ARCHIVAL INFORMATION ARCHIVAL SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ANARCHISM IN GERMANY It should be noted at the outset that it is not

my intention to cover in detail all files available for the study of anarchism in Germany. Even a partial listing would fill many pages. What I have attempted to do is to point out the principal repositories of materials available, while describing some of the most valuable or unique parts of their collections. Surprisingly the body of material for the study of anarchism in Germany is much larger than one might at first assume. What is more most of it has been little used by researchers. The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor contains some manuscript material on individualist anarchism, including a file of the letters of John H. Mackay for the years 1891-1933. The collection also has the notebooks of Maximilian Metzkow written in old German shorthand, about 60 of Nettlau's letters, and some fragmentary correspondence of Muhsam and Rocker. The Labadie Collection possesses the single most important assemblage of sources in the United States for the study of German-speaking anarchists. In addition to a large collection of newspapers and pamphlets it has the most essential items for a study of Max Stirner, Muhsam, Landauer, Most, Mackay, and Rocker. In the Rehse Collection, in the Manuscript Division of The Library of Congress, are found the Munich police files of Gustav Landauer and Erich Muhsam, along with considerable other materials on the abortive Soviet Republic set up in Munich after World War I. The International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam has the largest collection in the world of German anarchist letters, diaries, unpublished memoirs, manuscripts, pamphlets and newspapers. Only a brief description, which barely scratches the surface, is possible. There is the Landauer Nachlass, which includes diaries, unpublished letters and manuscripts. Max Nettlau during his lifetime conscientiously collected materials on anarchism. These are all in the Institute as well as his correspondence with anarchists, written accounts of interviews with anarchists, and unpublished manuscripts including a handwritten manuscript entitled "Geschichte des Anarchismus von 1890 bis 1914," which has much information on the German groups during these years. The Nachlass of Rudolf Rocker is also in the Institute. This includes his correspondence, unpublished biographical sketches of anarchists whom he met during his lifetime, and the two unpublished volumes of his memoirs which are typewritten: Bd. I "Die Jugend eines Rebellen" 612 pages, Bd. II. "In Sturm und Drang" 831 pages. There are also important collections on Johann Most, John Neve, Erich Muhsam, the Swiss anarchist Fritz Brupbacher, who was a close friend of Muhsam; as well as the Belgian anarchist Victor Dave and the Austrian anarchist Josef Peukert both of whom were closely associated with the German movement. The Ludwig Boltzman Institut fur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung at the University of Linz, Austria, contains the Nachlass of the Austrian Social Democrat and later anarchist Carl Dopf (1883-1968). Shortly before World War I Dopf moved to Hamburg where he became active in the anarchist movement, activities which he continued after the end of the war. His

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Nachlass is valuable for a number of items, notably: a Tagebuch - Aufzeichnungen for the years 1912-1920; two versions of his memoirs in typewritten form the latter entitled "Aufstieg aus der Tiefe. Der Lebensweg eines unbedeutenden Journalisten" 674 pages, which is being prepared for publication; correspondence with a number of German anarchists and syndicalists including Gustav Landauer, Erich Muhsam, Theodor Plieyier, Karl Langer and so forth. His Nachlass also contains a large number of copies of small circulation regional anarchist newspapers published mainly in the Hamburg and Berlin areas. The archives of the German Foreign Office located at Bonn also contain materials on anarchism for the period 1892-1919. Some of the files were partially filmed, while they were in Allied custody, by the University of Michigan and are described in A Catalogue of German Foreign Ministry Archives 1867-1920 (Ann Arbor, 1957), and A Catalogue of Files and'Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives 1867-1920 (Washington, 1959). There is also a great deal of useful information on German surveillance of anarchism in other countries, especially the United States. This material, for the most part, was not filmed. The Nachlass of Maximilian Harden (Witkowski) in the Bundesarchiv Koblenz, while not devoted extensively to anarchism, contains a number of letters he exchanged with anarchists, notably Erich Muhsam. Also in the Bundesarchiv in the Bestand Reichssicherheitshauptamt der SS are found nine volumes of documents dealing with anarcho-syndicalism, Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (FAUD), Anarchistische Foderation, and other groups for the period 1928-1938. Included are records on the international surveillance of anarchism, records of arrest, search of domicile, confiscation of libraries of suspected anarchists, records of FAUD and other anarchosyndicalist records, surveillance of suspected anarchists. These files were seized by the allied armies in 1945 and later microfilmed in their entirety. See: Guide to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va. No. 39 Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Washington, 1963). Pre-World War I Munich held an attraction for radical and bohemian types, thus the Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv has useful material on anarchism. Abt. V, the Staatsarchiv fur Oberbayern has an extensive file from the Bavarian Minister of the Interior "Dossier Anarchisten 1886-1915" which has long lists of anarchists in the area as well as some detailed and perceptive police reports of anarchist meetings and activities. Abt. II, the Geheimes Staatsarchiv, also contains a number of files on anarchism for the years 1879-1906. Hamburg was an important center of anarchist activity. The Staatsarchiv in Hamburg has a collection of materials on anarchism which covers over fifteen feet of shelf space. Much of the material is routine but there are many significant items such as police reports on anarchist conferences, meetings, arrests of anarchists, annual reports on anarchist activity, lists of known anarchists residing in the Hamburg area and files on individual anarchists. The collection has a copy of the three volume "Anarchistenalbum" which contains the photos of 1163 anarchists. There is also the unpublished memoir of the police spy W. Wichmann "Um Ehre, Recht and Wahrheit oder wahre und erwiesene Erlebnisse des damaligen Geheimpolizisten W. Wichmann." Other archives in West Germany which contain large collections of materials similar to those found at Hamburg, but pertaining to different regions are: Niedersachsisch.es Staatsarchiv

11 Oldenburg, Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg, Staatsarchiv Munster, Hessischen Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Hauptstaatsarchiv Dusseldorf. Those with smaller collections are Staatsarchiv Bremen, Staatsarchiv Sigmaringen, Badisches Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe. In Poland the Wojewodskie Archiwum w Szcecinie contains useful materials on the former region of Pomerania, primarily Stettin, and the Landratsamt of Stargard, Regenwalde, Greifenberg, and Randow. East Germany has a number of archives which contain collections of materials on anarchism. Some of those which possess what would be considered small to medium sized collections are: Staatsarchiv Magdeburg (formerly Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt), Staatsarchiv Dresden (formerly Sachsisches Landeshauptarchiv Dresden), Staatsarchiv Leipzig (formerly Landeshauptarchiv Leipzig), Staatsarchiv Schwerin (formerly Mecklenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv), and the Historisches Staatsarchiv Gotha. The Deutsches Zentralarchiv Potsdam, which houses part of the archives of the former Reichsarchiv, has considerable material on anarchism. The Deutsches Zentralarchiv Merseburg, which contains part of the documents of the former Preussischen Geheimes Staatsarchiv, and the Brandenburg-Preussischen Hausarchiv has much useful material. In the files of the Prussian Minister of the Interior at Merseburg are found extensive and important sources on anarchism. The Staatsarchiv Potsdam (formerly the Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv Potsdam) has the largest collection of archival materials on anarchism. There are nearly 400 files dealing with such topics as anarchism in various regions, cities, anarchist newspapers, and organizations. There are also approximately 650 files on known and suspected anarchists, some of which run for several volumes. Using the regional and city archives in conjunction with the Staatsarchiv Potsdam you can gain an understanding of how the German authorities dealt with the anarchist threat. In the Staatsarchiv Potsdam are located the files of the Polizeiprasidium, Berlin, to which all information on anarchism was sent, and from which all measures taken against the anarchists emanated. A researcher using either, only the regional and city archives, or only the Staatsarchiv Potsdam will lose much in the exchange of communications which took place in the intricate police network. To gain a complete picture they must be used in conjunction with one another. For example the "Anarchistenalbum," mentioned above in regard to Hamburg, was the product of such interplay of communication. The raw material was sent to Berlin, where the album was prepared. Then it was sent out to the individual police agencies. In the Staatsarchiv Potsdam are found extensive files dealing with additions to the album. Another important item found in the Staatsarchiv Potsdam are the "Ubersichten uber die allgemeine Lage des sozialdemokratischen und revolutionaren (anarchistischen) Bewegung." Starting in 1878 this secret report was sent out to the police agencies in Germany by the Berliner Polizeiprasident on a semi-annual basis; later it became an annual report. It is a barometer of anarchist and socialist activites, in Germany, and throughout the world. It is a valuable source, especially if it is used in conjunction with the files found in the regional archives, and the files in the Staatsarchiv Potsdam which pertain to the various areas and cities in Germany. Some of the archives mentioned above also contain copies of this report.

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The Akademie der Kunste in East Berlin has a unique collection of Muhsam Nachlass including his extensive Tagebiicher, along with a large collection of correspondence to and from other anarchists including Gustav Landauer. There is also a collection of Miihsam's unpublished manuscripts. The Muhsam material at the Akademie is on microfilm inasmuch as the originals are to be found in Moscow. There are plans to publish his Tagebiicher. The Nachlass of Martin Anderson-Nexji, valuable for the information they have on Muhsam, is also located at the Akademie. Generally the researcher will not have difficulty obtaining access to the materials listed above, however, in some cases it will be necessary to obtain special permission from the Kulturminister in the region where the archive is located to use materials for the period after 1918. It should be kept in mind that many of the files are thick, and filled with routine matters, so the researcher should be prepared to sift through many pages of such material in hopes of finding something significant. In addition to this it should be noted that nearly all the material is written in German script style handwriting, which must be mastered before attempting to use the archival material. In the hands of an expert copyist the script style handwriting was a work of art, but as is often the case, in the hands of a police official or some other government worker it degenerated into an almost illegible scrawl, in which all letters look alike. Nevertheless the archival files on anarchism contain information that adds to our understanding of German history. My own revelations on the Hodel and Nobiling assassination attempts and the subsequent passage of the Socialist Law, as well as the role of the Bismarckian government during the decade of the 1880's bear witness to this assertion. Andrew R. Carlson Ferris State College

RESEARCH NOTE ON THE STUDY OF SOCIALISM AND LABOR HISTORY IN PARIS Scholars interested in European socialism and labor history have made frequent use of the rich collections in the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam. The Institut Franc,ais d'Histoire Sociale, a comparable institution though on a more limited scale, has not been utilized to the same extent and deserves far more attention from researchers than it has received. Part of the reason why the Institut is not more widely used is a very practical one: the lack of financial support for its facilities. The Institut is housed in three small connecting rooms on the second floor of a seventeenth century chateau in the heart of the historic Marais quarter of Paris. It is nominally affiliated with the Archives Nationales, but remains extremely understaffed and cramped for space. As a result, it is open only three days a week and has room for only six to eight persons at a time. None of these problems, however, should deter scholars from making use of the exceedingly important collections preserved by the Institut. These collections principally fall into three