Professional Documents
Culture Documents
& MANAGEMENT
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work done on “Access and Judgement of the
Sify Wireless Broadband Connection in SMEs” Submitted to Amity Institute
of Telecom Technology and Management by Deepak Mahanta in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of MBA Telecom, is a
bonafide work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. This
work has not been submitted anywhere else for any other degree/diploma. This
original work was carried during 02/06/2008 to 31/07/2008 in Sify
Technologies Ltd.
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Acknowledgement
Finally I would like to thank my mentor Mrs. Neha Verma and all the faculty
members of MBA (Telecom)- AITTM for their co-operation and continuous
help.
(Deepak Mahanta)
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Declaration
I hereby declare that I had worked honestly on the project and all the data and
information provided in the report are original and relevant to the project as per
my knowledge.
(Deepak
Mahanta)
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CONTENTS
Page No.
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Executive Summary
All these parameters will help the company to know the exact details about the
area which is to be targeted for setting up its wireless connection.
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1.0 Introduction:
Broadband in India:
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Wireless in India:
• As the industrial requirements are increasing day by day there goals are
also aiming the sky, so to fulfil their goals and objectives they require
reliable communication between their departments. So future of wireless
technology is bright because this is the new and the reliable technology.
• In future the wireless devices will require less power, so it will finally
reduce the implementation and maintenance cost.
• In future the reliability and the performance of the wireless devices will
increase due to regular improvement in the technology.
• As it becomes more popular and advance it will come with more data rate
support and low maintenance and implementation cost.
Challenges:
• Technology
1. Interference
2. Security
3. Power
• Collaboration
1. R&D Funding
2. Integration of Components
• Culture
1. Workforce/Corporate attitude
2. Societal attitude
• Regulations
1. Interoperability
2. Spectrum Policy
• Cost
1. Value proposition
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In today’s industrial environment the main requirement is that all the
departments in an organisation should perform efficiently and effectively. For
this purpose there should be a regular communication between all the
departments to share important information among them. For this purpose all
the organisations are willing to build a system or network which can support the
desired requirement.
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2.0 Objective of the study:
• To know the internet connectivity and its status in the small and medium
enterprises basically in schools, colleges, small plants and factories,
hotels etc. Also it is very important to know about the service quality
provided by their current ISP.
• To analyse the data collected from the customers and relate them with
the parameters of Sify and make a suitable decision according to their
requirement.
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3.0 Methodology:
• To begin with the project, first I did the secondary research from the
internet to know about the SMEs present in those areas.
• Then I divided the whole area of survey into small subzones so that I
can cover each one of them. I also prepared a weekly schedule so that a
certain zone could be covered by the allotted time mentioned in the
schedule.
• Then I made a certain sample size where I should target as sample size
is an important parameter based on which the final decision is taken
whether the data taken are related with each other or not.
• Then I directly met with the customers and did a research on the internet
connectivity and its status. This research helped me to know about the
quality of service provided by their respective ISPs.
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3.2 Method of data collection:
There are many methods of data collection in a survey. These are basically
divided in two main types of methods. These are: -
1. Primary data collection.
2. Secondary data Collection.
It is the method of data collection in which the marketers collect the data
very first time or we can say that the collected data is fresh or first-hand data.
We can collect primary data by: -
• Directly by the customer.
• By observation method.
• By telephonic Interview method.
• By e-mailing the queries & etc.
In this particular survey I have used the primary data collection method to
collect the data. In this particular method I directly went to meet to the
customers and collected data.
• Survey questionnaire
• The Sify information brochure
• Direct approach to customers instead of using any secondary mediums
like telephones or internet.
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Survey questionnaire is a very important instrument for any researcher to
collect the requisite information. The questionnaire helps him to get a brief
knowledge about a particular subject. With the help of questionnaire, he can
make further analysis and able to make a decision and categorize each factor
present in the questionnaire in a proper manner. I used the Sify wireless
broadband survey questionnaire where each questions carry equal weightage
that helped me to take my decision in the end.
Apart from the questionnaire, another important tool I used was Sify
Information Brochure. It involves all the benefits of Sify and its wireless
connection that was sufficient for a customer to get a brief idea.
The technique I used to analyse the data is the Chi-square test. In Chi-
square test, I assumed a hypothesis based upon which I was able to make a
suitable decision whether the data taken are related or not. The purpose of using
the Chi-square was the sample size of 70 which is greater than 30.
Apart from that I have also used the software tool like Microsoft Excel
which was very useful for arranging the data in tabular form. It made my work
so simple that I hardly used any other instruments which I was using during
primary data collection.
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4.0 Literature review
4.1 The Background
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Purpose & vision of Sify
Purpose
Vision
• Being the leader in terms of market share, quality, revenue, growth and
gross margins.
Indian Promoters: -
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• Satyam Computer is the promoter of Sify and holds around 57 per cent
stake.
Everything that Sify has done or achieved since its beginning, commercial
operations in April 1998 stems from its Purpose and Vision. A key aspect is
Sify being an enabler and catalyst of the Internet for positive change in India- a
responsibility that we continue to carry.
Sify began by developing India's first TCP/IP network and offering multiple
services on a common backbone infrastructure for an integrated Internet,
networking and e-Commerce business model. This was the first such business
model in the world, and appropriate for catalyzing the growth of the Internet
and networking in an infrastructure starved market. It also enabled a virtuous
cycle, where each business supported the other, while catalyzing the market to
growth.
Sify is a leader in every line of business and has won national and
international recognition for both market leadership and the quality of its
services. We are unmatched in Internet and network services expertise and
technology, with the best tools, software and processes in the business.
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The Sify Way
The values with which every Sify associate will conduct himself or herself in
contributing to Sify's business objectives is enshrined in "The Sify Way".
I will be accountable
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• By being caring and concerned for my team members
Code of Conduct
The Company will not accept and will not tolerate the following behaviour
from an associate:
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• Entering into fights either on the premises of the Company or Company
business partners.
• Using rude, abusive or obscene language with a customer, business
partner or a colleague. Disconnecting a customer's, business partner's or a
colleague's call without providing appropriate services.
• Refusing to serve a customer or carryout reasonable orders (relating to
work) of a superior.
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Sify’s Internet Backbone in India
This is the backbone network of Sify through which Sify is operating in India.
The whole backbone network of Sify is based on ring topology.
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Product Line of Sify
Sify is basically a service provider. So the main products of Sify are the services
which it provides to its customers. Sify is mainly providing three types of
services. These services are: -
• Corporate Services
• Consumer Services
• International Services
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Sify Network Services Sify Enterprise Solutions is the first and only service
provider in India to be ISO 9001:2000 certified in
network operations.
Sify Application Services An array of customizable Intranet and extranet web
applications, ranging from websites to workflow
automation and eBusiness applications.
Sify Security Services SifyGuardian provides a comprehensive suite of
Enterprise Assurance, Implementation &
Procurement and Managed Security Services.
SafeScrypt - Data Data Security solutions including encryption
Security Service technologies, strong authentication, data protection
and privacy, Digital Rights management and PKI are
offered by SafeScrypt, a SIFY subsidiary
Sify Infrastructure Sify’s world class service operation centers deliver
Management Services 24/7/365 availability and scalability to your business
without your having to make high levels of
investment.
Forum ForumTM from SIFY is a revolutionary solution
addressing the need to establish seamless
connectivity with supply chain partners.
Search Engine Sify provides a complete range of search engine
Optimization marketing solutions in India and worldwide,
specialized in search engine optimization, ethical on-
page and off-page SEO strategies, niche keyword
phrase research, manual search engine submission,
natural link development, website ranking in major
search engines like Google, Yahoo! and MSN etc.
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Sify Way2Talk Way2Talk is Sify's Internet Telephony service to
make calls across the world using a PC 2 Phone
Dialer.
Sify Sify.com is a popular consumer portal with
comprehensive information, facilities and services
and information.
Sify imeet Video conferencing facility at the Sify iway. Why
just talk when you can now meet face to face.
Sify WiZone Sify wizone offers blazing internet speeds at upto 11
mbps local connectivity and upto 384 kbps to the
internet.
Sify gamedrome Sify has built on its growing online games business
by not only providing contents at its iWay chain & its
200 exclusive gamedromes.
Today, clients use Sify's services to better align their IT operations &
processes to meet business objectives. By outsourcing day-to-day infrastructure
management to Sify, clients are able to unlock their in-house resource potential
for strategic work. They save up to 50% of current operational costs while
retaining complete control.
Sify leverages its deep expertise and proven transition & delivery
methodologies to provide proficient support. Our robust global service
infrastructure helps in supporting clients from offshore command centers, on a
24X7X365basis.
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Data center management
Ensure operational efficiency and process
compliance, through constant monitoring and
management of your servers, databases, storage and
applications.
Network management
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To reach these customers, the marketing executives of Sify regularly visit
them and provide them information about its services at a reasonable cost.
For Consumer Services the main target of Sify is the Cable TV Operators
(CTOs). In today’s environment almost every home has a cable TV connection
and CTOs are the people who have their own image and reputation in their own
area. So with the help of these CTOs Sify is reaching to its home users.
After creating its own image in the market Sify is also providing direct
connectivity to the home users by the mean of wireless connectivity.
Along with its own capabilities Sify has also have some partners in the field
of technologies so that Sify can acquire more growth in its market share.
Partners are: -
With the help of partners Sify is regularly improving in technology and its
growth in terms of customers and market growth.
4.6 Competitors:
These are the competitors of Sify: -
• BSNL
• MTNL
• VSNL
• Bharti Airtel
• Others (Spectranet, Reliance, Tata Indicom etc.)
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Comparison of Sify with its competitors in terms of market share
Intellectual Property
It includes registered Intellectual Property rights, including patents and
patent applications made by company in relation to various inventive
products and processes and also including copyrights in relation to the
company’s logo and products.
Patent Production
As per Patent Act, 1970 the company is provided with the patent protection
of the inventions satisfying the requirements of novelty, utility and non-
obviousness.
Trademarks
The Trademarks Act, 1999 permits the registration of Trademarks for goods
and services and Certification Trademarks and Collective marks are also
registerable under this act.
Broadband Policy
In this policy government has described the rules and regulation for a
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broadband company. The policy also describes the guidelines to setup
internet gateways in country and abroad.
3. The applicant company can apply for Licence in more than one service
area subject to fulfilment of all the conditions of entry.
4. The applicant company shall pay a processing fee along with the
application (Two copies) of Rs. 15,000/- in the form of Demand Draft/Pay
Order from a Schedule Bank payable at New Delhi issued in the name of
Pay and Accounts Officer (HQ), DOT , Sanchar Bhawan, New Delhi and
the same shall not be refunded for any reason whatsoever.
5. SERVICE AREA :
For the purpose of licence, the country has been divided into separate
service areas in two categories as mentioned below:
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7. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
(ii) Both direct and indirect foreign investment in the licensee company
shall be counted for the purpose of FDI ceiling. Foreign Investment shall
include investment by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), Non-resident
Indians (NRIs), Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs), American
Depository Receipts (ADRs), Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) and
convertible preference shares held by foreign entity. Indirect foreign
investment shall mean foreign investment in the company/ companies
holding shares of the licensee company and their holding
company/companies or legal entity (such as mutual funds, trusts) on
proportionate basis. Shares of the licensee company held by Indian public
sector banks and Indian public sector financial institutions will be treated
as `Indian holding’. In any case, the `Indian’ shareholding will not be less
than 26 percent.
FDI shall be subject to laws of India and not the laws of the foreign
country/countries.
There are many more guidelines which are defined by the government of India
to enter and to operate in the field of broadband.
• Service Tax
• Sales Tax
• Income Tax
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• Central Excise Duty on broadband
• Waive Entertainment tax on broadband subscription
• Sify is operating its consumer services with the help of CTOs, These
CTOs have their own image in their respective area. Some of CTOs are
not behaving good with the customers so ultimately CTOs are creating
bad image of Sify.
• Connectivity related problems due to cables are occurring very frequently,
it gives chance to a customer to create an image which is not in favour of
Sify.
• Less man power is also a major problem to resolve different issues
regarding customers and CTOs.
• Some customers are also not educated about the internet, antivirus and
other technical aspects, so if problem occur because of them, they finally
blame to the connectivity.
4.10 Achievements
During the time of its starting Sify has awarded by many awards. These are: -
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4.11 Share market Position
Sify is the only ISP which is listed in NASDAQ. Sify is listed in NASDAQ
since from 2003. The table of major share holders of Sify is: -
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Top Mutual Fund Holders
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Sify has a very good national and international image in the mind of
corporate world and the direct consumers. Here are some comments on Sify by
the corporate world: -
"Sify was chosen because they are the one of the leaders in
implementing Last Mile wireless solutions with a fail-safe
infrastructure and an extensive presence in the country".
Mr.Jitendra Sarode
IT Infrastructure Head
Pantaloon
"We Chose Sify to conduct our Security Consulting Audit as they are
our Internet Bandwidth service provider, and we realized they could
provide world class network security services to us. Our experience
with Sify for the security audit has been very good. I believe we made
the right decision and it has been a pleasure working with their
competent and service focused team".
Mr.A.K.Sircar
Controller - Information Technology
Organon (India) Limited
Angshuman Roychoudhury
Customer Support Manager
Taco Mobiapps
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connectivity, which was provided by Sify”.
Sify has a very good international image also. It is the first Indian
broadband service provider company which is listed in NASDAQ. Sify
completed its successful 5 years in the list of NASDAQ. Sify has good image in
international market this is because it has a foreign promoter Infinity Capital
Ventures which has approximately 32% shares of Sify Technologies Limited.
Sify has many International Clients also, and provide them various
services in the field of internet.
• Sify is now also targeting corporate to provide them the services of VPN.
• Sify’s future target is to provide a more reliable and secure network to its
customers.
4.14 Conclusion
Sify is a regularly growing organisation in the field of internet
solutions. Sify is the organisation which changes itself according to the market
requirement. Sify is lead by a great management team headed by the CEO and
MD Mr. Raju Vegesna.
Sify’s iWay cyber cafe chain has expanded to 153 cities with the addition
of 58 new cities in the last one year. The company has added 836 new iWays
during the year, at an average of more than two cafes a day leading to more than
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3000 outlets across the country. For those unfamiliar with India’s consumer
situation, Cyber Cafes are a key piece of the internet penetration equation in
India, and will continue to remain so for the next decade, since PC/broadband
costs are still not at a point where India’s vast population can afford them easily.
SIFY - Advantage
Opportunity:
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• Most superior technology
• Real Time Broadband
• High Speed ( from 256kbps to 1 Mbps… )
• 24x7 Help Desk Technical Support.
• Effective need based products to suit different profile of SME customers.
• Easy Scalability.
• 1st.Voice as additional Value Add.
Product Deliverables:
Always ON Internet.
Shared Broadband with QoS.
Mail Applications.
VoiP for International Calls.
CuG for Inter Office.
Video conference.
Server Hosting.
Security.
Sify Advantage:
Dedicated wireless last mile via R.F. – For best possible throughput with
virtually no possibility of physical damage, cable cut and with highest
service levels.
Broadband router: To facilitate single/admin login for all users, giving a
feel of enterprise class service.
Static IP- To facilitate triple play- Voice, Video Data & better/instant
connectivity.
24x7 Help Desk Support.
Partnership with India’s best in Class IP services Provider.
Sify Solution-Advantage:
Strengths:
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• 100% Uptime as compared to Wireless Network.
• Cellular Broadband Technology Advantage.
• Presence in over 200 cities. (Ideal for SME presence).
• Established Corporate and Retail leadership experience.
• Complete Scalable Solution.
• Provision of VAS.
Broadband Map:
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• One time Installation- Rs.35, 000 (Non refundable) includes- BB router,
real IP Address, Cables (100 mtrs) and Commissioning/Testing charges.
• Taxes Extra.
• To grow up in the market with more numbers of customers with the help
of technology.
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Strengths
Weakness
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• More of the network is based on wired technology so more connectivity
related issues occur due to cable.
Opportunities
Threats
• Competition with telecom giants like Reliance, Airtel, VSNL which are
providing data cards for internet access due to which customers have
mobility in terms of connectivity.
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behind it is that the bigger the market share a product has or the faster the
product's market grows, the better it is for the company.
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The BCG has identified four following categories of SBU’s and suggested the
appropriate strategy for each one
1) Star
2) Cash Cow
4) Dog
1) Star
Characteristics
Market Leaders
Fast growing
Substantial Profits
Require large finance growth
Strategies
2) Cash Cows
Characteristics
Profitable Product
Generate more cash than needed to maintain market share.
Strategies
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Use excess cash to support research and growth elsewhere in the
company.
Characteristics
Rapid growth
Poor profit Margins
Enormous demand for cash strategies.
Strategies
4) Dogs
Characteristics
Strategies
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If we see Broadband’s market growth and Sify’s market share over the years, we
find that Broadband internet market is a rapid growing market segment. The
Broadband has continued with its growth trajectory till the previous year and
this year as well, to record a growth of around 7.4%. This shows that Market
Growth is quite high.
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From the above analysis, it may be concluded that “Sify and its
products” can be placed in ‘Question Mark’ segment on the BCG matrix.
It can be shown by the following diagram:
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downsizing or terminating older businesses. The company plans for existing
businesses allow it to project total sales and profits. If there is a gap between
future desired sales and projected sales, corporate management will have to
develop or acquire new businesses to fill it.
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• Product Development - the firms develops new products targeted to its
existing market segments.
• Diversification - the firm grows by diversifying into new businesses by
developing new products for new markets.
In case of Sify, when it first launched its products and services by entering
into the world of broadband internet, there came a revolution as by that time no
one was providing such services. This became Sify’s Market Penetration
strategy.
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After establishing its corporate office at Chennai, its main aim was to
target the thickly populated Areas mainly metro cities like Bangalore, Kolkata,
Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai and applied the same successful formula that had
worked wonders for Sify. This became Sify’s Market Development strategy.
• E-Solutions
• Internet Consulting
• Solutions Architectures
• Design and Development of Solutions
• Hosting and Management Services
• E-Commerce products
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Learnatsatyam.com uses the Internet to educate a global
classroom of learners.
On this year May 2008, Sify Technologies has announced the launch
of its Roam Connect International service in India. The Roam Connect
International service, powered by leading enterprise mobility provider iPass
(NASDAQ: IPAS), will enable Sify customers to access a global high-speed,
reliable and secure wireless Broadband service when on the move. With Roam
Connect International, customers will now be able to access their data from
more than 100,000 broadband locations globally, including key business-centric
venues such as airports, hotels, conference centers and retail venues.
Till date, Sify has been developing as a leading firm in the field of
Internet over the years. As of now its services are limited to internet only. It has
not entered into any other sector. Hence the company’s Diversification strategy
has not yet come.
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and responsible to re-build the most effective strategy in order to survive in
competition thus generate revenue.
All products have a life-cycle. It starts with preparations for the product's launch
1. Introduction
2. Growth
3. Maturity
4. Decline
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A lot of money is spent on promotion and product development to
build product awareness.
Promotion is aimed at innovators and early adopters.
• Pricing
Low penetration pricing
• High skim pricing
PLC OF
SIFY
• Sify has managed to garner revenue of Rs 420 crore in the last four
quarters from dial-up, leased lines and other Internet services during FY
'06-07, thereby asserting a growth of 13% over last year's revenue of Rs
371 crore. This is despite showing a dip of 8% in the overall subscriber
base.
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• Sify is now owned by Mr.Raju Vegesna, the enterpreneur who has made
several billion dollars with his other company Server works. Under the
leadership of Mr. Raju, his company has earned a maiden profit after 10
years of its existence. It also earned a Net profit for the year was $ 2.3
million compared to a net loss of $3.50 million for the previous fiscal.
With the above analysis, it can be said that Sify Technologies Ltd. is in
growth stage.
• This research was done to find out the response of SMEs about their
willingness to the Sify wireless connection.
• The main areas for my research are Noida, Greater Noida, and
Ghaziabad.
• Some SMEs are satisfied with their service provider and some want to
switch over to another who can provide them mainly with broadband
speed with minimal charges.
• During research I also found that most of the SMEs mainly in the
companies, IT-heads were very busy with their working schedule. So I
find it quite a difficult task to conduct a cold calling meeting.
• Among those to whom I was able to meet, about 70% of them were
interested for taking wireless connection or want to switch over to
another service provider who would give them better service with
minimum rates as compared to their current connection.
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In most SMEs, mainly in the colleges, the number of users are more than
any other sectors. Hence they want the wireless connection that gives a speed of
minimum 2 MBPS.
Surveys:
The basic task I was given by the company was to conduct a market
survey. The main purpose of the survey was to get a clear understanding of the
market and set up a plan based upon the data collected.
To start with the survey, I had to design a questionnaire that contains
the basic questions. The questions were simple, short and clearly
understandable. I directly approached to them, told them about Sify benefits and
advantages of Sify wireless broadband connection. And also I came to know
about their current service provider and their service. Then I got my
questionnaires filled and gathered my relevant information. The questionnaire
format which I had used for my survey was given in the Annexure.
Feedback:
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of them, who gave us response, are already using broadband connection. Since
this was my first industrial project, so I was uncertain about the corporate
sector. So when I approached to them, they gave me important tips and
feedback how to interact with people.
And about the project, in the SMEs, the executives mostly the IT-heads
recommended some parameters which I should include in the project. Apart
from that, they also suggested what Sify should offer that would give a close
competition to the other ISPs who are providing wireless connection.
Based upon those parameters and feedback, I did further research and
moved ahead till the data analysis was done.
Hypothesis:
Level of Significance:
We are assuming that Level of significance is 5%, i.e. at least 95% decisions are
acceptable.
Calculation:
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Observation Table
Response Interested Not No Response Total(A)
SMEs Interested
Schools/Colleges 20 2 9 30
Companies 2 7 30 40
Total(B) 22 9 39 70
Expected Frequencies:
Total(B) 22 9 39 70
OBSERVED EXPECTED
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY O-E (O-E)^2 (O-E)^2/E
(O) (E)
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9 16.72 -7.72 59.5 3.5
RESULT: The calculated value of is greater than the table value. So, the
null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate hypothesis is accepted. Hence the
final result is SMEs want to switch to Sify Wireless Connection.
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• During my training, the company wouldn’t provide me the complete Sify
wireless Plans list. I was told to only speak about Sify benefits to the
SMEs. So the customers get only a part of information from me; not the
whole. So I would recommend Sify to provide the summer trainees with
the complete set of information about their products and services so that
customers can get full information at the same time.
• Sify’s wireless broadband speed is limited to 1MBPS only. But the SMEs
like colleges want a minimum speed of 2-4MBPS. So I would recommend
Sify to upgrade its Wireless plans to compete with other telecom giants.
• Till now, Sify is providing its service through CTOs. Hence they have to
involve in a partnership with them. So it becomes dependent on them. I
would suggest Sify to provide its own service rather than through CTOs.
• The one and only main problem is that when there is a power cut, then all
of a sudden the broadband connection is down. This is something which
happens on a regular basis in India, and for those who provide the internet,
need to have a backup for their users, so that the service is sufficient and
the best.
8.0 Conclusion:
“Wireless in SMEs” is a project which definitely shows the accessibility and
requirement of wireless internet in the remote areas. The main problem the
SMEs are facing is the complex and expensive wired technology which they are
bound to use over the years until the wireless technology comes. With the
wireless technology, they can be relieved from the problems like failure of
connectivity, cable cut, security problems etc.
I have also analysed the Sify’s current market position in relation to its
wireless broadband technology with PLC, SWOT, BCG matrix analysis and
Ansoff’s matrix.
The project also helps me to learn and experience the corporate life style.
During the project, I met different corporate people who gave me valuable tips
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and advice which I should follow during my training and in the future also. So
this has been a good learning experience for me.
Finally I can conclude that Sify has come a long way in the business of
internet and is growing still further. It has brought a revolution by bringing the
wireless technology to the SMEs with a cheaper rate so that they can easily
afford it and enjoy more reliable and secure network than they have ever used.
9.0 Bibliography
Internet
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access
• www.Fcc.gov
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_internet_service_prov
ider
• www.dot.gov.in
• www.broadbandindia.com
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• www.google.com
• www.sifycorp.com
• www.sify.com
• www.sifybroadband.com
• www.coai.com
• www.ispai.com
• www.trai.gov.in
• www.moc.gov.in
• www.reuters.com
• www.proxim.com
• www.houstontechnologies.com
• www.auspi.org
• www.way2wealth.com
ANNEXURE
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• Survey questionnaire.
• Chi-Square Table.
• Database of SMEs.
Address: ……………………………………………………………………….
Comments ………………………………………………………...............
Chi-square table:
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