EPRILicensedMaterial

Example1 Thefollowingfilmcoefficientsareassociatedwith1.0inch,20BWGtubesinaheat exchanger: hi=1200BTU/ft2hrF ho=1400BTU/ft2hrF insidefilmcoefficient outsidefilmcoefficient

Thethermalconductivityofthetubesis10BTU/fthrF.Theinsidediameterof20 BWGtubingis0.930inches.Whatistheoverallheattransfercoefficient? Solution: U= 1 ro ro ln ro ri + 1 + k h i ri ho

ro = 4.17 x10 2 ft U= 1 1 0.0417 ln 1 1 0.93 + + (1200)0.93 10 1400 = 522 BTU / ft 2 hr F

Example2 Adieselgeneratorexhauststackconsistsof4inchesofinsulatingbrickinsidea.25 inchsteelshell.Totalsurfaceareaofthestackis600ft2.Thegasthroughthestackis at1080F.Airtemperatureoutsidethestackisat80F.Totalheatlossthroughthe stackshouldbemaintainedat57,690BTU/hrduetoenvironmentalheatloading factorsinadjacentareas.Whatthicknessofinsulationtobeaddedisrequired? Assumethefollowingheattransferandfilmcoefficients: hi = 5.0BTU/hrft2F(averagefilmcoefficientinsidethestack)

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EPRILicensedMaterial ho = 2.0BTU/hrft2F(averagefilmcoefficientoutsidethestack 1.08BTU/hrft2F/in. 300BTU/hrft2F/in. 0.5BTU/hrft2F/in.

insulation) kbrick = ksteel = kinsul = Solution:

q = UAT = 57,690 =

600(1080 80) 1 4 0.25 winsul 1 + + + + 5 1.08 300 0.5 2

Solvingforwinsul,givesaninsulationthicknessof3inchesrequired.

5.3 CalculationofIndividualHeatTransferCoefficients
5.3.1 Dimensionless Numbers and Equations

The four dimensionless parameters listed below are generally considered the most important ones for analysis of convective heat transfer. An understanding of their meaning will help to make the rationale behind empirical heat transfer relationships more clear. The Nusselt number, Nu, is the ratio of convective film heat transfer and conduction in the fluid layer. Eq. 13 hD Nu = k The Nusselt number can be thought of as a dimensionless film coefficient. If Nu << 1, the heat transfer in the film is primarily by conduction. If Nu >> 1, then convective heat transfer is dominant. The Nusselt numbers relation to the thermal boundary layer is analogous to the friction coefficients relation to the velocity boundary layer. It is a universal function of the Grashof number and Prandtl number for a given geometry with natural convection. Also, it is a universal function of the Reynolds number, Re, and the Prandtl number, Pr, for a given geometry with forced convection, as shown in Eq. 14 and 15. This means that for a given geometry that this function is known, the value of Nu, the local convection coefficient, h, and the local heat flux can be calculated. For example, Eq. 16 is the function for forced convection for turbulent fluid flow in round, horizontal pipes with the restrictions listed below: Eq. 14
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EPRILicensedMaterial Nu = f ( Gr , Pr ) Nu = f ( Re, Pr ) Nu = hD 0.8 n = 0.0225( Re ) ( Pr ) k Eq. 15 Eq. 16

n = 0.3 for heat flow out of pipe n = 0.4 for heat flow into pipe Re > 10,000 0.7 < Pr < 100 L/D > 60

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