ME309 Homework 5

Problem 2: A Study of Material Plasticity in Pure Bending

Instructor: Prof. Sheri Sheppard Student: Cheng-Chieh Chao ccchao1@stanford.edu 05361779 6.11.2007

Table of Contents I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 3 Objective of the analysis ....................................................................................... 3 Physical description of the part to be analyzed .................................................. 4 Finite element program and computer system used for the analysis ............... 4 Finite element model ............................................................................................. 5 Result plots (Stress contour plots) ....................................................................... 8 Stresses and displacements for critical sections of the model ......................... 10 Theoretical solutions ........................................................................................... 12

IX. Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................... 13 Appendix: Log file for the solution of both models...................................................... 14

I.

Problem Statement

Consider a rectangular beam loaded in pure bending between the two forces, as shown (this is referred to as the four point bend specimen). For elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain behavior, show using finite element analysis, that the beam remains elastic at Myp=ypbh2/6 and is completely plastic at Mult=1.5 Myp.

II.

Objective of the analysis

The objective of this problem is to understand plastic-elastic deflection behavior of the specimen under load. The finite element analysis simulation result will be compared to the theoretical computation.

III.

Physical description of the part to be analyzed

The beam specimen will be loaded with the configuration of four-point bending testing with adjustable forces F and supports at both ends. It is usually used in a test to determine the yield strength of the material. The cross section of the specimen is a rectangle, dimensions are shown in figure. The coordinate axes are shown in the figure, where x axis passes through the neutral axis of the beam with the origin at the left end. y and z axes are oriented as shown. Dimensions: b=1, h=2 Material properties: Youngs Modulus E=30e6 psi Poisson Ratio =0.3 Yield Strength yp=36000 psi Loading conditions: Two external forces, F, of equal magnitude and direction, are applied from the top of the beam. Supports in the y direction are at the two ends of the specimen.

IV.

Finite element program and computer system used for the analysis

ANSYS v7 is used for the FEM analysis in the elaine cluster at Terman.

V. (a)

Finite element model Analysis using PLANE42 element

Element used: PLANE42 Real constraint: thickness 1 Mesh density: 0.5x0.5 per element. Boundary conditions: UX=UY=0 at node 1 (bottom left corner) UY=0 at node 2 (bottom right corner). Applied loads: The load F required for applying Myp=ypbh2/6=24000 lb-in is F=6000 lb, and the load required for Mult=1.5 Myp=36000 lb-in is F=9000 lb. The load F is applied incrementally as 5999, 6001, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, and 9000 lbs to avoid the sudden loading that may lead to the divergence of solution in ANSYS. The F is applied at nodes 38 and 46 as in the figure above.
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Assumptions: It is assumed the material behavior of this steel beam is bilinear with zero tangent modulus after yield point. Bilinear kinematic hardening plasticity behavior is used for solving this problem in ANSYS.

Bilinear material behavior with zero tangent modulus, yield strength y=36000 psi

(b)

Analysis using SOLID45 element

Element used: SOLID45 Mesh density: 0.5x0.5x0.5 per element Boundary conditions: UX=UY=0 for all nodes at x=y=0 (bottom left corner) UY=0 for all nodes at x=12, y=0 (bottom right corner) Applied loads: The load F required for applying Myp=ypbh2/6=24000 lb-in is F=6000 lb, and the load required for Mult=1.5 Myp=36000 lb-in is F=9000 lb. The load F is applied incrementally as 5999, 6001, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, and 9000 lbs to avoid the sudden loading that may lead to the divergence of solution in ANSYS. One F is uniformly distributed along all the 3 nodes at x=4, y=2 with the magnitude of F/3. The other F is also uniformly distributed along all the 3 nodes at x=8, y=2 with the magnitude of F/3, as in the figure above. Assumptions: It is assumed the material behavior of this steel beam is bilinear with zero tangent modulus after yield point. Bilinear kinematic hardening plasticity behavior is
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used for solving this problem in ANSYS. VI. (a) Result plots Analysis using PLANE42 element

xx stress contour plots using PLANE42 element at F=8500 lbs Discussion: The figure shows the xx stresses when the beam is under the load of F=8500 lbs (1.42 Myp). The region between x=4 and x=8 is under the stresses over 30000 psi, indicating the structure behavior is nonlinear. At this time, the beam is in the elastic-plastic region.

(b)

Analysis using SOLID45 element

xx stress contour plots using SOLID45 element at F=8500 lbs Discussion: The figure shows the xx stresses when the beam is under the load of F=8500 lbs (1.42 Myp). The region between x=4 and x=8 is under the stresses over 30000 psi, indicating the structure behavior is nonlinear. At this time, the beam is in the elastic-plastic region.

VII. (a)

Stresses and displacements for critical sections of the model Analysis using PLANE42 element
PLANE42 50000 40000 30000 20000 F=5999 F=6001 F=6500 F=7000 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 F=7500 F=8000 -20000 -30000 -40000 -50000 Distance from neutral axis F=8500

Stress (psi)

10000 0 -10000

Material behavior using PLANE42 elements

node (7, -1) (7, -0.5) (7, 0) (7, 0.5) (7, 1) 5999 -35771 -18008 -189.7 17957 36254 6001 -35783 -18014 -189.76 17963 36266 6500 -38758 -19511 -207.87 19456 39284 7000 -36015 -24639 -26.236 24664 36017 7500 -36016 -28782 -25.609 28807 36019 8000 -36006 -33035 89.043 32948 36003 8500 -35982 -39120 215.35 38896 35998 9000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

xx at nodes on x=7 vs. distance from the neutral axis in y direction under different F Discussion: The stresses in the table are xx on the 5 nodes on x=7. As we can see in the figure above, the material is elastic at F=5999 and 6001 lbs (~Myp), and xx=My/I. When the load is increasing from 6500 lbs, the material behavior becomes nonlinear. The solutions still converge for F=6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500 lbs, indicating the material is in the elastic-plastic region. When the load F is 9000 lbs, ANSYS fails to converge in 5
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steps, indicating that the beam is fully plastic. (b) Analysis using SOLID45 element
SOLID45 50000 40000 30000 20000 Stress (psi) 10000 0 -10000 -20000 -30000 -40000 -50000 Distance from neutral axis -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 F=5999 F=6001 F=6500 F=7000 F=7500 F=8000 F=8500

Material behavior using SOLID45 elements

node (7, -1, 1) (7, -0.5, 1) (7, 0, 1) (7, 0.5, 1) (7, 1, 1) 5999 -35360 -18856 -82.572 17914 36425 6001 -35372 -18862 -82.599 17920 36437 6500 -38274 -20452 -100.61 19415 39487 7000 -36115 -25071 -63.159 24795 36065 7500 -36306 -29238 -102.32 28966 36203 8000 -36326 -33715 -125.35 33332 36348 8500 -36295 -39524 35.954 39163 36278 9000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

xx at nodes on x=7, z=1 vs. distance from the neutral axis in y direction under different F Discussion: The stresses in the table are xx on the 5 nodes on x=7. As we can see in the figure above, the material is elastic at F=5999 and 6001 lbs (~Myp), and xx=My/I. When the load is increasing from 6500 lbs, the material behavior becomes nonlinear. The solutions still converge for F=6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500 lbs, indicating the material is in the elastic-plastic region. When the load F is 9000 lbs, ANSYS fails to converge in 5 steps, indicating that the beam is fully plastic. The result agrees with PLANE42 elements.

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VIII. Theoretical solutions Reference: Case, J.; Chilver, L.; Ross, C.T.F. (1999). Strength of Materials and Structures (4th Edition). (pp. 350-366). Elsevier Myp=ypbh2/6 Mult=1.5 Myp

M < Myp

Myp < M < Mult

M > Mult

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IX.

Conclusions and recommendations

The analysis presented using PLANE42 and SOLID45 matches the theoretical material behavior. In summary, the result is listed in the following table: F Mult / Myp Theory ANSYS PLANE42 & SOLID45 6000 1 Elastic 6500 1.083 Elasticplastic 7000 1.167 Elasticplastic 7500 1.25 Elasticplastic 8000 1.333 Elasticplastic 8500 1.417 Elasticplastic 9000 1.5 Fully plastic Not converge Fully plastic

Converge Converge Converge Converge Converge Converge Elastic Elasticplastic Elasticplastic Elasticplastic Elasticplastic Elasticplastic

Therefore, it can be concluded that ANSYS is suitable for nonlinear material plasticity simulation. The result of finite element simulation and theoretical values matches well. It is confirmed that a rectangular beam is pure elastic at Myp=ypbh2/6 and completely plastic at Mult = 1.5 Myp. With proper models and settings, ANSYS can be used to predict the material behavior for elastic and elastic-plastic.

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Appendix: Log file for the solution of both models (a) Analysis using PLANE42 element /SOL solcontrol,0 neqit,5 ncnv,0 cnvtol,u

! MAXIMUM 5 EQUILIBRIUM ITERATIONS PER STEP ! DO NOT TERMINATE THE ANALYSIS IF THE SOLUTION FAILS TO CONVERGE ! CONVERGENCE CRITERION BASED UPON DISPLACEMENTS

f,46,fy,-5999 f,38,fy,-5999 solve f,46,fy,-6001 f,38,fy,-6001 solve *do,I,1,8 f,46,fy,-6000-(I*500) f,38,fy,-6000-(I*500) solve *enddo Finish

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(b) Analysis using SOLID45 element /SOL solcontrol,0 neqit,5 ncnv,0 cnvtol,u

! MAXIMUM 5 EQUILIBRIUM ITERATIONS PER STEP ! DO NOT TERMINATE THE ANALYSIS IF THE SOLUTION FAILS TO CONVERGE ! CONVERGENCE CRITERION BASED UPON DISPLACEMENTS

f,163,fy,-1999.66 f,293,fy,-1999.66 f,14,fy,-1999.66 f,171,fy,-1999.66 f,285,fy,-1999.66 f,22,fy,-1999.66 solve f,163,fy,-2000.33 f,293,fy,-2000.33 f,14,fy,-2000.33 f,171,fy,-2000.33 f,285,fy,-2000.33 f,22,fy,-2000.33 solve *do,I,1,6 f,163,fy,-2000-(I*166.667) f,293,fy,-2000-(I*166.667) f,14,fy,-2000-(I*166.667) f,171,fy,-2000-(I*166.667) f,285,fy,-2000-(I*166.667) f,22,fy,-2000-(I*166.667) solve *enddo FINISH

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