REPUBLIKA SRBIJA VISOKA KOLA PRIMENJENIH STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA, VRANJE

SEMINARSKI RAD IZ ENGLESKOG JEZIKA

Tema rada: Telecommunications Traffic

Predmetni nastavnik: prof. dr Maja Stanojevi

Student: Jovi Danijel 18/SI

Vranje, 2012.

Contents

Contents..................................................................................................................... 2 Telecommunications Traffic........................................................................................ 3 Defining traffic telecommunications ..........................................................................3 Reference................................................................................................................... 5

Telecommunications Traffic Jovi Danijel 18/SI

Telecommunications Traffic

T
practical and These

elecommunications traffic engineering, teletraffic engineering, or traffic engineering is the application of traffic engineering theory to telecommunications. Teletraffic engineer s use their their including traffic, measurements predictions networks such Internet. knowledge

basic knowledge of statistics queuing theory, the nature of models, to their make simulations

and to plan telecommunication as a telephone network or the tools and basic help provide reliable service at lower cost.

Defining traffic telecommunications

The field was created by the work of A. K. Erlang for circuit-switched networks but is applicable to packet-switched networks. The most notable difference between these sub-fields is that packet-switched data traffic is self-similar. This is a consequence of the calls being between computers, and not people. The crucial observation in traffic engineering is that in large systems the law of large numbers can be used to make the aggregate properties of a system over a long period of time much more predictable than the behaviour of individual parts of the system. The IEEE defines traffic as messages that are transmitted and received over a communications channel. It quantifies usage. There are three types of traffic: voice, data and image. Each type has its own set of requirements for transmission. Voice traffic is measured by the Erlang, which is the unit of (telephone) traffic intensity defined as the number of (telephone) call arrivals per mean service time. One Erlang is equal to the number of call-seconds divided by 3600, which is equal to a fully loaded (voice) circuit over
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Prof. dr Maja Stanojevi

Telecommunications Traffic Jovi Danijel 18/SI a one-hour period. With data transmission the Erlang may be used in message loading of telephone facilities. In most cases a circuit carrying voice telephony the traffic has a "spurty" nature reflecting spaces between spoken words and the "talk-listen" effect. It is assumed that on a two-way circuit, one party is talking and the other is listening. In the world of "broadcast" voice circuits may be one-way with a coordinating order wire in the other direction. On data circuits, one-way transmission is not uncommon. Transmission may also be one-way with a low-rate return channel for error correction. It also may be one-way, a frame, at a time. After each frame is transmitted, there is a wait period to receive an acknowledgment. Still other data circuits may operate in a full-duplex mode, with full data rate in each direction, frame by frame. Here positive acknowledgment is assumed. If a downstream frame is received in error, an upstream service frame is transmitted to service the error. With video (image) communicatio n, traffic is more difficult to define. It may consist of a still picture(s) or image(s), slow scan motion pictures, or a normal scan motion picture (32 frames per second). Conference television also has a number of variants whether still picture, slow scan or normal motion and may be in just one direction or in both directions. Facsimile is generally considered to be the transmission of one still picture in one direction.

Prof. dr Maja Stanojevi

Telecommunications Traffic Jovi Danijel 18/SI

Reference
www.en.wikipedia.org

Prof. dr Maja Stanojevi