Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Japan
Nippon-koku
Nihon-koku
Flag
Imperial Seal
Anthem:
"Kimigayo"
""
(Go-Shichi no Kiri?)
Capital
and largest city
Official languages
Tokyo
3541N 13946E35.683N
139.767E
None[1]
Aynu itak
Ryukyuan languages
Recognised regional
languages
Eastern Japanese
Western Japanese
several other Japanese dialects
National language
Japanese
98.5% Japanese
0.5% Korean
0.4% Chinese
0.6% other
Demonym
Government
Japanese
Unitary parliamentary democracy
under constitutional monarchy
- Emperor
Akihito
- Prime Minister
Shinz Abe
Legislature
National Diet
- Upper house
House of Councillors
- Lower house
House of Representatives
Formation
National Foundation
Day
- Meiji Constitution
San Francisco
Peace Treaty
28 April 1952
Area
- Total
- Water (%)
- 2012 estimate
126,659,683[5] (10th)
- 2010 census
128,056,026[6]
- Density
GDP (PPP)
337.1/km2 (36th)
873.1/sq mi
2012 estimate
- Total
- Per capita
$36,179[7] (25th)
GDP (nominal)
2012 estimate
- Total
- Per capita
$46,895[7] (18th)
HDI (2013)
0.912[8]
very high 10th
Currency
Yen () / En ( or ) (JPY)
Time zone
JST (UTC+9)
- Summer (DST)
Date format
Era yy m d
(CE1988)
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+81
JP
Internet TLD
.jp
For an overview of Japanese topics, see the Index of Japan-related articles or the Japan portal.
See also Outline of Japan.
This article contains Japanese text.
Without proper rendering support, you
may see question marks, boxes, or other
symbols instead of kanji and kana.
isolation in the early 17th century, which was only ended in 1853 when a United States fleet
pressured Japan to open to the West. Nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection
followed before the Meiji Emperor was restored as head of state in 1868 and the Empire of Japan
was proclaimed, with the Emperor as a divine symbol of the nation. In the late 19th and early
20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I
allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second SinoJapanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945
following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised
constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor
and an elected legislature called the Diet.
A major economic power,[2] Japan has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and by
purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer.
Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military
with the sixth largest military budget,[9] used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. After
Singapore, Japan has the lowest homicide rate (including attempted homicide) in the world.[10]
According to Japan's health ministry, Japanese women have the second highest life expectancy of
any country in the world.[11] According to the United Nations, Japan also has the third lowest
infant mortality rate.[12][13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
o 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history
o 2.2 Feudal era
o 2.3 Modern era
5 Administrative divisions
6 Geography
o 6.1 Climate
o 6.2 Biodiversity
o 6.3 Environment
7 Economy
o 7.1 Science and technology
o 7.2 Infrastructure
8 Demographics
o 8.1 Religion
o 8.2 Languages
o 8.3 Education
o 8.4 Health
9 Culture
o 9.1 Art
o 9.2 Music
o 9.3 Literature
o 9.4 Cuisine
o 9.5 Sports
10 References
11 External links
Etymology
Main article: Names of Japan
The English word Japan derives from the Chinese pronunciation of the Japanese name, ,
pronounced Nippon listen (helpinfo) or Nihon listen (helpinfo) in Japanese. The pronunciation
Nippon is more formal, and is in Japanese used for most official purposes, including international
sporting events.
From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II, the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon
Teikoku (?), meaning "the Empire of Great Japan". Today the name Nippon-koku or
Nihon-koku (?) is used as a formal modern-day equivalent; countries like Japan whose
long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the
character koku (?), meaning "country", "nation" or "state".
Japanese people refer to themselves as Nihonjin (?) and to their language as Nihongo (
?). Both Nippon and Nihon mean "sun-origin" and are often translated as Land of the Rising
Sun. This nomenclature comes from Japanese missions to Imperial China and refers to Japan's
eastward position relative to China. Before Nihon came into official use, Japan was known as Wa
(?) or Wakoku (?).[14]
The English word for Japan came to the West via early trade routes. The early Mandarin or
possibly Wu Chinese () pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In
modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 'Japan' is Zeppen
[zpn]. The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese
dialect, probably Fukienese or Ningpo,[15] and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese
traders in Malacca in the 16th century. Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to
Europe.[16] It was first recorded in English in a 1565 letter, spelled Giapan.[17]
History
Main article: History of Japan
The Golden Hall and five-storey pagoda of Hry-ji, among the oldest wooden buildings in the
world, National Treasures, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site
A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese
archipelago. This was followed from around 14,000 BC (the start of the Jmon period) by a
Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture, who include ancestors of both the
contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people,[18][19] characterized by pit dwelling and
rudimentary agriculture.[20] Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest
surviving examples of pottery in the world. Around 300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the
Japanese islands, intermingling with the Jmon.[21] The Yayoi period, starting around 500 BC,
saw the introduction of practices like wet-rice farming,[22] a new style of pottery,[23] and
metallurgy, introduced from China and Korea.[24]
Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han.[25] According to the Records of
the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the 3rd century was
called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of Korea, but the
subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.[26] Despite
early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance
beginning in the Asuka period (592710).[27]
The Nara period (710784) of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state,
centered on an imperial court in Heij-ky (modern Nara). The Nara period is characterized by
the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired art and
architecture.[28] The smallpox epidemic of 735737 is believed to have killed as much as onethird of Japan's population.[29] In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to
Nagaoka-ky before relocating it to Heian-ky (modern Kyoto) in 794.
Byd-in (1053) is a temple of Pure Land Buddhism. It was registered to the UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
This marked the beginning of the Heian period (7941185), during which a distinctly indigenous
Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and prose. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji
and the lyrics of Japan's national anthem Kimigayo were written during this time.[30]
Buddhism began to spread during the Heian era chiefly through two major sects, Tendai by
Saich, and Shingon by Kkai. Pure Land Buddhism (Jdo-sh, Jdo Shinsh) greatly becomes
popular in the latter half of the 11th century.
Feudal era
Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of
warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan, sung in the epic Tale of
Heike, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed shogun and established a base of power in
Kamakura. After his death, the Hj clan came to power as regents for the shoguns. The Zen
school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (11851333) and
became popular among the samurai class.[31] The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol
invasions in 1274 and 1281, but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo. Go-Daigo
was himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336.
Modern era
On 31 March 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy
forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent
similar treaties with Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought economic and political
crises. The resignation of the shogun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized
state nominally unified under the Emperor (the Meiji Restoration).[38]
Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy
Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji
Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that pursued
military conflict to expand its sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War
(18941895) and the Russo-Japanese War (19041905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea,
and the southern half of Sakhalin.[39] Japan's population grew from 35 million in 1873 to 70
million in 1935.[40]
The Meiji Emperor (18681912), in whose name imperial rule was restored at the end of the
Tokugawa shogunate
The early 20th century saw a brief period of "Taish democracy" overshadowed by increasing
expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, on the side of the victorious Allies,
to widen its influence and territorial holdings. It continued its expansionist policy by occupying
Manchuria in 1931; as a result of international condemnation of this occupation, Japan resigned
from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with
Nazi Germany, and the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers.[41] In 1941, Japan
negotiated the SovietJapanese Neutrality Pact.[42]
The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second SinoJapanese War (19371945). The Imperial Japanese Army swiftly captured the capital Nanjing
and conducted the Nanking Massacre [43] . In 1940, the Empire then invaded French Indochina,
after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.[44] On 7 December 1941, Japan
attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor and declared war, bringing the US into World War II.
[45][46]
After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki in 1945, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on 15 August.[47] The war cost
Japan and the rest of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere millions of lives and left much
of the nation's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The Allies (led by the US) repatriated
millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia, largely
eliminating the Japanese empire and restoring the independence of its conquered territories.[48]
The Allies also convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on 3 May 1946 to
prosecute some Japanese leaders for war crimes. However, the bacteriological research units and
members of the imperial family involved in the war were exonerated from criminal prosecutions
by the Supreme Allied Commander despite calls for trials for both groups.[49]
In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied
occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952[50] and Japan was granted
membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved rapid growth to become the
second-largest economy in the world, until surpassed by China in 2010. This ended in the mid1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. In the beginning of the 21st century, positive
growth has signaled a gradual economic recovery.[51] On 11 March 2011, Japan suffered the
strongest earthquake in its recorded history; this triggered the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
disaster, one of the worst disasters in the history of nuclear power.[52]
Cabinet, and he appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State. Following the LDP's landslide
victory in the 2012 general election, Shinz Abe replaced Yoshihiko Noda as the Prime Minister
on 26 December 2012.[54] Although the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Emperor, the
Constitution of Japan explicitly requires the Emperor to appoint whoever is designated by the
Diet.[53]
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently
during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.[55] However, since the late
19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably
Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on a
draft of the German Brgerliches Gesetzbuch; with postWorld War II modifications, the code
remains in effect.[56] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature and has the rubber stamp of
the Emperor. The Constitution requires that the Emperor promulgate legislation passed by the
Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose legislation.[53] Japan's court system is
divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[57] The main
body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes.[58]
JDS Kong (DDG-173) guided missile destroyer launching a Standard Missile 3 anti-ballistic
missile.
Japan is a member of the G8, APEC, and "ASEAN Plus Three", and is a participant in the East
Asia Summit. Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007[59] and with India in
October 2008.[60] It is the world's third largest donor of official development assistance after the
United States and France, donating US$9.48 billion in 2009.[61]
Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States; the US-Japan security
alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation's foreign policy.[62] A member state of the United
Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of
20 years, most recently for 2009 and 2010. It is one of the G4 nations seeking permanent
membership in the Security Council.[63]
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South
Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with China and Taiwan over the
Senkaku Islands, and with China over the EEZ around Okinotorishima.[64] Japan also faces an
ongoing dispute with North Korea over the latter's abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear
weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks).[65]
Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world.[66] Japan
contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces.[67] The
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises.[68]
Japan's military is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's
right to declare war or use military force in international disputes. Japan's military is governed by
the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
(JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense
Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations; the deployment
of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan's military since World War II.[67] Nippon
Keidanren has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join
multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter.[69]
Administrative divisions
Further information: Prefectures of Japan, Regions of Japan, Cities of Japan, Towns of Japan,
and Villages of Japan
Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and
administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages.[70]
The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities,
towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture
administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.[71]
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Japan and Geology of Japan
Autumn maple leaves (momiji) at Kongbu-ji on Mount Kya, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia.[72][73] The
country, including all of the islands it controls, lies between latitudes 24 and 46N, and
longitudes 122 and 146E. The main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaid, Honsh,
Shikoku and Kysh. The Ryky Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain to the south of
Kysh. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.[74]
About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or
residential use.[2][75] As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have
extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the
world.[76]
The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. They are
primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years
from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate
beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the
Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north. Japan was originally attached to the eastern
coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of
Japan around 15 million years ago.[77]
Japan has 108 active volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami, occur
several times each century.[78] The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people.[79] More
recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Thoku earthquake, a
9.0-magnitude[80] quake which hit Japan on 11 March 2011, and triggered a large tsunami.[52] On
24 May 2012, 6.1 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of northeastern Japan. However, no
tsunami was generated.[81]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Japan
The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's
geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones: Hokkaid, Sea of Japan, Central
Highland, Seto Inland Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Ryky Islands. The northernmost zone,
Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool
summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the
winter.[82]
In the Sea of Japan zone on Honsh's west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall.
In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences
extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn wind. The Central Highland has a typical inland
humid continental climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and
between day and night; precipitation is light, though winters are usually snowy. The mountains
of the Chgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing
mild weather year-round.[82]
The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with
occasional snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The
Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is
very heavy, especially during the rainy season. The generally humid, temperate climate exhibits
marked seasonal variation such as the blooming of the spring cherry blossoms, the calls of the
summer cicada and fall foliage colors that are celebrated in art and literature.[82]
The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 C (41.2 F) and the average summer temperature
is 25.2 C (77.4 F).[83] The highest temperature ever measured in Japan40.9 C (105.6 F)
was recorded on 16 August 2007.[84] The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and
the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaid in late July. In most of Honsh, the
rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and
early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.[85]
Biodiversity
Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They
range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryky and Bonin Islands, to temperate
broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate
coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.[86] Japan has over 90,000
species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog,
and the Japanese giant salamander.[87] A large network of national parks has been established to
protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar wetland sites.[88][89] Four
sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural
value.[90]
Environment
Main article: Environmental issues in Japan
In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were
downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution
was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concern about the problem, the
government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970.[91] The oil crisis in 1973
also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources.[92]
Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and
toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical
management and international co-operation for conservation.[93]
Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies,
and is ranked 20th best in the world in the 2010 Environmental Performance Index.[94] As a
signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under
treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate
change.[95]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Japan
As of 2011, Japan is the third largest national economy in the world, after the United States and
China, in terms of nominal GDP,[102] and the third largest national economy in the world, after the
United States and China, in terms of purchasing power parity.[7] As of January 2011, Japan's
public debt was more than 200 percent of its annual gross domestic product, the largest of any
nation in the world. In August 2011, Moody's rating has cut Japan's long-term sovereign debt
rating one notch from Aa3 to Aa2 inline with the size of the country's deficit and borrowing
level. The large budget deficits and government debt since the 2009 global recession and
followed by earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 made the rating downgrade.[103] The service
sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product.[104]
Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and most technologically
advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals,
ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Agricultural businesses in Japan
cultivate 13 percent of Japan's land, and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish
catch, second only to China.[2] As of 2010, Japan's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million
workers.[105] Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent. Almost one in six
Japanese, or 20 million people, lived in poverty in 2007.[106] Housing in Japan is characterized by
limited land supply in urban areas.[107]
A plug-in hybrid car manufactured by Toyota, one of the world's largest carmakers. Japan is the
second-largest producer of automobiles in the world.[108]
Japan's exports amounted to US$4,210 per capita in 2005. Japan's main export markets are China
(18.88 percent), the United States (16.42 percent), South Korea (8.13 percent), Taiwan (6.27
percent) and Hong Kong (5.49 percent) as of 2009. Its main exports are transportation
equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals.[2] Japan's main
import markets as of 2009 are China (22.2 percent), the US (10.96 percent), Australia (6.29
percent), Saudi Arabia (5.29 percent), United Arab Emirates (4.12 percent), South Korea (3.98
percent) and Indonesia (3.95 percent).[109]
Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef),
chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries.[109] By market share measures, domestic
markets are the least open of any OECD country.[110] Junichiro Koizumi's administration began
some pro-competition reforms, and foreign investment in Japan has soared.[111]
Japan ranks 12th of 178 countries in the 2008 Ease of doing business index and has one of the
smallest tax revenues of the developed world. The Japanese variant of capitalism has many
distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and senioritybased career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment.[110][112]
Japanese companies are known for management methods like "The Toyota Way", and
shareholder activism is rare.[113]
Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota, Nintendo, NTT DoCoMo, Canon,
Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Nippon Steel, Nippon Oil, and
Seven & I Holdings Co..[114] It has some of the world's largest banks, and the Tokyo Stock
Exchange (known for its Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices) stands as the second largest in the
world by market capitalization.[115] Japan is home to 326 companies from the Forbes Global 2000
or 16.3 percent (as of 2006).[116]
Infrastructure
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Japan, Japanese people, and Ethnic issues in Japan
Former Japanese Prime Minister Tar As has once described Japan as being a nation of one
race, one civilization, one language and one culture.[158]
Japan has the longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world: 83.5 years for
persons born in the period 20102015.[12][13] The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result
of a postWorld War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates. In 2009, about 22.7
percent of the population was over 65, by 2050 almost 40 percent of the population will be aged
65 and over, as projected in December 2006.[159]
The changes in demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a
potential decline in workforce population and increase in the cost of social security benefits like
the public pension plan. A growing number of younger Japanese are preferring not to marry or
have families.[160] In 2011, Japan's population dropped for a fifth year, falling by 204,000 people
to 126.24 million people. This is the greatest decline since at least 1947, the first year for which
government data are available. The 204,000 deaths included 15,844 people killed and 3,451 left
missing by the tsunami.[161]
Japan's population is expected to drop to 95 million by 2050,[159][162] demographers and
government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem.[160]
Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger
workers to support the nation's aging population.[163][164] Japan accepts a steady flow of 15,000
new Japanese citizens by naturalization () per year.[165] According to the UNHCR, in 2007
Japan accepted just 41 refugees for resettlement, while the US took in 50,000.[166]
Japan suffers from a high suicide rate.[167][168] In 2009, the number of suicides exceeded 30,000
for the twelfth straight year.[169] Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30.[170]
v
t
e
Ran
k
City
name
Prefectu
re
Pop.
Ran
Prefectu
City name
k
re
Pop.
1 Tokyo
Tokyo
Yokohama
Tokyo
8,949,4
Hiroshim Hiroshim 1,174,2
11
47
a
a
09
Miyagi
1,045,9
03
3 Osaka
Osaka
2,666,3
Kitakyush
13
Fukuoka 977,288
71
u
4 Nagoya
Aichi
2,263,9
14 Chiba
07
Chiba
962,130
5 Sapporo
Hokkaid
1,914,4
15 Sakai
34
Osaka
842,134
6 Kobe
Hygo
1,544,8
16 Niigata
73
Niigata
812,192
7 Kyoto
Kyto
1,474,4
Hamamat
17
Shizuoka 800,912
73
su
8 Fukuoka Fukuoka
1,463,8
Kumamot Kumamo
18
734,294
26
o
to
10 Saitama Saitama
Religion
Main article: Religion in Japan
1,222,9
20 Shizuoka Shizuoka 716,328
10
Osaka
Nagoya
Torii of Itsukushima Shrine near Hiroshima, one of the Three Views of Japan and a UNESCO
World Heritage Site
Japan enjoys full religious freedom based on Article 20 of its Constitution. Upper estimates
suggest that 8496 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Buddhism or Shinto,
including a large number of followers of a syncretism of both religions.[2][171] However, these
estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple, rather than the number of true believers.
Other studies have suggested that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as
belonging to a religion.[172] According to Edwin Reischauer and Marius Jansen, some 7080% of
the Japanese regularly tell pollsters they do not consider themselves believers in any religion.[173]
Nevertheless, the level of participation remains high, especially during festivals and occasions
such as the first shrine visit of the New Year. Taoism and Confucianism from China have also
influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.[174] Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata, Obon
and Christmas. Fewer than one percent of Japanese are Christian.[175] Other minority religions
include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Judaism, and since the mid-19th century numerous new
religious movements have emerged in Japan.[176]
Languages
Main articles: Languages of Japan and Japanese language
More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.[2] Japanese is an
agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature
of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of
speaker and listener. Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana
(syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic
numerals.[177]
Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages, also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken
in Okinawa; however, few children learn these languages.[178] The Ainu language, which has no
proven relationship to Japanese or any other language, is moribund, with only a few elderly
native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.[179] Most public and private schools require students to
take courses in both Japanese and English.[180]
Education
Health
Main articles: Health in Japan and Health care system in Japan
In Japan, health care is provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal
medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative
equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through
employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local
governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored
insurance.[186] Patients are free to select the physicians or facilities of their choice.[187]
Culture
Kinkaku-ji or 'The Temple of the Golden Pavilion' in Kyoto, Special Historic Site, Special Place
of Scenic Beauty, and UNESCO World Heritage Site; its torching by a monk in 1950 is the
subject of a novel by Mishima.
Main articles: Culture of Japan, Japanese popular culture, and Japanese folklore
Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins. Contemporary culture combines influences
from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics,
textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and
rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen,
Geisha and games. Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both
tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.[188] Sixteen sites have been
inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, twelve of which are of cultural significance.[189]
Art
Main articles: Japanese art, Japanese architecture, Japanese garden, and Japanese aesthetics
The Great Wave off Kanagawa, one of a series of woodblock prints by Hokusai.
The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture.[190] Largely of
wood, traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding
doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.[191] Japanese
sculpture, largely of wood, and Japanese painting are among the oldest of the Japanese arts, with
early figurative paintings dating back to at least 300 BC. The history of Japanese painting
exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and adaptation of
imported ideas.[192]
The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant: for example ukiyo-e
prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known as Japonism, had
a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West, most notably on postImpressionism.[192] Famous ukiyo-e artists include Hokusai and Hiroshige. The fusion of
traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a comic book format
that is now popular within and outside Japan.[193] Manga-influenced animation for television and
film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have been popular since the 1980s.[194]
Music
Main article: Music of Japan
Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in
the 9th and 10th centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the 14th
century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.[195] Western
classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, now forms an integral part of Japanese
culture. The imperial court ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western
composers.[196]
Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentar Taki. Popular
music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which
has led to the evolution of J-pop, or Japanese popular music.[197] Karaoke is the most widely
practiced cultural activity in Japan. A 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that
more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional pursuits such as
flower arranging (ikebana) or tea ceremonies.[198]
Literature
Main articles: Japanese literature and Japanese poetry
During the Edo period, the chnin ("townspeople") overtook the samurai aristocracy as
producers and consumers of literature. The popularity of the works of Saikaku, for example,
reveals this change in readership and authorship, while Bash revivified the poetic tradition of
the Kokinsh with his haikai (haiku) and wrote the poetic travelogue Oku no Hosomichi.[204] The
Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms as Japanese literature integrated Western
influences. Natsume Sseki and Mori gai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed
by Rynosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichir Tanizaki, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki
Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authorsYasunari Kawabata (1968) and
Kenzabur e (1994).[201]
Cuisine
Main articles: Japanese cuisine and Kaiseki
Sports
Main article: Sport in Japan
Sumo wrestlers form around the referee during the ring-entering ceremony
Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport.[207] Japanese martial arts such as judo,
karate and kendo are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the
Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through
the education system.[208] Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964. Japan has hosted
the Winter Olympics twice: Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998.[209]
Baseball is currently the most popular spectator sport in the country. Japan's top professional
league, Nippon Professional Baseball, was established in 1936.[210]
Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football
has also gained a wide following.[211] Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to
2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.[212] Japan has one of the most
successful football teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times.[213] Also, Japan recently won
the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2011.[214]
Golf is also popular in Japan,[215] as are forms of auto racing like the Super GT series and
Formula Nippon.[216] The country has produced one NBA player, Yuta Tabuse