Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.

Eng
Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia
Rea c t i o n t u Rbi n es
Radi al Fl ow
Radi al Fl ow

Fr anc i s Tur bi ne
Fr anc i s Tur bi ne
Const r uc t i on of Fr anc i s Tur bi ne
Const r uc t i on of Fr anc i s Tur bi ne
Vel oc i t y Tr i angl e
Vel oc i t y Tr i angl e
Euler Equation:
( )
g
C U C U
mg
W
E
x x 2 2 1 1

= =
Flow velocities:
1 1
1
2 b r
Q
C
r

=
2 2
2
2 b r
Q
C
r

=
height runner b =
Ax i al Fl ow
Ax i al Fl ow

Kapl an Tur bi ne
Kapl an Tur bi ne
Const r uc t i on of Kapl an Tur bi ne
Const r uc t i on of Kapl an Tur bi ne
Vel oc i t y Tr i angl e
Vel oc i t y Tr i angl e
Euler Equation:
( )
g
C C U
mg
W
E
x x 2 1

= =
For zero whirl at exit:
g UC E
x1
=
( )
1
1 1
cot
180 cot

a
o
a x
C U
C U C
+ =
=
( )
g
UC U
E
a 1
2
cot +
=
a r r
C C C = =
2 1
( )
2 2
1 1
4
d D
Q
C C C
a r r

= = =

Flow velocities:
diameter hub d
tip blade to diameter D


=
=
) ( diameter mean at evaluate is
m
D U
Note:
( ) 2 d D D
m
+ = ( ) 60 N D U
m
=
I nst al l at i on
I nst al l at i on
Net Head Ac r oss Tur bi ne
Net Head Ac r oss Tur bi ne
Net head (H) is the different in the
total head between the inlet flange
and the tail water level
Net head (H) is not equal to Gross
head (H
1
)
Tot al head ac r oss t ur bi ne
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) g V Z g V g p H
Z gauge p Z Z g V V g p p H
2 2
0 ; ) ( 0 ; 2
2
3 0
2
0 0
3 3 3 0
2
3
2
0 3 0
+ + =
= = + + =

g V h H H
fp
2
2
3 1
=
Rel at i on: net head and gr oss head
Ener gy gi ven t o t he r unner
r g d
h h h H mg W E = =
energy kinetic residual 2
runner in loss head frictional
draft tube in loss head frictional
vanes guide in loss head frictional
pipeline in loss head frictional
2
3
=
=
=
=
=
g V
h
h
h
h
r
d
g
fp
Losses and Ef f i c i enc y
Losses and Ef f i c i enc y
Ener gy bal anc e t hr ough t he t ur bi ne
s l c r m
P P P P P P + + + + =
P
s
= shaft power output P
c
= casing and draft tube loss
P
m
= mechanical loss P
l
= leakage loss
P
r
= runner loss P = water power available
Runner Loss
r r r
h gQ P =
q Q Q
r
=
runner through rate flow =
r
Q
leakage rate flow = q
runner in loss head frictional =
r
h
Leak age Loss
r l
gqH P =
runner the across head total =
r
H
Casi ng and dr af t t ube Loss
c c
gQh P =
draft tube and casing in loss head =
c
h
Ener gy bal anc e bec omes:
( )
s r c r r m
P q H Q h Q h g P gQH + + + + =
Losses and Ef f i c i enc y
Losses and Ef f i c i enc y
Overall Efficiency
gQH
P
s
o

= =
flange inlet at available power fluid
power output shaft
( )
gQH
P P
m s
H

+
= =
flange inlet at available power fluid
runner by received power
Hydraulic efficiency
For maximum efficiency
gQH
C U
x
H

1 1
=
Char ac t er i st i c s Cur ves
Char ac t er i st i c s Cur ves
Char ac t er i st i c s Cur ves
Char ac t er i st i c s Cur ves
Comparison of hydraulic turbine efficiencies
Dr af t Tube
Dr af t Tube
Bring the water pressure back to the pressure of the tailrace
Remove the kinetic energy still existing at the runner outlet
( ) ( )
( ) | |
a d s a
d a
a
d
p p h g V V H g p g p
h g V V Z y g p g p
y g p g p Z
h Z g V g p Z g V g p
< =
+ + =
+ = =
+ + + = + +
2
2
3
2
2 2
2
3
2
2 2 2
3 3
3
2
3 3 2
2
2 2
2
2
; 0
2 2




Ener gy Equat i on bet w een r unner out l et and t ai l r ac e
Ef f i c i enc y of dr af t t ube
g
V
h
g
V V
d
d
2
2

draft tube of entrance at head velocity
head pressure in gain net
2
2
2
3
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
Cavi t at i on i n Tur bi ne
Cavi t at i on i n Tur bi ne
Ex ampl e
Ex ampl e
A Francis turbine has an inlet diameter of 1.4 m and rotates at 430 rpm. Water
enters the runner without shocks with a flow velocity of 9.5 m/s and leaves
the runner without whirl with an absolute velocity of 7 m/s. The difference
between the sum of the static and potential heads at entrance to the runner
and at the exit from the runner is 62 m. If the turbine develops 12 250 kW and
has a flow rate of 12 m
3
/s of water when the net head is 115 m, find
(a) The absolute velocity at entry to the runner and angle of inlet guide vane
(b) Runner blade entry angle
(c) Head loss in runner
Solution:
Given: D
1
= 1.4 m; N = 430 rpm; C
r1
= 9.5 m/s; C
2
= 7 m/s; P = 12250 kW; H =
115 m; Q = 12 m
3
/s ; C
x2
= 0
(a) Inlet velocity and inlet guide vane angle
( ) ( )( ) ( ) m/s 5 . 31 60 430 4 . 1 60
1 1
= = = N D U
Runner tip speed
Power
given to
runner
( )( )( )
m/s 4 . 32
5 . 31 12 10
10 . 12250
3
3
1
1
1 1
2 2 1 1
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
QU
P
C
C QU
g
C U C U
gQ P
x
x
x x

Ex ampl e
Ex ampl e
m/s 8 . 33 4 . 32 5 . 9
2 2 2
1
2
1 1
= + = + =
x r
C C C
(b) Runner blade entry angle
Absolute inlet velocity
Inlet guide vane angle
o
x
r
C
C
3 . 16
4 . 32
5 . 9
arctan arctan
1
1
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
x
r
U C
C
6 . 84
5 . 31 4 . 32
5 . 9
arctan arctan
1 1
1
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
(c) Head loss in runner
Head loss in runner = total head across runner head transferred to runner
Total head across runner =
( )
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
Z Z
g
C C
g
p p
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

Head transferred to runner =

g
C U
x1 1
Ex ampl e
Ex ampl e
( ) m 62
2 1
2 1
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
Z Z
g
p p

However,
( )
g
C U
Z Z
g
C C
g
p p
h
x
r
1 1
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Head loss in runner

Thus,
( )( )
( )( )
m 69 . 13
81 . 9
4 . 32 5 . 31
81 . 9 2
7 8 . 33
62
2
62
2 2
1 1
2
2
2
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
g
C U
g
C C
h
x
r