1. In general, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes.

It means that psychologists use the methods of science to investigate all kinds of behavior and mental processes, from the activity of a single nerve cell to the social conflict in a complex society (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Criminal psychology is a sub-field of general psychology where criminal behavior is only, in part by which phenomena psychologists choose to study. It may be defined as the study of criminal behavior, the study of criminal conduct and activities in an attempt to discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about his behavior. 2. Normal behavior (Adaptive or Adjusted Behavior) is the standard behavior, the totality accepted behavior because they follow the standard norms of society. Atkinson (1993) also presented that understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of knowing what characterized a normal person from an abnormal one. A normal person is characterized by: Efficient perception of reality Self-knowledge Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior Self-esteem and acceptance Productivity Ability to form affectionate relationship with others

Abnormal Behavior (Maladaptive/Maladjusted Behavior) is a group of behaviors that is deviant from social expectations because they go against the norms and standard behavior of society. It is characterized by: Weight Height Intelligence cover a range of values Extremely intelligent or happy Mental illness Feeling of miserably Depression Loss of appetite or interest Suffering from insomnia and pains Insane

3. The Criminal Formula. In explaining the birth of criminal behavior, we must consider three factors: criminalistics tendency (T), the total situation (S), and the persons mental and emotional resistance to temptation (R). these factors can be put into formula as: Where: C Crime/criminal behavior (the act) C = T +S T Criminal tendency (desired or intent) R S Total situation (Opportunity)

R Resistance to temptation (Control) The formula shows that a persons criminal tendency and his resistance to them may either result in criminal act depending upon, which of them is stronger. It means that a crime or criminal behavior exist when the persons resistance is insufficient to withstands the pressure of his desire or intent and the opportunity. 4. Determinants of Behavior Heredity genetic influences, the characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation to another. Environmental Factors anything around the person that influences his action. Family Background Childhood trauma Pathogenic Family Structure Inadequate family Anti-social family Discordant/disturbed family Disrupted family Other factors Institutional influences Socio-cultural factors Nutrition Needs (Biological and Psychological) and Drives Motivation 5. According to Drive Reduction Theory, need is a biological requirement for well-being of the individual. This need creates drives, a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone to take action. The aroused condition motivates the person to remedy the need. For example, if you have had no water for some time, the chemical balance of the body fluids is disturbed, creating a biological need for water. The psychological consequence of this need is a drive, thirst, which motivates you to find and drink water. Drives push people to satisfy needs. On the other hand, motivation refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior. Thus, motivation refers to the causes and whys of behavior as required by a need. 6. Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of motive satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which results in tension. It is a feeling that is experienced when something interferes with our hopes, wishes, plans and expectations. Common sources includes: Physical obstacles are physical barriers or circumstances that prevent a person from doing his plan or fulfilling his wishes. Social circumstances restrictions or circumstances imposed by other people and the customs and laws of social living.

Personal Shortcoming being handicapped by diseases, deafness, paralysis, etc. which serves as a barrier to the things one ought to do. Conflicts between motives

7. Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a threat to normal behavior. Types of conflict: a. Double Approach Coflict person is motivated to engage in two desirable activities that cannot be pursued simultaneously. b. Double Avoidance Conflict person faces two undesirable situations in which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion. c. Approach-Avoidance Conflict a person situation having both a desirable and undesirable feature. d. Multiple Approach-Avoidance conflict situation in which a choice must be made between two or more alternatives each has both positive and negative features. 8. Defense Mechanisms. It is the unconscious techniques used to prevent a persons self-image from being damaged. When stress becomes quite strong, an individual strives to protect his self-esteem, avoiding defeat. We all use ego defense mechanisms to protect us from anxiety and maintain our feeling of personal worth. We consider them normal adjustive reactions when they are use to excess and threaten self-integrity. EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Robert Wicks, 1974) Denial of reality Isolation/intellectualization Fantasy Regression Projection Sublimation Rationalization Identification Reaction formation Introjection Displacement Undoing Emotional insulation sympathism 9. Common Sense is a commonly health notion where truth is not on judgment which is based purely on observation, thus it lack the organizations of thoughts and jumps to conclusions immediately. It is worthy of particular attention. - Required by criminal psychology - Important in examination of the existence of a fact before a conclusion is drawn. - Useful in understanding criminal behavior because it can provide the opportunity to reflect on how it affects the persons present view of life particularly in decision making as in the case of police use of discretion. 10. Human Values are relevant in understanding human behavior. They are the standards which people use to cognize, express, and evaluate behavior as right or wrong, just or unjust, appropriate or inappropriate. They are acquired through the influence of the rewards and punishments meted out

by our parents, teachers, and pears. For instance, at home, there is the teaching of control, cleanliness and good manners; in school, there is competition and learning in conformity with a bigger group, morality, and the teachings of the church, the exposure to mass media and the government influences. The accumulations of these values continue to change as we continue to face different experiences.