Hydraulic Calculation Lecture-Piping

Author:
Armin Eftekhari
Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006
Hydraulic calculation in piping networks (Piping Training Courses)
Introduction of the trainer

Introduction of trainer Topics Piping Network Labeling Diagram Network inlet & outlet Hydraulic Calculation Definition Sizing Criteria Velocity Pressure drop Requirements & contract Recommendati ons Pipe Sizing Calculations COMPRESSIBL E FLOW IN PIPING Sequence Of Simulation Example 1
Armin Eftekhari
Personal Information
Education
Professional experience
Marital status : Married Age : 34 years ( 8th Sep. 1972) Place of Birth : Tehran M.S. in Mechanical Engineering (Applied Mechanics) [ Sep.1995 ~ Sep.1998 ] Azad University of Tehran B.S. in Mechanical Engineering (Solid Mechanics) [ Sep.1990 ~ Jan.1995 ] Azad University of Tehran [ Sep. 2000 until now ] Montreal Consulting Engineering Company(Tehran / Iran) Designer of piping & auxiliary systems of power plants Design of design criteria, system description, Process Flow Diagram, Piping & instrumentation diagram, General & equipment arrangement, Pipe route, Piping layout, Isometric, Input for civil work Drawing, Piping specification, Insulation specification, Preparation of line list, valve list, equipment list, stress analysis, MTO(Material take off), supporting, sizing &pressure drop calculation of the following systems : Natural gas system Gas oil system Auxiliary cooling system Compressed air system Lube oil system
Introduction of the trainer

Armin Eftekhari
Professional experience
Production & Supply water system Air conditioning system Plumbing System Chemical drain & sewage system Mechanical Cordinator Kazeroon Gas Turbine Power Plants Damavand Gas Turbine Power Plants Sanadaj Gas Turbine Power Plants Shirvan Gas Turbine Power Plants Head Of piping Group Working with the following soft wares:
Additional professional skills
Windows 2000 / XP ,Word , Excel, Access, Power point, Front Page Auto cad , Microstation ,Caesar II, Cadworx , Pipe net, Trace calculator , Insulation calculator,PDS
Working with the following Computer languages:
Matlab, Qbasic,Fortran
Trainings Languages Excel, Cadworx, Caesar II ,Micro station,Siemens technology transfer for combined cycles(Equipment & General Modules) English( fluent in specking, Reading & writing) Farsi(Native Language)
Schedule
Topics 1- Piping Network 7- Steady single phase compressible & incompressible flow in piping systems 8- Sequence of simulation 9- Example #1
2- Labeling Diagram
3- Inlets and Outlets 4- Hydraulic Calculation
10- Example #2 5- Sizing Criteria 5.1- Velocity 11-Introduction of pipe net Software 5.2- Pressure drop 5.3- System requirements & contract (client) recommendations 6- Pipe sizing calculation
Basic Definitions
1- Piping Network In general, networks consist of a number of components (Pipes, Ducts, Pumps, Valves, Filters, Orifice Plates, Fixed Pressure Drops and Nozzles) all connected together. The points at which the components may be joined to other components are referred to as nodes. Consider, for example, the simple system shown below, which consists of a single pipe with a nozzle on one end. A fluid enters at theopen end of the pipe and is discharged through the nozzle.
Basic Definitions
This network can be represented schematically by the diagram shown below.
2- Labeling Diagram Notice how the pipe, nozzle and nodes have each been given a label. When preparing a network for simulation every component and every node must be given a label which identifies it uniquely. The production of a fully labelled schematic diagram is an essential part of any simulation.Labels may either be tagged or untagged.
Basic Definitions
Labels can be tagged or untagged.Tags can be used to make labels more meaningful, and to allow sections of large networks to be more easily identified. In our schematic diagram we have labeled the pipe as P/1(tagged label), the nozzle as 100(untaged label), and the nodes as 1 and 2(untaged label). 3- Inlets and Outlets In the drawing of a network ,each pipe, pump, valve and filter component should have two nodes (one at each end). One of these nodes is designated the component's input node and the other is designated its output node. Note that fluid does not necessarily flow from the input node to the output node.
Sizing
4- Hydraulic Calculation -Sizing calculation. -Pressure Drop calculation. -Adjust/Regulate/Control of the piping systems.
5- Sizing Criteria 1-Velocity. 2-Pressure drop. 3-System requirements and contract (client) recommendations.
Sizing
5.1- Velocity High velocity in piping systems increases the following effects: -Pressure Drop. -Pipe corrosion. -Water hammer. -Noise (sound) emission. In the other hand low velocities increases pipe diameter (Increase the total cost) and also increase the possibility of illuviation (Sedimentation) in a piping systems. For fluid velocities of different systems it is better to refer to the piping hand books.
Basic Definitions
5.2- Pressure drop Generally if is preferable to reduce pressure drop in piping system as far as possible because : -To decreases the size of pump or compressor (Cost reduction). -To reduces the initial pressure (i.e. in case of gravity flows). -To decreases the energy losses. -To reduce down stream velocity of gases and also the related corrosion and noise emission. For admissible pressure drop for different media system it is better to refer to piping hand books (For example for Water it is 2.5 m/100m and for natural gas the total pressure drop shall be less than 10% of initial pressure).
Basic Definitions
5.3 -System requirements & contract (client) recommendations Some times we have to meet some conditions in Terminal points / input/out put points (according to technical matters, contract specifications or client requirements). For example: - For a long water piping system with gravity flow may be it is needed to use velocities less than what was mentioned before. - For a system with predefined flow characteristics in inlet and out let points (flow characteristics have been defined in terminal points). -Climatic conditions.
Sizing
6- Pipe sizing calculation Suppose that a pipe shall deliver a media with density of m then :
r and flow rate of
m0 r= 0 Q
m0 = r Q 0
Q 0 = A V
A= p
4
Di 2
Hence :
m0 = r
p
4
Di 2 V
0 Q0 m Di = 2 or Di = 2 p V r p V
Sizing
Where; r = Liquid Density [kg/m] , m=mass flow rate [kg/s] , Q=Volumetric flow rate [m/s] , A=Pipe cross section area [m] , V=Admissible flow velocity (to be taken from the table) [m/s] ,
Di = Internal pipe diameter [m]

After calculation of the pipe inside diameter ,according to the pipe schedule and pipe dimension standard the suitable nominal diameter is selected. Now the actual velocity of the medium in the pipe shall be calculated according to the selected nominal diameter. Note: The metal pipe dimensions are basically according to ANSI B36.10 or API 5L.Also for PE pipe please refer to DIN 8074.
Flow of fluids
7- STEADY SINGLE-PHASE COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PIPING According to Darcy formula , the friction head loss in an incompressible fluid is calculated from the following formula :
L V2 Hf = f Di 2 g
DP f = r g H f
Where ;
L V2 DPf = r f Di 2
H f = Friction Head loss [m]
f = Darcy Friction Factor
L=Pipe Length [m] , r = Liquid Density [kg/m3] , V=Fluid velocity [m/s]
Di = Internal Diameter Of pipe [m] , g=Gravity acceleration [9.81 m/s]
Flow of fluids
The Darcy friction factor is obtained from the following formula :
f=
64 Re
(for laminar flow : Re<2000 )
Expressions for calculating the loss of pressure in turbulent flow are based upon experimental data. For complete turbulence zone (Re>3000) the following has been developed by Colebrook:
= -1.768 Ln(0.27
1.252 e + ) Di Re f
Where :
e = Roughness [mm] , Re=Reynolds No.=
m=
rVDi m
Fluid viscosity [cp]
For transitional flow (2000<Re<3000)f is found by interpolating between laminar value for Re=2000 and turbulent value at Re=3000.
Flow of fluids
Flow of fluids
Pressure losses which occur in piping systems due to bends, elbows, joints, valves, and so forth are called form losses. For the recommended values of local flow resistance coefficients (K-factors) please refer to Crane Flow of Fluids.
H fittings
V2 = K 2g
DPfittings = r K
V2
2
Where; r = Liquid Density [kg/m3] , V=Fluid velocity [m/s]
H fittings = Head loss due to the fittings [m] , K=Fittings resistance coefficient
DPfittings = Pressure drop due to fittings [Pascal]
Form losses may also be expressed in terms of the equivalent length Le of pipe that has the same pressure head loss for the same flow rate; thus
Le V 2 V2 f = K 2g Di 2 g
Le = K
Di f
Flow of fluids
With this formula according to k factor of each fitting the relevant equivalent length will be obtained. For quick calculations a chart has been provided in Crane Flow of fluids. The pressure loss due to elevation changes in a pipe section will be calculated by the following formula :
DPstatic = rg ( z2 - z1 )
Hence the total pressure drop of a piping system will be obtained as follow :
DPtotal = DPfriction + DPfittings + DPstatic + DPotheres

Where DPotheresis belong to any other equipment or accessory in the system.
DPtotal
L V2 = r( f + K) + rg ( z2 - z1 ) + DPothers Di 2
Flow of Fluids
8- Sequence of simulation -Prepare a pipe route (single line) according to the technical specification and system requirements. -Specify the process characteristics of flow in I/O points (Regarding to the Terminal point data, consumers and also system component specifications) -Specify each pipe section and its node numbers and extract its relevant information from the pipe route and technical specifications (length of the pipe section, its start & end nodes identification, its fitting, fixed pressure drops,). -Calculate the pipe size of each pipe section (see page 12). -Calculate the total pressure drop in each pipe section. It is noted that out put pressure of each pipe section shall be used as input pressure of the next pipe section.
Flow of Fluids-Example 1
-The
total pressure drop is the difference between inlet pressure of the first pipe section and outlet pressure of the farthest pipe section.
Example #1 : Please specify the pressure of out put points (consumers) for the water distribution system in the next page. It is noted that according to piping specification of contract the pipe schedule for all size shall be Sch. STD commercial pipe and water temp is 15c.Also according to the strainer data sheet the maximum pressure drop of the strainer at dirty condition is 0.2 bar. Regarding to the piping specification All the bends are long radius (R=1.5D). The minimum pressure in inlet terminal point is 8 barg .The elevation of the inlet terminal point is 800 MSL. Solution : Step 1 & 2: Regarding to the technical specification and I/O process characteristics a pipe route has been prepared in the next page. Step 3:In sheet after each pipe section and its relevant nodes has been identified.
Piping geometry information

Item Pipe Section Input node Out put node Input node elevation [m] 800 Out put node elevation [m] 805 Length [m] List of Fittings Other pressure loss [bar]
P/1
35
90 Elbow : 1 Gate valve : 1 check valve :1 Tee branch : 1 90 Elbow : 1 Globe valve : 1 Tee branch : 1 90 Elbow : 1 Tee run : 1 90 Elbow : 1 Globe valve : 1 Tee branch : 1 Ball valve : 1
P/2
805
805
180
P/3
805
805
165
0.2 (Strainer)
P/4
805
798
72
P/5
805
811
Pipe size calculation : For pipe section P/1:Q=235 m/h , V = 3 m/s (Acc. To the admissible velocity) Hence:
Q0 235 / 3600 Di = 2 =2 = 0.166 p V p 3 Di = 166 mm
Pipe sch. is STD. There fore according to the standard dimension the Nominal Diameter is selected: DN 150 , Sch STD Di = 154.08 mm DN 200 , Sch STD Di = 202.74 mm DN 200(Sch. STD) selected. Di=202.74
V=
Q0 p / 4 Di
2
V = 2.022 m / s (actual velocity)
In the same way the size of the other pipe sections obtained as follow: For pipe section P/2:Q=80 m/h , V = 3 m/s Hence: Di=0.097 DN 100(Sch. STD) selected. Di=102.26 mm ,V=2.706 m/s For pipe section P/3:Q=155 m/h , V = 3 m/s Hence: Di=0.135 DN 150(Sch. STD) selected. Di=154.08 mm ,V=2.309 m/s For pipe section P/4:Q=110 m/h , V = 3 m/s Hence: Di=0.114 DN 125(Sch. STD) selected. Di=128.20 mm ,V=2.367 m/s For pipe section P/5:Q=45 m/h , V = 3 m/s Hence: Di=0.073 DN 80(Sch. STD) selected. Di=77.92 mm ,V=2.621 m/s Now all of the pipe section has sized. Next step is pressure drop calculation.
For pipe section P/1: pipe size is DN 200 then according to table A26 of Crane hand book pipe friction factor is obtained : fT = 0.014 The fittings are : 90 Elbow : 1 Gate valve : 1
K1 = 14 fT = 14 0.014 K1 = 0.196 (From table A29) K2 = 8 fT = 8 0.014 K1 = 0.112 (From table A27)
check valve :1 K3 = 100 fT = 100 0.014 K1 = 1.4 (From table A27) K = K1 + K2 + K3 K = 1.708 The roughness of the commercial steel pipes is 0.0457mm,hence the relative roughness will be calculated as follow :
e 0.0457 RR = = = 0.000225 Di 202.74
The Reynolds number is :
rVD 999kg / m3 2.022m / s 0.20274m Re = = = 4.095 105 m 0.001 Pas.s

By referring to Darcy friction factor chart (see page 16) The Darcy friction Factor is obtained : f = 0.0151 By reviewing pipe section geometry information it is seen that the input node elevation is 800m and out put node elevation is 805. The total pressure loss of the first pipe section will be :
L V2 35 2.0222 DPtotal = r ( f + K) + rg ( z2 - z1 ) = 999(0.0151 + 1.708) Di 2 0.20274 2 + 999 9.81 (805 - 800) = 57671.6 Pascal
In the same way the pressure drop of the other pipe sections obtained as follow:
Introduction of trainer Topics Piping Network Labeling Diagram Network inlet & outlet Hydraulic Calculation Definition Sizing Criteria Velocity Pressure drop Requirements & contract Recommendati ons Pipe Sizing Calculations
Item
Pipe Section
Fittings K Factor
Relative Roughness
Reynolds Number
Darcy Pipe Friction Factor
Total Pressure Drop [Pascal]
Total Pressure Drop [bar]
P/1
1.708
0.000225
4.095x100,000
0.0147
57671.6
0.576
P/2
7.038
0.000447
2.764 x100,000
0.0180
141627.7
1.416
P/3
1.11
0.000297
3.554x100,000
0.0165
50010.9
0.500
4
COMPRESSIBL E FLOW IN PIPING Sequence Of Simulation Example 1
P/4
5.984
0.000356
3.031x100,000
0.0172
-24821.2
-0.248
P/5
1.134
0.000586
2.040x100,000
0.0192
67765.4
0.678
As it is seen from the Pipe nodes arrangement :
Pnode #3 = Pnode #1 - DPpipe-sec tion #1 - DPpipe-sec tion # 2
Pnode # 6 = Pnode #1 - DPpipe-sec tion #1 - DPpipe-sec tion #3 - DPpipe-sec tion #5 Pnode #5 = Pnode #1 - DPpipe-sec tion #1 - DPpipe -sec tion #3 - DPpipe-sec tion # 4
Pnode #3 = 8 - 0.576 - 1.416 = 6.008 bar Pnode #6 = 8 - 0.576 - 0.500 - 0.678 = 6.246 Pnode #5 = 8 - 0.576 - 0.500 + 0.248 = 7.172
bar bar
Introduction of soft ware

Topics Piping Network Labeling Diagram Network inlet & outlet Hydraulic Calculation Definition Sizing Criteria Velocity Pressure drop Requirements & contract Recommendati ons Pipe Sizing Calculations COMPRESSIBL E FLOW IN PIPING Sequence Of Simulation Example 1
Pipe Net Standard Module
Introduction of software

What is pipe net ? The PIPENET suite of programs has been designed to enable the accurate simulation of fluid through a network of pipes and other components. The full suite of programs consists of the following modules: 1-Standard Module: For general flow analysis of the single phase flow of liquids and gases. 2-Spray / Sprinkler Module: Specifically for the design of fire protection systems (deluge, ring main or sprinkler) in accordance with NFPA rules . 3-Transient Module: For the analysis of transient flow in all types of network employing a liquid. It has many applications including predicting pressure surges, calculating hydraulic transient forces and modeling control systems.

Applications -Powerful tool in the design (sizing & pressure drop calculation) of piping systems contain single phase steady flow of liquids and gases. -It is also a flexible tool for simulation of ducts, pumps, fans, filters, control valves, non-return valves, orifice plates, nozzles and fixed pressure drops in the piping systems. -It can be used as an aid in designing a new network of pipes with appropriate pipe sizes and ensuring that the system specification requirements are met. It can also be used to investigate the consequences of blocked or broken pipes in the network.

What is the advantage of this soft ware: - A large number of inputs and outputs. - Units - Metric, SI, British, US or User defined. - Networks comprising any arrangement of branches, grids and loops. - Open and closed loop systems. - Incompressible and compressible fluids. - Fluids at a fixed or variable temperature. - Built-in fittings and pipe schedules and user defined fittings, pipe schedules and fluids.

Applications - Ring mains for water supply. - Coolant systems and Steam networks. - Crude oil and Fuel oil supply lines. - Air ducting systems. - Water injection and Gas distribution systems.

Hydraulic Calculation Lecture-Piping

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Hydraulic Calculation Lecture-Piping

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Author:

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Hydraulic calculation in piping networks (Piping Training Courses)

Introduction of the trainer

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Introduction of the trainer

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Additional professional skills

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

This network can be represented schematically by the diagram shown below.

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

r and flow rate of

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Di = Internal pipe diameter [m]

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H f = Friction Head loss [m]

f = Darcy Friction Factor

L=Pipe Length [m] , r = Liquid Density [kg/m3] , V=Fluid velocity [m/s]

Di = Internal Diameter Of pipe [m] , g=Gravity acceleration [9.81 m/s]

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

The Darcy friction factor is obtained from the following formula :

(for laminar flow : Re<2000 )

e = Roughness [mm] , Re=Reynolds No.=

Fluid viscosity [cp]

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Where; r = Liquid Density [kg/m3] , V=Fluid velocity [m/s]

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DPtotal = DPfriction + DPfittings + DPstatic + DPotheres

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Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Piping geometry information

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Q0 235 / 3600 Di = 2 =2 = 0.166 p V p 3 Di = 166 mm

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V = 2.022 m / s (actual velocity)

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e 0.0457 RR = = = 0.000225 Di 202.74

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The Reynolds number is :

rVD 999kg / m3 2.022m / s 0.20274m Re = = = 4.095 105 m 0.001 Pas.s

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Darcy Pipe Friction Factor

Total Pressure Drop [Pascal]

Total Pressure Drop [bar]

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As it is seen from the Pipe nodes arrangement :

Pnode #3 = Pnode #1 - DPpipe-sec tion #1 - DPpipe-sec tion # 2

Introduction of soft ware

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006

Pipe Net Standard Module

Introduction of soft ware

Novin Parsian Co. Mar.2006