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TYPE OF PRIME - MOVER AND CONSTRUCTION MW AND VOLTAGE RATINGS MODE OF OPERATION METHOD OF CONNECTION TO POWER SYSTEMS METHOD OF EARTHING
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PRIME MOVERS
STEAM TURBINES GAS TURBINES HYDRO DIESEL
GENERATOR PROTECTION
CONSTRUCTION
CYLINDRICAL ROTOR SALIENT POLE
MODE OF OPERATION
BASE LOAD PEAK LOAD STAND - BY
GENERATOR PROTECTION
CONNECTION TO POWER SYSTEM
DIRECT
GENERATOR PROTECTION
CONNECTION TO POWER SYSTEM
DIRECT
VIA TRANSFORMER
GENERATOR PROTECTION
METHOD OF EARTHING
SOLID
GENERATOR PROTECTION
METHOD OF EARTHING
SOLID
RESISTANCE
GENERATOR PROTECTION
METHOD OF EARTHING
SOLID
RESISTANCE
HIGH IMPEDANCE
DETECT FAULTS ON THE GENERATOR PROTECT FROM ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS ISOLATE SO GENERATOR G O FROM O UNCLEARED C SYSTEM S S FAULTS
ACTIONS REQUIRED
URGENT
PROVIDES HIGH SPEED PROTECTION FOR ALL FAULT TYPES MAY BE HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE OR BIASED DIFFERENTIAL TYPE
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Differential Relay Stabilising g Resistor
ZG9323
~
If V RCT 2RL
~
If V
RCT 2RL
WHERE If = MAXIMUM THROUGH FAULT CURRENT RCT = RESISTANCE OF CT WINDING 2RL = TWO WAY LEAD RESISTANCE VA = RELAY BURDEN Is = RELAY SETTING
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BIAS COIL BIAS COIL
ZG9323
OPERATING COIL
DIFF. CURREN D NT
OPERATE
RESTRAIN
BIAS CURRENT
~
RELAY
UAT
ICT
BIASED RELAYS SHOULD ONLY BE USED NO MAG - INRUSH AS TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE IS GRADUALLY DEVELOPED HOWEVER MAG - INRUSH CURRENT WILL FLOW FOR THE FOLLOWING CONDITION WHEN A THROUGH FAULT IS CLEARED WHEN A LARGE STATION TRANSFORMER CONNECTED TO G T BUSBAR IS ENERGISED
STABILISING RESISTOR
SHORT CIRCUIT OF ONE OR MORE TURNS WILL CAUSE THE GENERATED E M F TO CONTAIN ZERO SEQUENCE COMPONENT EXTERNAL EARTHFAULTS WILL ALSO PRODUCE A ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE - MOST OF THE VOLTAGE WILL BE EXPENDED ON EARTHING RESISTOR HENCE, DROP ACROSS THE WINDING SHOULD BE MEASURED
CAUSED BY INSULATION FAILURE LEADS TO BURNING OF MACHINE CORE, WELDING OF LAMINATIONS REBUILDING OF MACHINE CORE CAN BE A VERY EXPENSIVE PROCESS HENCE EARTH FAULT PROTECTION IS A MUST
DEPENDS ON SYSTEM EARTHING 95 % STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAYS WITH INVERSE CHARACTERISTICS PREFERRED
GENERATOR PROTECTION
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R 10 % - 40 %
GENERATOR PROTECTION
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64 SUITABLE FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE EARTHED SYSTEMS SHOULD BE A TUNED RELAY R
DIFFERENT METHODS
SUB - HARMONIC INJECTION THIRD HARMONIC UNDERVOLTAGE COMPARISON OF THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE AT NEUTRAL AND LINE ENDS
WILL NOT DETECT OPEN CIRCUITING OF GROUND TRANSFORMER PRIMARY OR SECONDARY CHANGES THE EARTHING PARAMETERS WHICH IS NOT DESIRABLE OFF - LINE SUPERVISION IS REQUIRED COST OF IMPLEMENTAION AND MAINTENANCE IS VERY HIGH
IT WILL ALSO BE OUT - OF - SERVICE IF SUFFICIENT VOLTAGE HAS NOT DEVELOPED DURING LIGHTLY LOADED CONDITIONS
LINE SIDE AND NEUTRAL SIDE THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGES ARE COMPARED
V L3
V N3
NORMAL CONDITION
V N3
V L3
V N3
GROUND FAULT AT LINE END ( VL 3 = 0 )
V L3
V N3
V L3
GENERATOR PROTECTION
FAULT AT 50 % OF GENERATOR WINDING
V L3
DEAD ZONE THE V L 3 , V N 3 BALANCE WILL BE MAINTAINED THE 100 % UNIT MAY NOT DETECT HENCE , USE A 95 % UNIT ALSO
V N3
0%
100 %
DEFINITE TIME DELAYED 100 % UNIT INVERSE TIME DELAYED 0 - 95 % UNIT IMMUNITY AGAINST FUSE FAILURE PROVIDES MONITORING POINTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF OPERATING QUANTITIES USED IN MANY 500 MW AND 210 MW GENERATING SETS
STATOR FLUX CUTS ROTOR AT TWICE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED INDUCING DOUBLE FREQUENCY CURRENT IN FIELD SYSTEM AND ROTOR BODY
RESULTING . . . . .
GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPICAL NPS CURRENT WITHSTAND TABLE
TYPE OF MACHINE
TURBO ALTERNATOR TURBO ALTERNATOR TURBO ALTERNATOR TURBO ALTERNATOR SALIENT POLE
TYPE OF COOLING
DIRECT HYDROGEN 30 LB / SQ. FT CONVENTIONAL HYDROGEN 30 LB / SQ. FT CONVENTIONAL HYDROGEN 15 LB / SQ. FT CONVENTIONAL HYDROGEN 0.5 LB / SQ. FT CONVENTIONAL AIR
I2 S
10 15 15 15 40
I 22 t
7 12 15 20 60
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
PICK - UP
FIELD EXCITATION SYSTEM USUALLY PREVENTS UNDER- AND OVER- VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
GENERATOR PROTECTION
OVER VOLTAGE
ENDANGERS INTEGRITY OF INSULATION OVERFLUXING DEFINITE TIME DELAYED / INVERSE TIME OVERVOLTAGE IS PROVIDED
UNDER VOLTAGE
DEFINITE TIME DELAYED UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION IS GENERALLY PROVIDED BACK - UP FOR OTHER MAIN PROTECTION RELAYS
USED FOR BLOCKING PROTECTION RELAYS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FUSES SHOULD BE MONITORED
PT - 2
(+)
C1 C2
MVAPM32 (2)
(-)
MVAPM32 (1)
MVAPM32 (2)
C1 : C2 :
PT - 1 FAILURE PT - 2 FAILURE
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation
Causes
Accidental tripping of field breaker Short circuit in the field P Poor b brush h contact t t AVR failure Loss of AC supply to the excitation system Loss of field to the pilot exciter
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation
Consequences
Generator damage
Induction generator rotor heating
Synchronous
stator heating
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation Consequences
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation Field Failure Characteristic X
R Xd/ 2
Xd
GENERATOR PROTECTION
L Loss of f Excitation E it ti
Protection X
R Xd/ 2
Xd
GENERATOR PROTECTION
L Loss of f Excitation E it ti
Protection
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Pole Slipping
System considerations
System complexity Performance criteria Machine design advancements
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Pole Slipping
C Causes
Prolonged fault clearing Excessive system impedances Underexcited operation Low system voltage Line switching operations
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Pole Slipping
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Pole Slipping Consequences High currents, voltage swings
St t winding Stator i di stress t Pulsating torques Transients in the step -up transformer
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Pole Slipping
Characteristics EA ZA X B ZB ZL ZA A P R ZL ZB EB
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Pole Slipping jX
Directional cum blinder Directional identifies severe swings Blinder identifies swings leading to pole - slip Timer distinguishes fault conditions
Locus of Pole Slip
R stable g swing
Synchronous Generator
Synchronous Motor
Gas Turbine
10% - 15 %
Hydro - Turbine
0.2 % - 2 %
Steam turbine
0.5 % - 3 %
Automatic disconnection Non-electrical means of protection Electrical detection Sensitive reverse p power relay y Three-phase detection CT / PT accuracy
P Va Q
Reverse power relay High operating angle range Time delays -- Transients -- Asymmetrical faults Disabling -- Pumped storage schemes -- Synchronous compensation
Ia
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Voltages
AVR failure Operator Errors Lightly loaded conditions Load rejection Hydro generators
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Voltages
Overvoltages - Consequences
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Voltages
Overvoltages - Protection
Definite Time relays 100 % - 120 % threshold 1s - 3s delay Instantaneous relay, if desired 130% - 150 % threshold
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Ab Abnormal lV Voltages l
Undervoltage Function
A V R failure B k Back-up f uncleared for l df faults lt -- Parallel connected generators Prevents damage to loads I t l ki Interlocking
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency
Basics
Load - frequency link Load shedding schemes Relieve overload on generators Minimise risk of damage g Minimise possibility of cascading Restoration of normal frequency
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency
Underfrequency - Causes
Loss of Generation Overload S t System split lit Load shedding Underfrequency
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency
Generator
Turbines
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Ab Abnormal lF Frequency Prohibited operation
Restricted Time Operating Frequency Limits Continuous operation Restricted Time Operating Frequency Limits
Prohibited operation
Duration
Frequency
50
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency q y
Underfrequency q y - Consequences q
Plant Auxiliaries - Steam Loss of Capacity at reduced speeds Plant Pl tA Auxiliaries ili i - Nuclear N l Coolant Pump outputs reduced Combustion Turbines H d generators Hydro t
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency
Establish trip points & time delays based on turbine limits Co-ordination with automated load shedding Failure of any single relay should not cause machine tripping
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency q y
Failure of any single relay should not jeopardise the protection scheme Scheme should be in operation whenever the unit is synchronised y / supplying pp y g auxiliaries Separate S t alarms l for f reduced d df frequency / pending trip
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency q y
Over frequency
Fault clearing
- Causes
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency q y
Overfrequency
Fault clearing
- Causes
Load rejection
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency
Overfrequency
Fault clearing
- Causes
Over frequency
Load rejection
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency q y
High speed sets : centrifugal forces Control action possible p Protection - backup to governor - Hydroturbines - Time delays
GENERATOR PROTECTION
O fl i Overfluxing
Causes
Load rejection
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Overfluxing Overexcitation High Flux Density
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Overfluxing Overexcitation High Flux Density
Saturation of Iron
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Overfluxing Overexcitation High Flux Density
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Overfluxing Overexcitation High Flux Density
GENERATOR PROTECTION
O fl i Overfluxing Overexcitation High Flux Density
GENERATOR PROTECTION
O fl i Overfluxing
Protection
Combined with transformer protection Volts / Hz limiter Definite - time relays y Inverse - time relays t V Hz
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Back up Protection Back-up
Is
Fault Characteristic
Vs Voltage
GENERATOR PROTECTION
B k Back-up P t ti Protection
No switching under single phase - earth faults Should switch for remote - end faults
GENERATOR PROTECTION
B k Back-up P t ti Protection
More suited for indirect connected generators g Curre ent Pick k-up Equivalent to impedance devices I> KI>
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Back-up Back up Protection
GENERATOR PROTECTION
B k Back-up P t ti Protection
Basics
Subtransient Period
Td
Transient Period
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Back up Protection Back-up
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21
GENERATOR PROTECTION
B k Back-up P t ti Protection
GENERATOR PROTECTION
B k Back-up P t ti Protection
Direct Connected Machines Indirect Connected Machines Coordination -- Pickup for remote - end earth faults. 51N
GENERATOR PROTECTION
B k Failure Breaker F il
Considerations
GENERATOR PROTECTION
G Generator t Tripping Ti i
Tripping Modes
Class A
Class B
Turbine Trip HV Breaker & Field Breaker interlocked with low forward power relay
Class C
HV breaker
GENERATOR PROTECTION
S t System Effects Eff t
Concerns
Accidental Energizing
Shaft Torques
GENERATOR PROTECTION
S t System Effects Eff t
Accidental Energisation
Operating Errors
Energisation through the HV disconnect switch - Breaker Head Flashover Hi h di High dielectric l t i stress t +S Small ll contact t t gaps
GENERATOR PROTECTION
S t System Effects Eff t
Induced Currents Rapid heating of the rotor surface Mechanical damage Hi h primary High i currents t ( Because machine impedance
Xd )
GENERATOR PROTECTION
S t System Effects Eff t
Voltage Supervised O / C relays Frequency supervised O / C relays Auxiliary contact enabled O/C relays Di t Distance R Relays l Directional I D M T relays y
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Generator Tripping FB
Device
87 59G 32 40 46 21/51V 78 81 64F
GB
PM
Alarm
GENERATOR PROTECTION
R t Earth Rotor E th Faults F lt
Considerations
Not Harmful Raises the probability of second fault Unbalanced fluxes Rotor vibration
GENERATOR PROTECTION
VTT 11
VTT 11
U/V
VAA
TD DO
VAA
GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPPING
PROTECTIVE RELAY Generator Differential Relay Generator Transformer Differential Relay Unit Overall Differential Relay Generator Stator E/F Relay (100%) Generator Stator E/F Relay (95%) Generator Transformer Overfluxing Relay Generator Under frequency Relay Generator Rotor Earth Fault Relay Generator Pole slipping Relay Generator Field Failure Relay Generator Low Forward Power Relay TRIPPING MODE Class A Class A Class A Class A Class A Class B Class C After some time (say 30mins) II stage Class B II stage Class C Class B Without Under voltage For interlock in Class B tripping I stage alarm I stage alarm I stage alarm REMARKS
GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPPING
PROTECTIVE RELAY Generator Reverse Power Relay Generator Distance Backup Impedance Relay Generator Voltage Restrained Relay Generator Transformer H.V. side Backup O/C relay Generator Transformer H.V. side Backup E/F relay Unit Auxiliary Transformer Differential Relay Generator Negative Sequence Current Relay Generator Definite time O/C Relay Unit Auxiliary Transformer H.V. side O/C Relays (Backuup) Generator Transformer Buchholz Relay Generator Transformer Winding Temperature Device Generator Transformer Oil Temperature Device Class A Class A II-stage Class C II-stage Class C II-stage I-stage alarm I-stage alarm I-stage alarm TRIPPING MODE Class A Class C Class A Class C Class B Class A Class C I-stage alarm For alarm REMARKS
GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRIPPING
PROTECTIVE RELAY Generator Transformer Oil Level Device Unit Auxiliary Transformer Buchholz Relay(s) Unit Auxiliary Transformer(s) Oil Temperature Device(s) Class C TRIPPING MODE REMARKS Alarm I-stage alarm I-stage alarm II-stage-trip unit switch gear incomer breaker(s) and Auto change-over to station service
I-stage alarm II-stage-trip unit switch gear incomer breaker(s) and Auto change-over.
Alarm