Chemistry101 REVIEWQUESTIONS Chapter8

Useonlyaperiodictabletoanswerthefollowingquestions.

ANSWERKEY

1. Writecompleteelectronconfigurationforeachofthefollowingelements: a) Aluminum(Al)
2 2 6 2 1 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

b)

Sulfur(S)
2 2 6 2 4 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

c)

Manganese(Mn)
2 2 6 2 6 2 5 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

2. Writecondensedorbitalnotationdiagramsforeachofthefollowingelementsanddeterminethe numberofunpairedelectronsineach: a) Zinc(Zn)

[Ar] -
4s

- - - - -
3d

b)

Selenium(Se)

[Ar] -
4s

- - - - -
3d

- 4p

c)

Lead(Pb)

[Xe] -
6s

-
6p

(5dand4forbitalareomittedforclarity)

3. Identifytheelementthatbelongstoeachofthefollowingelectronconfigurations:
2 2 6 2 a) 1s 2s 2p 3s 2 1 b) [Ne]3s 3p 1 5 c) [Ar]4s 3d 2 10 4 d) [Kr]5s 4d 5p

Mg Al Cr Te

4. Asectionoftheperiodictablewithallidentificationfeaturesremovedisshownbelow. V W Y X Z

Whichelementhasthesmallestatomicradius?Giveabriefexplanationforyourchoice. Xwouldbeexpectedtohavethesmallestradius.Thisissobecausemovinglefttoright acrossaperiodincreasestheeffectivenuclearchargeandthereforedecreasesatomic radius.Furthermore,movingdownagroupincreasesatomicradiusduetoadditional energylevels.Thereforethesmallestatomwouldbeintheupperrighthandcornerof periodictable.

5. Aperiod3elementhasthefollowingionizationenergies. Whatistheidentityofthiselement? IE1=801kJ/mol IE2=2427kJ/mol IE3=3660kJ/mol IE4=25025kJ/mol SincethereisaverylargeincreaseinIE4 comparedtoIE3,thiselementwouldbe expectedtohave3valenceelectrons.Aluminumistheelementonthethirdperiodwith 3valenceelectrons.

6. Arrangeeachofthefollowingelementsinorderofincreasingatomicradius. a) F,P,S,As F<S<P<As b) B,Ca,Ga,Cs B<Ga<Ca<Cs

c)

Na,Al,P,Cl,Mg Cl<P<Al<Mg<Na

7. Arrangethefollowinginorderofincreasingfirstionizationenergy. a) Na,Cl,Al,S,Cs Cs<Na<Al<S<Cl

b)

F,K,P,Ca,Ne K<Ca<P<F<Ne

c)

Ne,Na,P,Ar,K K<Na<P<Ar<Ne

8. Thefirstfourionizationenergiesofyttrium(Z=39)areIE1=616,IE2=1180, IE3=1980,IE4=5960kJ/mol.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthesedata: a) Explaintheincreasingtrendinthesuccessiveenergiesofyttrium. Successiveionizationenergiesarealwaysgreaterbecausetheelectronis successivelyremovedfromamorepositiveioneachtime. b) ExplainthelargeincreaseinIE2 comparedtoIE1. ThesecondelectroninyttriumremovedduringIE2 isacompletelyfilled 5ssubshellandmorestablethanthefirstelectronremovedduringIE1. - - 5s4d c) .

ExplainthelargeincreaseinIE4 comparedtoIE3. ThefourthelectronremovedduringIE4 isacoreelectronfromanoblegas configurationandthereforeverystable,makingIE4 verylarge.

9. Explain whyalkalimetalshaveagreaterelectronaffinitythanalkalineearthmetals. Alkalineearthmetalshaveacompletefilledssubshellandthereforedonotdesireelectrons veryreadily.Alkalimetalsontheotherhandneedoneelectrontocompletetheirssubshell andwouldreadilyacceptanelectron,thereforeleadingtolargeelectronaffinities.

10. Whichelementineachofthefollowingsetswouldyouexpecttohavethehighestsecond ionizationenergy(IE2)? a) Na,K,Fe

Forthesecondionizationenergy,bothNaandKremoveelectronsfromthecore electronswiththenoblegasconfiguration,whereasFewouldremovethe4selectron. NaissmallerthanK,thereforeitwouldhavethelargestIE2 ofthethreeelements. b) Na,Mg,Al

ThesecondionizationenergyofNaremovesanelectronfromthecoreshellwithanoblegas configurationwhileMgandAllose3selectronsduringIE2.ThereforeNawouldhavethe largestIE2 value. 11. Untiltheearly1960sthegroup8Aelementswerecalledinertgases.Theyare nolongerreferred toassuch,sinceXeandKrwerefoundtoreactwithsomesubstances.SuggestareasonwhyXe wouldreactwithfluorine,butNewouldnot. XeisamuchlargeratomthanNe,thereforeitwouldhaveamuchlowerIEthanNe.Asa result,XecouldreactwithelementswithlargeelectronaffinitiessuchasF. 12. ThetablebelowgivestheelectronaffinitiesinkJ/molforgroup1Band2Belements. 1B Cu 119 Ag 126 Au 223 2B Zn >0 Cd >0 Hg >0

a) Explainwhygroup1Belementshavenegativeelectronaffinities,whilegroup2Belementshave positivevalues. Group2Belementshaveacompletedorbitalandthereforewouldnotbeveryeagertoadd additionalelectronstotheirshells.ThereforetheywouldbeexpectedtohavepositiveEA. Group1Belements,however,haveanincompletessubshellwhichwouldreadilyacceptan additionalelectron.ThereforetheywouldhavenegativeEA. b) Explainwhygroup1Belectronaffinitiesbecomemorenegativemovingdownthegroup.

1 10 Group1Belementshavethegenericns (n1)d electronconfigurationandwhenaccepting additionalelectronswouldexperienceinterelectronrepulsionsbetweentheelectronsonthe sameenergylevel.Goingdownthegroup,thesizeoftheatomincreasesandtherefore reducesthisinterelectronrepulsion.Asaresult,theadditionoftheelectronismore favoredleadingtoalargerEA.