ISO-OSI 7-Layers Network Reference Model by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model to promote communication between dissimilar computers as a guide for defining a set of open protocols. This model has served as one of the most basic and essential, elements of computer networking since 1984.
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The OSI model provides a framework (functional guideline) for defining standards to connect heterogeneous computers. The OSI model solves the complicated problem of communication between computer systems by dividing the communication into sub-tasks (layers). Each task executes a specific function by using the services of the task below it and providing services to above task.
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OSI LAYER MODEL

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Most communication environments separate the communication functions and application processing. This separation of networking functions is called LAYERING. OSI divides the big task of host-to-host networking called INTERNETWORKING into a vertical stack. This OSI stack contains these seven numbered layers, these indicate distinct functions.
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The layered approach to OSI offers several advantages to system implementers. By separating the job of networking into logical smaller pieces, vendors can more easily solve network "problems" through divide-and-conquer. The OSI layers afford extensibility. New protocols and other network services will generally be easier to add to a layered architecture.
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ISO-OSI 7-Layers Network Reference Model by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Upper layers 7. application 6. presentation 5. session Lower layers 4. transport 3. network 2. data link 1. physical

Higher-level facilities Application Presentation Session Network communication Transport Network Physical medium Data Link Physical
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ADVANTAGES Divide the interrelated aspects of network operation into less complex elements. Define standard interfaces for "Plug and Plug" Compatibility and multi-vendor integration. Divide the complexity of internetworking into Discrete, more easily learned operations.
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APPLICATION LAYER The application layer provides different services to user applications. It interfaces directly to these services and provide conversion between associated application processes, after that it issues requests to the presentation layer. It contains a variety of protocols that are commonly needed. Another application layer function is file transfer. Different file systems have different file naming conventions. Transferring a file between two different systems requires handling all incompatibilities.
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Application Layer 7 protocols FTP TFTP HTTP POP3 SNMP SMTP Telnet Gnutella DNS BOOTP Rlogin MIME AFP SSH IMAP NTP Gopher NCP Finger NNTP LDAP DHCP IRC Jabber WebDAV DICT BACnet RADIUS DIAMETER SIP File Transfer Protocol Trivial File Transfer Protocol, a simple file transfer protocol HyperText Transport Protocol, used in the World Wide Web Post Office Protocol Version 3 Simple Network Management Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol A remote terminal access protocol A peer-to-peer file-swapping protocol Domain Name Service Bootstrap Protocol A UNIX remote login protocol Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Apple Filing Protocol Secure SHell Internet Message Access Protocol Network Time Protocol A precursor of web search engines Netware Core Protocol Gives user profile information News Network Transfer Protocol Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Internet Relay Chat An instant-messaging protocol Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning Dictionary protocol Building Automation and Control Network protocol An authentication, authorization and accounting protocol An authentication, authorization and accounting protocol A signaling protocol

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PRESENTATION LAYER This layer provides data representation and code formatting. It provides a uniform means for a remote host to inform the local client how to present the data to the application or client. It ensures that the data that arrives from the network can be used by the application, and it ensures that information send by the application can be transmitted on the network. In some cases, the presentation layer directly translates data from one format to another. Other functions that may correspond to the presentation layer are data encryption/decryption and compression/decompression.
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The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display. It relieves the syntactical differences in data representation within the end-user systems. Note: An example of a presentation service would be the conversion of an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file. In many widely used applications and protocols, no distinction is made between the presentation and application layers. For example, HTTP is an application layer protocol, also identify character encoding for proper conversion in the presentation layer.
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SESSION LAYER The session layer establishes, manages and terminates session between application. It responds to service requests from the presentation layer and issues service requests to the transport layer. It provides the mechanism for managing enduser, host, application process operations and establishes check pointing, termination, and restart procedures. This layer is responsible for dialog control between nodes. Dialog is a formal conversation in which two nodes agree to exchange data.
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The communications between applications across a network can take place and controlled in one of three dialog modes, are Simplex, Half-duplex, and Full-duplex.Sessions can allow traffic to go in both directions at the same time, or in only one direction at a time. Testing for out-of-sequence packets is handled also. Sessions, enable nodes to communicate in an organized manner. Each session has three phases as Connection establishment, Data transfer, Connection release.
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Session Layer 5 protocols NCP SMB NFS ASP ADSP DLC NP NetBIOS NWLink PAP ZIP Printer Access Protocol Zone Information Protocol Network Control Protocol Server Message Block Network File System AppleTalk Session Protocol AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol Data Link Control Named Pipes

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TRANSPORT LAYER It translates system names into addresses and divides messages into fragments that fit within the size limitations established by the network. This layer is responsible for addressing, determining routes for sending, managing network traffic problems, packet switching, routing, data congestion, and reassembling data at the receiving end to recover the original message. Ensure that segments delivered will be acknowledge back to sender.
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It provides retransmission of segments those are not acknowledged. Put segments back into their correct sequence at the destination. To enable packets reassembly in their original order, this layer includes a messages sequence number in its header. It allows users to segment/reassemble several upper layer application on to the same transport data stream. It insures host-to-host session connection.
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In some protocol suites this layer also provides multiple conversations (multiplex) between the same two end-points. Delivery may be 'guaranteed' (streams, like TCP) or 'best effort' (datagram, like UDP). The transport layer also is responsible for delivering messages from a specific process on one computer to the corresponding process on the destination computer. In OSI terms the transport layer assigns a service access point (SAP ID) to each packet. In TCP/IP terms that is called a port.
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One more responsibility of the transport layer is detecting errors in transmitting data. Two general categories of error detection can be performed by the transport layer: Reliable delivery: Reliable delivery does not mean that errors cannot occur, only that errors are detected if they do occur. Unreliable delivery: Unreliable delivery does not mean that errors are likely to occur, but rather indicates that the transport layer does not check for errors.
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Transport Layer 4 protocols SPX TCP UDP SCTP RTP Sequenced Packet Exchange Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol Stream Control Transmission Protocol Real-time Transport Protocol

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NETWORK LAYER The network layer operates independently of the physical medium, which is a concern of the physical layer.Since routers are network layer devices, they can be used to forward packets between physically different networks. When the network layer receives a message from upper layers, the network layer adds a header to the messages that includes the source and destination network address. This combination of data plus the network layer is called a packet.
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It translates logical addresses and names into physical addresses for Packets delivery. The addressing which makes this delivery possible can be thought of as a universal address as compared to the local addressing of the MAC. It determines routes for sending, managing network traffic problems, packet switching, routing, data congestion, and reassembling data.
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This layer may also be concerned with end-toend flow control and the segmentation and reassembly (SAR) functions for the transmission of large packets of data which exceed the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the data link layer. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the most common example, and Novell's Internetwork Packet eXchange (IPX) is another popular implementation.
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Network Layer 3 protocols IP IPv6 ARP RARP ICMP IGMP MPLS RIP OSPF EGP BGP Internet Protocol version 4 Internet Protocol version 6 Address Resolution Protocol Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Group Management Protocol Multi-Protocol Label Switching Routing Information Protocol Open Shortest Path First Exterior Gateway Protocol Border Gateway Protocol

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DATA LINK LAYER The data link layer sends data from network layer to physical layer. Manages physical layer communications between connecting systems. It is responsible for providing node-to-node communication on a single, local network. To provide this service, the data link layer must perform two functions. 1.It must provide an address mechanism that enables messages to be delivered to the correct nodes, Also, it must translate messages from upper layer into bits that the physical layer can transmit. 2.Data units at the Data Link layer are most commonly called frames, although the term packet is used with some protocols.
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The Data Link layer is comprised of a single layer in the OSI model but actually incorporates two sub-layers when viewed from the perspective of the IEEE Logical Link Control (LLC) model. The lower of the two sublayers is called the media access control (MAC) and the upper sub-layer is the LLC layer. The MAC layer provides local addressing, error correction, and in some cases includes a field to distinguish the frame type from other frame types. This component determines who is allowed to access the media at any one time. The LLC provides Service Access points (SAP) for passing off the frame to higher level. This component determines where one frame of data ends and the next one starts. Examples of data link standards include frame relay, ETHERNET, token ring, and FDDI.
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Data link Layer 2 protocols ARP CDP DCAP Ethernet FDDI HDLC L2F L2TP PPP PPTP SLIP Token ring X.25 Frame relay ATM MPLS A simplified version of X.25 Asynchronous Transfer Mode Multi-Protocol label switching Fiber Distributed Data Interface High Level Data Link Control Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Point-to-Point Protocol Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol Serial Line Internet Protocol Address Resolution Protocol Cisco Discovery Protocol Data Link Switching Client Access Protocol

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PHYSICAL LAYER This transmits data over a physical medium or on network hardware, like cables, cards, etc. This layer relates the electrical, optical, mechanical and functional interface to the cable. It is responsible for transmitting bits (zero & ones) from one computer to another. This layer is concerned with the signaling of the message and the interface between the sender or receiver and the medium. It is defined by one of the standards bodies and carries a designation that indicates the characteristics of the connection. Among frequently used physical layers standards are EIA-232D, ITU V.35, and some of the X series (X.21/X.21bis).
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Physical Layer 1 protocols ISDN PDH RS-232 Integrated Services Digital Network Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy, T-carrier (T1, T3 etc) A serial line interface originally developed to connect modems and computer terminals Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Synchronous Optical NETworking

SDH SONET

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MNEMONICS The following mnemonics may help you remember the layers sequence and names: 1. "People Design Networks To Send Packets Accurately" 2. "Please Do Not Take Sales People's Advice" 3. "Always Put Some Thought Into Designing Programs"
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