packets are lost by giving each byte a sequence number, which is also used to make sure that the data are delivered to the entity at the other end in the correct order.
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The TCP module at the far end sends back an acknowledgement for packets which have been successfully received; a timer at the sending TCP will cause a timeout if an acknowledgement is not received within a reasonable round-trip time (or RTT), and the (presumably lost) data will then be retransmitted. The TCP checks that no bytes are damaged by using a checksum; one is computed at the sender for each block of data before it is sent, and checked at the receiver.
The heterogeneity of networks has expanded further with the deployment of Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), X.25, Frame Relay, Switched Multi-megabit Data Service (SMDS), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and most recently, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
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The Internet protocols are the best proven approach to internetworking this diverse range of LAN and WAN technologies. The TCP/IP suite includes specifications for common applications as electronic mail, terminal emulation, and file transfer.
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TCP connections contain three phases: Connection establishment Data transfer Connection termination A 3-way handshake is used to establish a connection. A 4-way handshake is used to disconnect. During connection establishment, parameters such as sequence numbers are initialized to help ensure ordered delivery and robustness.
Connection establishment (3-way handshake) While it is possible for a pair of end hosts to initiate a connection between themselves simultaneously, typically one end opens a socket and listens passively for a connection from the other. This is commonly referred to as a passive open, and it designates the server-side of a connection.
The client-side of a connection initiates an active open by sending an initial SYN segment to the server as part of the 3way handshake. The server-side should respond to a valid SYN request with a SYN/ACK. Finally, the client-side should respond to the server with an ACK, completing the 3-way handshake and connection establishment phase.
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The Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary Network-Layer (Layer 3) protocol in the Internet suite that contains addressing information and some control information that enables packets to be routed. IP along with TCP represents the heart of the Internet protocol suite. It is described as a connectionless datagram service.
IP is documented in RFC 791 (Request For Comments). Documentation of the Internet protocols (including new or revised protocols) and policies are specified in technical reports called Request For Comments (RFCs), which are published and then reviewed and analyzed by the Internet community. Protocol refinements are published in the new RFCs.
In inter-network routing, IP provides error reporting and fragmentation and reassembly of information units called DATAGRAMS for transmission over networks with different maximum data unit sizes. Datagrams are packets of information that can be destined for one, many or all stations (UNICAST, MULTICAST or BROADCAST). There is no requirement for the intended recipient/s to acknowledge whether the datagram was received.
As IP is connectionless, no specific route is defined between 2 communicating nodes, so DATAGRAMS traveling can travel through different routes and reach destination in a different order. One of the major roles of IP layer is to make it unnecessary for higher layer protocols to understand anything about the physical capabilities of the media supporting them.
IP has two main responsibilities: providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of DATAGRAMS through an internetwork providing fragmentation and reassembly of DATAGRAMS to support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes. IP addresses are globally unique, 32-bit numbers assigned by the Network Administrator. Globally unique addresses permit IP networks anywhere in the world to communicate with each other.
Data packets or segments in TCP/IP are only prepared for travel by TCP and once arrived at destination are reassembled by the receiving TCP program into the original message. TCP then delivers the message to the proper session or application. The delivery is done through the 'port'. So, TCP is not moving data physically it is only 'packing' and 'unpacking' it. The programs and hardware for moving data are called by TCP to do the work.
The 'network layer' is responsible for putting the packets in an envelope (Datagram), writing a destination address and a source address and some special delivery options on the envelope, and then requesting the 'data link layer' and the 'physical layer' to deliver the envelopes. These lower layers are the real movers. In TCP/IP, the 'network layer' is IP (Internet Protocol). The 'envelope' that IP uses to put the TCP segments in is actually another header.
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No.
IP Header Field
Bits
Purpose
Version
Indicates the version of IP currently used. Ipv4 or Ipv6 Indicates the datagram header length in 32-bit words. Minimum is 5 that is most commonly used. Header must be at least 20 bytes long.
IP Header Length (IHL)
Type-of-Service
Specifies how an upper-layer protocol would like a current datagram to be handled, and assigns DATAGRAMS various levels of importance, like Reliability, Precedence, Delay and Throughput Parameters. It is indication of the quality of Service requested for IP Packet. Usually it is not used.
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No.
IP Header Field
Bits
Purpose
Total Length
16
Specifies the length, in bytes, of the entire IP packet, including the data and header.
Identification
16
Contains a unique integer assigned by sending device that identifies the current datagram to aid in reassembling a fragmented packet. Primary purpose is to allow the destination device to collect all fragments from a packet, since they will have the same identification number. Consists of a 3-bit field of which the two low-order (least-significant) bits control fragmentation. The low-order (3rd) bit specifies whether the packet can be fragmented, if zero means Last Fragment, if one means More Fragment. The middle bit (2nd) specifies whether the packet is the last fragment in a series of fragmented packets, if zero means May Fragment if one means Dont Fragment. The high-order (1st) bit is not used and always zero.
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Flags
No.
IP Header Field
Bits
Purpose
Fragment Offset
13
Indicates the position of the fragments data relative to the beginning of the data in the original datagram, which allows the destination IP process to properly reconstruct the original datagram. Used with fragmented packets for full packet reassembling. Maintains a counter that gradually decrements down to zero, at which point the datagram is discarded. It contains time, that packet is allowed to remain on an Inter-network. Each IP device that the packet passes through will decrease the value by the time it takes it to process the IP Header. All routers must decrease this value by a minimum of one. If value drops to zero the packet is discarded. This guarantees that packets cannot travel around an IP network in a loop even if routing tables become corrupt. Indicates which upper-layer protocol receives incoming packets after IP processing is complete.
Time-to-Live
Protocol
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No.
IP Header Field
Bits
Purpose
10 11 12
Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options
16 32 32
Helps ensure IP header integrity. Specifies the 32-bit IP address of sending node. Specifies the 32-bit IP address of receiving node.
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VAR
Allows IP to support various options, such as security. These are not required in every packet, may be used for Network testing or debugging. Contains upper-layer information. The total length of Data field plus header (is 65,535 maximum).
14
Data
VAR
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Traffic Types Data

Reliability Speed Should be High Not matter
Voice and Video

Reliability Speed
Not matter Should be High

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Each technology has its own convention for transmitting messages between two machines within the same network. On a LAN, messages are sent between machines by supplying the six byte unique identifier called "MAC" address. In an SNA network, machine have Logical Units with their own network address. SNA (Systems Network Architecture) is developed by IBM in 1974, for Mainframe Computers to support Peer-to-Peer Network or Workstations.
DECNET, Appletalk, and Novell IPX all have a scheme for assigning numbers to each local network and to each workstation attached to the network. On top of these local or vendor specific network addresses, TCP/IP assigns a unique number to every workstation in the world called "IP number"
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Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) The Internet employs a central Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for the allocation and assignment of various numeric identifiers needed for the operation of the Internet. The IANA function is performed by the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute.
The IANA co-ordinates the assigned values of protocol parameters, including type codes, protocol numbers, port numbers, Internet addresses, and Ethernet addresses. The IANA delegates the responsibility of assigning IP network numbers and domain names to three Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) RIPE (Reseaux IP European) APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre)
The registries provide databases and information servers for domains, networks, AS numbers, and their associated Point Of Contacts (POCs). The documents distributed by the Internet registries include network information, and procedures, including application forms, to request network numbers and register domain name servers.
IP addresses are represented by a 32-bit unsigned binary value which is usually expressed in a dotted decimal format. An IP address is made of four groups of decimal numbers between 0 - 255 separated by Periods. The standards for IP addresses are described in RFC 1166 Internet Numbers.
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To be able to identify a host on the Internet, each host is assigned an address, the IP address, or Internet Address. When the host is attached to more than one network, it is called multi-homed and it has one IP address for each network interface. An IP address is divided into three parts. The first part designates the network address, the second part designates the subnet address, and the third part designates the host address.
Traditional IP Address Classes The first part of an Internet address identifies the network, on which a host resides, while the second part identifies the particular host on a given network. The network-ID field can also be referred to as the network-number or the network-prefix. All hosts on a given network share the same network-prefix but must have a unique host-number.
There are five different address classes supported by IP addressing. The class of an IP address can be determined from the high-order (left-most) bits.
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IP Address Conversion From Binary to Decimal
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Class A (/8 Prefixes) Class A networks are intended mainly for use with a few very large networks, because they provide only 8 bits for the network address field. Class A addresses were assigned to networks with a very large number of hosts. The highorder bit in a class A address is always set to zero. The next seven bits (completing the first octet) represent the network ID and provide 126 possible networks. The remaining 24 bits (the last three octets) represent the host ID. Each network can have up to 16777214 hosts.
Class A addresses use 7 bits for the <network> and 24 bits for the <host> portion of the IP address. That allows for 27-2 (126) networks with 224-2 (16777214) hosts each; a total of over 2 billion addresses.
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Class B (/16 Prefixes) Class B networks allocate 16 bits, and Class C networks allocate 24 bits for the network address field. Class B addresses were assigned to medium-sized to large-sized networks. The two high-order bits in a class B address are always set to binary 1 0. The next 14 bits (completing the first two octets) represent the network ID. The remaining 16 bits (last two octets) represent the host ID. Therefore, there can be 16382 networks and up to 65534 hosts per network.
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Class B addresses use 14 bits for the <network> and 16 bits for the <host> portion of the IP address. That allows for 214-2 (16382) networks with 216-2 (65534) hosts each; a total of over 1 billion addresses.
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Class C (/24Prefixes) Class C networks only provide 8 bits for the host field, however, so the number of hosts per network may be a limiting factor. Class C addresses were used for small networks. The three high-order bits in a class C address are always set to binary 1 1 0. The next 21 bits (completing the first three octets) represent the network ID. The remaining 8 bits (last octet) represent the host ID. There can, therefore, be 2097150 networks and 254 hosts per network.
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Class C addresses use 21 bits for the <network> and 8 bits for the <host> portion of the IP address. That allows for 221-2 (2097150) networks with 28-2 (254) hosts each; a total of over half a billion addresses.
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Class D Class D addresses are employed for multicast group usage. A multicast group may contain one or more hosts, or none at all. The four high-order bits in a class D address are always set to binary 1 1 1 0. The remaining bits designate the specific group, in which the client participates. When expressed in dotted decimal notation, multicast addresses range from 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255. There are no network or host bits in the multicast operations. Packets are passed to a selected subset of hosts on a network.
Only those hosts registered for the multicast operation accept the packet. Some multicast group addresses are assigned as well-known addresses by the IANA. For example, the multicast address 224.0.0.6 is used for OSPF hello messages, and 224.0.0.9 is used for RIP-2.
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Class E Class E is an experimental address not available for general use. It is reserved for future use. The high-order bits in a class E address are set to 1 1 1 1 0. Extract from RFC1812 Requirements for IPv4 Routers The explosive growth of the Internet has forced a review of address assignment policies. The traditional uses of general purpose (Class A, B, and C) networks have been modified to achieve better use of IP's 32-bit address space.
Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) is a method currently being deployed in the Internet backbones to achieve this added efficiency. CIDR depends on deploying and routing to arbitrarily sized networks. In this model, hosts and routers make no assumptions about the use of addressing in the internet. The Class D (IP Multicast) and Class E (Experimental) address spaces are preserved, although this is primarily an assignment policy.
SUMMARY
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Class A: NET.HOST.HOST.HOST Class B: NET.NET.HOST.HOST Class C: NET.NET.NET.HOST
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all bits 0 Stands for this: this host (IP address with <host address>=0) or this network (IP address with <network address>=0). When a host wants to communicate over a network, but does not yet know the network IP address, it may send packets with <network address>=0. Other hosts on the network will interpret the address as meaning this network. Their reply will contain the fully qualified network address, which the sender will record for future use.
all bits 1 Stands for all: all networks or all hosts. For example, the following means all hosts on network 128.2 (class B address): 128.2.255.255 This is called a directed broadcast address because it contains both a valid <network address> and a broadcast <host address>.
Loopback The class A network 127.0.0.0 is defined as the loopback network. Addresses from that network are assigned to interfaces that process data inside the local system and never access a physical network (loopback interfaces).
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RFC 1918 requests that organizations make use of the private Internet address space for hosts which require IP connectivity within the enterprise network, but do not require external connections to the global Internet. For this purpose the IANA has reserved the following three address blocks for private Internets:
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
Any organization that elects to use addresses from these reserved blocks can use without contacting the IANA or an Internet registry. These addresses are never injected into the global Internet routing system, the address space can be used simultaneously by many organizations. The disadvantage of this addressing scheme is that it requires an organization to use a Network Address Translator (NAT) for global Internet access.
SUMMARY Private IP
Class A : 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Class B : 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Class C : 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
Special IP
Class A : 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Class B : 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255
Public IP
All remaining IP Addresses are Public
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The following rules must be adhered to when assigning network IDs and host IDs: The network ID cannot be 127. The class A network address 127.0.0.0 is reserved for loop-back and is designed for testing and inter-process communication on the local device. When any device uses the loop-back address to send data, the protocol software in the device returns the data without sending traffic across any network.
The network ID and host ID bits of a specific device cannot be all 1s. If all bits are set to 1, the address is interpreted as a broadcast rather than a host ID. The following are the two types of broadcast:
1. If a destination address contains all 1s in the network ID and the host ID (255.255.255.255) then it, is a limited broadcast, that is, a broadcast on the sources local network. 2. If a destination address contains all 1s in the host ID but a proper net-work ID, for example, 160.30.255.255, this is a directed broadcast, that is, a broadcast on a specified network (in this example network 160.30.0.0)
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The network ID and host ID bits cannot all be 0s. If all bits are set to 0, the address is interpreted to mean this network only. The host ID must be unique to the local network.
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Invalid IPs Every IP address whose host portion is whole 0 or 1 Host Portion whole 0 refer NID Host Portion whole 1 refer BID
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TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

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TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

IP Header Length (IHL)

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

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TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Traffic Types Data

Voice and Video

Not matter Should be High

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

TCP-IP Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

IP Address Conversion From Binary to Decimal

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Class A: NET.HOST.HOST.HOST Class B: NET.NET.HOST.HOST Class C: NET.NET.NET.HOST

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