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IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III (MEG 551.1) SUBMITTED BY OVIE OLORI (GROUP 5) U2008/3025307 COURSE SUPERVISOR: MR OBI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every achievement no matter how small is a product of several input, collective efforts and commitments. Through this medium, I acknowledge the efforts of my friends for giving me insights and helping hand in pursuing my research. May God bless them.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page...............................................................................................................i Acknowledgement...............................................................................................iii Table of content...................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................1 1.2 Electric motor.................................................................................................2 1.3 History of electric motor................................................................................3 1.4 Classification or types of motor.................................................................... 1.5 Operating principles of electric motor........................................................... 1.6 How does an electric motor work?................................................................ 1.7 Components of an electric motor..................................................................
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Efficiency of electric motor.......................................................................... 2.2 Calculation of electric motor efficiency........................................................ 2.3 Energy losses................................................................................................ 2.4 Tips for efficient motor operation...........................................................
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Troubleshooting an electric motor................................................................ 3.2 Steps in rewinding an electric motor......................................................
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 What are fans and blowers.................................................................... 4.2 Differences between fans and blowers................................................ 4.3 Classification of fans and blowers....................................................... 4.3.1 Fan types............................................................................................... 4.3.2 Blower types.......................................................................................... 4.4 Common fan/blower problems..................................................................
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion....................................................................................................
both. The following lists the most common motors in use today. Each motor type has unique characteristics that make it suitable to particular applications.
INDEX 1. DC motor 2. Synchronous motor 3. 3 phase induction motor 4. 1 phase induction motor 5. Special types of motor
Among the four basic classification of motors mentioned above the DC motor as the name suggests, is the only one that is driven by direct current. Its the most primitive version of the electric motor where rotating torque is produced due to flow of electric current through the conductor inside a magnetic field.
Rest all are A.C. electrical motors, and are driven by alternating current, for e.g. the synchronous motor, which always runs at synchronous speed. Here the rotor is an electro magnet which is magnetically locked with stator rotating magnetic field and rotates with it. The speed of these machines are varied by varying the frequency (f) and number of poles (P), as Ns = 120 f/P. In another type of AC motor where rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors, hence circulating current induced in these short circuited rotor conductors. Due to interaction of the magnetic field and these circulating currents the rotor starts rotates and continues its rotation. This is induction motor which is also known as asynchronous motor runs at a speed lesser than synchronous speed, and the rotating torque, and speed is governed by varying the slip which gives the difference between synchronous speed N s , and rotor speed Nr,
It runs governing the principal of EMF induction due to varying flux density, hence the name induction machine comes. Single phase induction motor like a 3 phase, runs by the principal of emf induction due to flux, but the only difference is, it runs on single phase supply and its starting methods are governed by two well established theories, namely the Double Revolving field theory and the Cross field theory. Apart from the four basic types of motor mentioned above, there are several types Of special electrical motors like Linear Induction motor(LIM),Stepper motor, Servo motor etc with special features that has been developed according to the needs of the industry or for a particular gadget like the use of hysteresis motor in hand watches because of its compactness.
Fig. 1.2: Force on a conductor in a magnetic field Electric motors derive their turning motion from the interaction of two magnetic fields. Electric motors consist of a housing together with two or more pole shoes in which an armature is placed. The rotating motion is achieved by magnetising the armature, as well as the pole shoes. The armature starts turning due to the interaction of the forces created by the magnetic fields. This works as follows. There is a magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor (wire). If the direction of the current is away from us, the magnetic lines of force will flow to the right, If the direction of the current is towards us, the magnetic lines of force will flow to the left
When the coil is powered, a magnetic field is generated around the armature. The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn towards the right, causing rotation.
Fig. 1.3: Electric motor operation When the coil turns through 900, the brushes lose contact with the commutator and the current stops flowing through the coil. However the coil keeps turning because of its own momentum. Now when the coil turns through 1800, the sides get interchanged. As a result the commutator ring C1 is now in contact with brush B2 and commutator ring C2 is in contact with brush B1. Therefore, the current continues to flow in the same direction.
Fig. 1.4: Parts of an electric motor I. ARMATURE OR ROTOR: The armature supports the coil and can help make the electromagnet stronger. This makes the motor more efficient. II. COMMUTATOR: A commutator is used to reverse the direction of flow of current. Commutator is a copper ring split into two parts C1 and C2. The split rings are insulated from each other and mounted on the axle of the motor.. III. BRUSHES: The brushes press on the commutator. They keep contact with the commutator even though it is spinning round. The current flows in and out of the motor through the brushes IV. AXLE: The axle holds the armature and the commutator V. PERMANENT MAGNET: Inside the cover of any electric motor there are 2 kinds of magnets: One does not move and is called the "stator".
- On some kinds of electric motors the stator can be a permanent magnet and on others it can be an electromagnet.
The other kind of magnet is called the "rotor" because it rotates inside the stator .
Fig. 1.5: Stator and armature VI. COIL: The coil is made of copper wire - because it is such an excellent conductor . It is wound onto an armature. The coil becomes an electromagnet when a current flows through it.
INSTRUCTIONS 1. Check to see if the motor smells like it is burning. Replace the motor if it
does not run and has an electrical burning odour. 2. Ensure that the motor is receiving input voltage. The cord may be damaged or the house's circuit breaker may be tripped. Check the fuse on the motor itself if so equipped and make sure it is serviceable. 3. Check to see if the motor is overheated. Blow the motor with compressed air to remove accumulated dust, dirt or wood shavings. Allow motor to cool and then attempt to restart. 4. Loud squeaking or vibration may indicate worn or damaged bearings. Lubricate the bearings if possible, otherwise replace the motor. 5. Make sure that the device that the motor is turning is not locked up or damaged. Disconnect the device and see if the motor will run.
6. A motor that tries to run but only hums may indicate a bad starting capacitor. Examine the capacitor for leaking oil. Replace if capacitor is leaking. If not leaking, test the capacitor with the procedure listed below in the Resources section. If unserviceable, replace the starting capacitor.
may wish to upgrade your wires quality, substituting a nylon -andpolyurethane-coated wire for the original enamel-coated wire, for instance. 8. Recreate the exact winding pattern and number of coils around each winding. Take great care to make each coil tight and precise for the best performance.
When beginning your first winding, leave the end of the first winding free but long enough to reach the first tab. The last winding will attach to the same point.
Crimp all the other windings down as you work to hold the wire in place. You do the winding with one long wire, so dont cut anything as you go.
Before you crimp the wire down behind the tabs, use a sharp knife or sandpaper to remove the insulation from the wire at the point where it makes contact with the tab. Make sure you only remove as much insulation as is necessary to create good contact.
9. Connect the end of the last winding and the loose wire you left in the first winding to the tab where you began. 10. Check to make sure that none of the wires connecting to the tabs are touching. 11. Reassemble the motor housing.
3.3 TIPS
I. Practice on an old or inexpensive motor before you try working on an expensive one.
II. A/C motors are the best types for beginners as all of the wiring and windings are concentrated in the stator. On all A/C stators, whether 2, 4, 6, 8 pole, etc, every other coil is wound in a different direction.
3.3.1 WARNINGS
I. Before you remove the windings, you must understand exactly how the brushes, windings, and armature interact, or you wont be able to successfully complete a rewind project. II. Only magnet wire is to be used in rewinding a motor. Any other types of wire (floral, arts and crafts, hanging wire, etc) will not produce any spin in the motor at all and in fact has the potential to cause electrocution and even send you to the emergency room III. Be sure to use the exact same gauge wire that was originally used. Too heavy a gauge, and the motor will spin slow or not at all. IV. Do not, under any circumstances, wind the new wire on the bare steel of the stator/armature posts.
Fans and blowers are differentiated by the method used to move the air, and by the system pressure they must operate against. As per American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the specific ratio - the ratio of the discharge pressure over the suction pressure - is used for defining the fans and blowers.
II. AXIAL FANS: Also known as propeller fans, move the air stream along the axis of the fan, The way these fans work can be compared to a propeller on an airplane, the propeller fan makes more noise than the centrifugal fan so it is normally used where noise is not a factor.
Fig 4.3: Centrifugal blower II. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT BLOWERS: They have rotors, which "trap" air and push it through housing. These blowers provide a constant volume of air even if the system pressure varies. They turn much slower than centrifugal blowers (e.g. 3,600 rpm) and are often belt driven to facilitate speed changes.
There are two main disadvantages to induction and synchronous motors: without a variable power supply, they cannot provide efficient speed variation over a wide range.
REFERENCES
The development of the electric motor, http://www.sparkmuseum.com/motors Electricity and magnetism McMillan and Cohttp://books.google.ca/books Two-phase induction motor, http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-
files/tesla/motor.html Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www.edisontechcenter.org/electricmotors.html Read more: How to Troubleshoot an AC Electric Motor | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_4644439_troubleshoot-ac-electricmotor.html#ixzz2PO5xPc6E