Table of Units and Dimensions of Physical quantities.

Units & Dimensions of Physical quantities in S.I system. Fundamental Physical Quantities: Fundamental Dimensional S.No Physical Quantity Formula Formula Amount of matter in the object M 1. Mass L 2. Length T 3. Time I or A 4. Electric current Amount of N 5. substance J 6. Luminous intensity Temperature K or 7. Derived Physical Quantities: Derived Physical S.No Quantity 1. Area 2. Volume 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Density Specific Gravity Frequency Angle Velocity Speed Areal velocity kg m/sec kg-m/ Newton kg-m/ Newton Dimensional Formula [ ] [ ] [ [ [ ] ] ] No units hertz No units m/sec m/sec S.I Unit of physical quantity

S.I Unit of physical quantity kg meter sec ampere mole(mol candela(cd) Kelvin

Formula

10. Acceleration 11. Linear momentum 12. Force 13. Weight w=mg Moment of 14. force/Torque/Couple 15. Impulse 16. Pressure 17. Work 18. Kinetic Energy 19. Potential Energy Gravitational 20. constant Gravitational field 21. strength mgh

or or

kg kg m/sec or Ns N/ or Pa Nm or Joule joule joule

Gravitational 22. Potential 23. Force constant (k) 24. Power Moment of Inertia ( 25. I ) 26. Stress 27. Strain Modulus of 28. Elasticity 29. Poissions Ratio 30. Velocity gradient kg (or) N-sec/$latex \m^2$ (or)pascalsec (or)poiseuille ,N/m no Units rad/sec rad/ = -1 W or J/sec kg N/ or Pa

No units N/ or Pa

No units

Coefficient of 31. dynamic viscosity 32. Surface Tension Angular 33. displacement ( ) 34. Angular velocity() Angular 35. acceleration() 36. Angular momentum I 37. Angular Impulse I 38. Temperature Coefficient of linear 39. expansion() 40. Specific heat 41. Latent heat 42. Entropy 43. Thermal capacity 44. Gas constant coefficient of 45. thermal conductivity 46. Pole strength 47. Magnetic Moment 48. Magnetic flux Magnetic field,magnetic flux 49. density (B) Permeability of free 50. space Magnetic 51. susceptibilty also m = r 1 or K

kelvin or degree Celsius /kelvin

Am weber ; ;J/Amp Tesla;

no units

called volumetric or bulk susceptibility m 52. Electric Charge 53. Electric potential 54. E.M.F 55. Electric Capacity 56. Electric Resistance 57. Resistivity 58. Conductivity 1/

Amp sec , coul Volt Volt Farad Ohm () or volt/amp Ohm mt (-m) Siemens/m

59. Permittivity 60. Electric conductance 61. Electric power Electrical 62. Impedance(Z) Electrical 63. admittance 1/Z(Reciprocal of electric impedance) 64. Self Inductance(L) Boltzmanns 65. constant 66. Stefans constant Co-efficient of 67. friction Dielectric 68. constant 69. Plancks constant 70. Refractive index 71. 72. 73. 74. dimension less scalar dimension less

farad/m Siemens (or) mhos Watt Ohm () or volt/amp Siemens (or) mhos weber/amp or Henry J/kelvin

,N=Normal reaction

It is also called relative permittivity

Distance between center of the lens(mirror) to Focal length(f) its focus L The reciprocal of the focal length of a lens in Power of a lens (P) meters is called power of a lens; p=1/f Wave number No.of waves/distance Wave length Length of a wave L

no units no units J.sec (or) eV.sec no units meter diaptors meter

Introduction: - Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison with a certain basic, arbitrarily chosen, internationally accepted reference standard called unit. Magnitude: - The number of times, a standard quantity is present in the physical quantity, is known as the magnitude of the physical quantity. Fundamental Quantity: - A physical quantity which is independent of any other quantity is afundamental quantity. Fundamental Unit: - The unit of a physical quantity which is independent of any other quantity is called a fundamental unit.

Complementary Fundamental Units: - Units of angle (degrees) and solid angle. Derived Quantities: - The physical quantities which can be derived from other physical quantities are called derived quantities. All other quantities except the fundamental quantities are derivable. The units of these quantities are also derivable from the fundamental units and are called derived units. Derived Units: - The units of physical quantities which can be expressed in terms of fundamental units are called derived units. For example, area, pressure, density and speed are derived quantities and their units square meter, Pascal kilogram metre-3 and meter second-1 are derived from the fundamental units.

SYSTEMS OF UNITS To measure the fundamental quantities length, mass and time there are three standardized systems of units. They are:

1. CGS (Metric) 2. FPS (British) 3. MKS System.

Their units are as shown in the table below:

System FPS CGS MKS

Length Foot Centimeter Meter

Mass Pound Gram kilogram

Time Second Second Second

C.G.S. System: In this system the unit of length is centimeter; the unit is mass of gram, and the unit of time is second. F.P.S. System: In the F.P.S. system, the unit of length is foot, the unit of mass is pound and the unit of time is second. M.K.S. System: In this system, the unit of length is meter, the unit of mass is kilogram and the unit of times is second. Coherent System of Units: - A coherent system of units is a system based on a certain set of basic (or fundamental) units from which all derived units may be obtained by simple multiplication or division without introducing any numerical factors. S.I. system of units is acoherent system of units for all types of physical quantities. S.I. Units: - S.I. unit is the short name of System International de units which meansInternational system of units. It is an extension of M.K.S. system.

Derived S.I. Units

Measurement
Base quantities and their units; mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount of substance (mol): SI Units Base Quantities Name Length Mass Time Amount of substance Temperature Current Luminous intensity metre kilogram second mole Kelvin ampere candela m kg s mol K A cd Symbol

Derived units as products or quotients of the base units: Derived Area (A) Volume (V) Density () Velocity (v) Acceleration (a) Momentum (p) A = L2 V = L3 =m/V v=L/t a = v / t p=mxv Quantities Equation m2 m3 kg m-3 ms-1 ms-1 / s = ms-2 (kg)(ms-1) = kg m s-1 Derived Units

Derived Unit Derived Quantities Equation Special Name Force (F) Pressure (p) Energy (E) Power (P) Frequency (f) Charge (Q) Potential Difference (V) Resistance (R) F = p / t p=F/A E=Fxd P=E/t f=1/t Q=Ixt V=E/Q R=V/I Newton Pascal joule watt hertz coulomb volt ohm Symbol N Pa J W Hz C V [(kg m s-1) / s = kg m s-2 (kg m s-2) / m2 = kg m-1 s-2 (kg m s-2)(m) = kg m2 s-2 (kg m2 s-2) / s = kg m2 s-3 1 / s = s-1 As (kg m2 s-2) / A s = kg m2 s-3 A-1 (kg m2 s-3 A-1) / A = kg m2 s-3 A-2 Derived Units

Prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples or multiples of both base and derived units: Multiplying Factor 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2 10-1 103 106 109 pico nano micro milli centi decid kilo mega giga Prefix p n m c d k M G Symbol

1012

tera

Estimates of physical quantities:

When making an estimate, it is only reasonable to give the figure to 1 or at most 2 significant figures since an estimate is not very precise. Physical Quantity Mass of 3 cans (330 ml) of Coke Mass of a medium-sized car Length of a football field Reaction time of a young man 1 kg 1000 kg 100 m 0.2 s Reasonable Estimate

Occasionally, students are asked to estimate the area under a graph. The usual method of counting squares within the enclosed area is used. (eg. Topic 3 (Dynamics), N94P2Q1c) Often, when making an estimate, a formula and a simple calculation may be involved.

EXAMPLE 1: Estimate the average running speed of a typical 17-year-olds 2.4-km run. velocity = distance / time = 2400 / (12.5 x 60) = 3.2 3 ms-1 EXAMPLE 2: Which estimate is realistic? Option The kinetic energy of a bus A travelling on an expressway is 30000J B The power of a domestic light is Explanation A bus of mass m travelling on an expressway will travel between 50 to 80 kmh-1, which is 13.8 to 22.2 ms-1. Thus, its KE will be approximately m(182) = 162m. Thus, for its KE to be 30000J: 162m = 30000. Thus, m = 185kg, which is an absurd weight for a bus; ie. This is not a realistic estimate. A single light bulb in the house usually runs at about 20W to 60W. Thus, a domestic light is unlikely to run at more than 200W; this estimate is rather high.

300W. The temperature C of a hot oven is 300 K.

300K = 27 0C. Not very hot.

The volume of air D in a car tyre is 0.03 m3.

Estimating the width of a tyre, t, is 15 cm or 0.15 m, and estimating R to be 40 cm and r to be 30 cm, volume of air in a car tyre is = (R2 r2)t = (0.42 0.32)(0.15) = 0.033 m3 0.03 m3 (to one sig. fig.)

Distinction between systematic errors (including zero errors) and random errors and between precision and accuracy:
Random error: is the type of error which causes readings to scatter about the true value. Systematic error: is the type of error which causes readings to deviate in one direction from the true value. Precision: refers to the degree of agreement (scatter, spread) of repeated measurements of the same quantity. {NB: regardless of whether or not they are correct.} Accuracy: refers to the degree of agreement between the result of a measurement and the true value of the quantity. R Error Higher Less Precise

 S Error Higher Less Accurate

Assess the uncertainty in a derived quantity by simple addition of actual, fractional or percentage uncertainties (a rigorous statistical treatment is not required). For a quantity x = (2.0 0.1) mm, Actual/ Absolute uncertainty, x = 0.1 mm Fractional uncertainty, xx = 0.05 Percentage uncertainty, xx 100% = 5 % If p = (2x + y) / 3 or p = (2x - y) / 3 , p = (2x + y) / 3 If r = 2xy3 or r = 2x / y3 , r / r = x / x + 3y / y Actual error must be recorded to only 1 significant figure, & The number of decimal places a calculated quantity should have is determined by its actual error. For eg, suppose g has been initially calculated to be 9.80645 ms-2 & g has been initially calculated to be 0.04848 ms-2. The final value of g must be recorded as 0.05 ms-2 {1 sf }, and the appropriate recording of g is (9.81 0.05) ms-2.

Distinction between scalar and vector quantities:

Scalar Vector A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. It can be described by an arrow whose length represents the magnitude of the vector and the arrow-head represents the direction of the vector.

A scalar quantity has a magnitude only. It is Definition completely described by a certain number and a unit.

Distance, speed, mass, time, temperature, work done, kinetic energy, pressure, power,electric charge etc. Common Error: Examples Students tend to associate kinetic energy and pressure with vectors because of the vector components involved. However, such considerations have no bearings on whether the quantity is a vector or scalar.

Displacement, velocity, moments (or torque), momentum, force, electric field etc.

Representation of vector as two perpendicular components:

In the diagram below, XY represents a flat kite of weight 4.0 N. At a certain instant, XY is inclined at 30 to the horizontal and the wind exerts a steady force of 6.0 N at right angles to XY so that the kite flies freely.

By accurate scale drawing

By calculations using sine and cosine rules, or Pythagoras theorem

Draw a scale diagram to find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the kite.

Using cosine rule, a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A R2 = 42 + 62 -2(4)(6)(cos 30) R = 3.23 N Using sine rule: a / sin A = b / sin B 6 / sin = 3.23 / sin 30 = 68 or 112 = 112 to the 4 N vector

R = 3.2 N ( 3.2 cm) at = 112 to the 4 N vector.

Summing Vector Components

Fx = - 6 sin 30 = - 3 N Fy = 6 cos 30 - 4 = 1.2 N R = (-32 + 1.22) = 3.23 N tan = 1.2 / 3 = 22 R is at an angle 112 to the 4 N vector.