Some useful expressions used in academic writing for: 1.

Stating your own position on a Subject or Topic The aim of this paper is to The point of this article is to It shall be argued in this paper/essay/review that The view presented in this paper/essay/review is that..

2. Presenting your own point of view There are many reasons why. It is important/necessary to point out that The first thing to be considered is It is a fact that There is some doubt that

Followed by the following expressions to support your view: The first/second reason why.is or Firstly/Secondly The most important In addition, Furthermore, What is more, Another reason is A further point is

To introduce paraphrases and direct quotes: 1. Stating the view of Another Person on a Subject or Topic maintains argues asserts claims points out

Smith (1999, p. 333) In a study of , Smith (1999, p. 333)

that

The opinion of Smith (1999, p. 333) is that Smith (1992, p. 123) has suggested that . According to Smith (1992, p. 123), It is thought by some theorists, for example, Jones (2004, p. 2) and Smith (2002, p. 1) that

2. Agreeing with the Views of Others Smith (2002, p.123) is certainly/may be correct/accurate in saying that because. As Smith (2002, p.123) says/states Like Smith (2002, p.123), it can be agreed that . because

3. Disagreeing with the Views of Others Smith (2002, p.123) fails to address the issue when he says because When Smith (2002, p.123) argues that . His reasoning is questionable because. One of the main arguments against Jones (2004, p. 2) and Smith (2002, p. 1) is that Smiths (2000) approach/position/methods is/are somewhat inadequate/inaccurate/insufficient because

4. Indicating a Lack of Knowledge in a Particular Topic or Subject Although the research has tended to focus on..rather less attention has been paid to Although most studies, such as Jones (2004, p. 2) and Smith (2002, p. 1), have emphasised/concentrated on/focussed on.. inadequate /insufficient..

5. Drawing a Conclusion Using the Work of Others .Based on these authors, a connection can be made between It can be concluded from what Jones (2004, p. 2) and Smith (2002, p. 1) have stated that.. is When Smiths (2001, p.52) work/paper is looked at closely, it is seen that One outcome of Smiths (2001, p.52) work/paper/research is

These are just some of the expressions used in writing critically. There are many sources for accessing expressions used in academic writing, found on Academic Writing websites.

Reference List

Gillett, A 2006, Using English for Academic Purposes,A Guide for Students in Higher Education, School of Combined Studies,University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK Viewed 7 February 2006 < http://www.uefap.com/writing/writfram.htm> Hemmings, B n.d., Sentence Beginnings, Learning skills, Student Services, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW <http://www.csu.edu.au/division/studserv/learning/resources.htm> McGowan, B & McVilly, B 2004, Avoiding Plagiarism, A guide for students in higher education, Learning Skills, Student Services, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW http://www.csu.edu.au/division/studserv/learning/plagiarism Signposts for Essays, Learning skills, Student Services, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW <http://www.csu.edu.au/division/studserv/learning/resources.htm>