DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lectures
! ! ! ! ! !

Design philosophy Action Effects: Bending and axial load Action Effects: Shear and Torsion Serviceability: Cracking and deflections Strut-and-tie method for design Design and detailing of openings Slender column design Flat slab system Collapse load methods for slab design Design of structural systems
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Recommended text

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics & Design. 3 ed. MacGregor, J.G. Prentice Hall, 1997

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Reinforced Concrete Structures. Park, R. & Paulay, T. John Wiley & Sons, 199X

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INTRODUCTION
STRUCTRUAL CONCRETE
Matrix + Reinforcement Concrete + Steel bars

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Plain Concrete

Reinforced Concrete Partially Prestressed Concrete

Prestressed Concrete
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Brief History of Structural Concrete

1824 1854 1886 Patent on Portland Cement (Aspdin) Reinforced Concrete (Wilkinson) First prestressing system using tie-rods (PH Jackson, USA) 1910 Various concrete institutes established 1920s RC buildings, bridges & liquid containers constructed; circular prestressing; practical PC; external prestressing 1930s Partial prestressing (Abeles, England) 1938 Ultimate strength theories in USSR 1940s Bridge design & construction with PC
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1956 Ultimate strength theories in England/ USA 1960s Working stress design 1970s Limit state design 1980s Durability issues 1990s Structural concrete coined; Unification of codes & theories; Performance-based design; New materials. 1998 Formation of International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib)
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Design Objectives

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! Functionability ! Safety ! Economy ! Restorability

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DESIGN APPROACHES
" ! Focus "

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Working stress design (WSD)

on working load level ! Check induced stress against allowable values

Ultimate strength design (USD)

! Focus

on ultimate load level ! Check factored actions against resistance

"

Limit state design (LSD)

! Considers

both serviceability and ultimate limit

states
"

Performance-based design (PBD)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

P fP

"! Working Ultimate stress strength design design (WSD) (USD) Limit state design (LSD)

fs Mu

e.g. Performace-based design (PBD) !Mu Mn

max w wfor "! " f fs,allow Mn; = for fy e.g. s s/1.5 max sM u

Bridges deformation should not affect rail alignment Bridge is able to take a train load of xxx-xx
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Serviceability Restorability Safety

PBD

WSD

LSD

Damage Control

USD

Higher loads

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Design criteria

PIS PIR
e.g. S(fFk)
Action effect

R(fk/m)

Resistance

w(fFk, fk/m)
Crack width

w*

Allowable value
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Specifications /Codes of Practice

! BS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

8110 Structural Use of Concrete. Parts 1,2,3. British Standards Institution, 1985, 1997 (Part 1) Singapore Standard on Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete, 1999 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. American Concrete Institute, 1999, 2002 2

! CP65

! ACI

! Eurocode

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Structural Concrete
Matrix
Concrete

Reinforcement
Steel bars

High-strength concrete Polymer concrete Light-weight concrete Self-compacting concrete Fibrous concrete

Galvanised steel bars Epoxy-coated bars Fibre-reinforced polymer bars

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Materials

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Steel strength

1200

High strength concrete

Ultra-high strength concrete

fy (MPa)

800 400 0

New RC

Ultra-high strength steel High strength steel

highrise RC conventional

30

60

90

120

fc (MPa) Concrete strength

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Characteristic Strength of Materials, fk

frequency

fk = fm - ks
depends on reliability/quality control e.g. for concrete fk = fm - 1.64s
strength

5%

fk

fm

k x s (std. dev.)
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Concrete
fc (MPa)
Normal structural concrete High strength concrete Ultra-high strength concrete

W/C ratio 0.40 0.45 0.35 0.40 0.30 0.35 0.22 0.30

20 - 45 45 - 70 70 - 85 85 - 140

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Normal structural concrete

"

Compressive strength : fcu or fc( 0.8fcu)

(28-day characteristic)

"

Tensile strength: ft = 0.1~0.2 fc Modulus of rupture: fr = 0.623fc> ft (ACI) Modulus of elasticity: Ec= 4730 fc (MPa)
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"

"

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

An in fc leads to: in cu in linear portion in ductility in Ec

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Stress-strain relation of concrete

fc fc 0.4fc Ec o cu

fc/fc = 2c/c - (c/c)2 (fc45 MPa)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

High strength concrete

"

Tensile strength: ft = 0.615fc (fc85 MPa) Modulus of rupture: fr = (0.623~1)fc (MPa) Modulus of elasticity: Ec= (3323fc + 6895)(wk/2323) (MPa) where wk: weight in kg/m3

"

"

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Reinforcement
Steel

fy (MPa)

Es=200,000 MPa
0.005 0.010

s
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strain

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FRP Reinforcement

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tensile strength (MPa)

CFRP

AFRP
PC Strand

FRP

2000
GFRP

1000
Rebar

6 Strain %

10
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Design stress-strain relations

0.67fcu/m
stress (MPa)

Concrete

5.5(fcu/m) kN/mm2 2.4x10-4(fcu/m)

0.0035

strain

BS8110, EC2, JSCE, CEB-FIP similar

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Steel

fy/m

tension 200 kN/mm2

strain
compression

fy/m

BS8110, ACI, JSCE, AS, CEB-FIP similar

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Partial safety factors

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Design strength = Characteristic strength / m

m Steel Concrete 1.15 (BS 1985) 1.05 (BS 1997) 1.5 (BS 1997)
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Loads (Actions)
frequency
Characteristics load Fk 5%

Fm

Fk

load

Dead loads Earth loads Imposed loads Wind loads Dynamic loads Seismic loads Accidental loads Snow loads Construction loads BS6399, ASCE7-98, AS1170
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Load Combinations

LC = kFk
"

Ultimate limit state:

e.g. 1.4Gk+1.6Qk 1.4Gk+1.7Qk (BS8110) (ACI318-99)

"

Serviceability limit state:

! short

term effects ! long term effects

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Load Combinations

Limit state

Load Comb. Dead & Live

BS8110
1.4DL+1.6LL or DL+LL

ACI318-99

1.4DL+1.7LL 0.75(1.4DL+ 1.7WL)

0.75(1.4DL+1.7LL+ 1.7WL) or 0.9DL+ 1.3WL

Ultimate limit state

Dead & Wind Dead & wind & live

1.4(DL+WL) or DL + 1.4WL
1.2(DL+LL+WL)

Serviceability
limit state (Deflection, Cracking, etc)

Dead & Live Dead & Wind Dead & wind & Iive

short-term effects, long-term effects, etc. to be considered

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Summary
Design objectives

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

numerical analytical* simplified*

Action effects

PISPIR

Resistance
analytical* formulae* tests

Actions

Material properties

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