Analysis of 741-OP-AMP-IC by Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) ) Volume 1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.
H)] 2000-E-41 1
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis

CH#4

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] 2000-E-41 2
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Q#4.1: An amplifier has a gain of 15 and the input waveform shown in Fig.
P4.1. Draw the output waveform.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

V
in
(mV)

150

100

50

0 0.5 1 1.5 2.0 t (s)
-50

-100

-150

Relationship between the output and input voltages
V
0
= A
0
V
in
0 s t s 0.499

(x
2
, y
2
) = (0.499, 50)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (0, 0)

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
x t (s)
y V
in
(mV)
x
1
0 s
y
1
0 mV
x
2
0.499 s
y
2
50 mV

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Substituting the corresponding values

V
in
0 mV

50 mV 0 mV
=
t 0 s

0.499 s 0 s

V
in
50 mV
=
t 0.499s

0.499V
in
= 0.05 t

V
in
= 100.2 t mV

0.5 s t s 0.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (0.5 s, -100 mV)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (0.999 s, -150 mV)

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
X t (s)
Y V
in
(mV)
x
1
0.999 s
y
1
-150 mV
x
2
0.5 s
y
2
-100 mV


V
in
(-150 mV)

-100 mV (-150 mV)
=
t 0.999 s

0.5 s 0.999 s

V
in
+ 150 mV

-100 mV + 150 mV
=
t 0.999 s

0.5 s 0.999 s

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in
+ 150 mV

50 mV
=
t 0.999 s

-0.499 s

-0.499(V
in
+ 150 mV) = 50 mV (t 0.999 s)
-0.499V
in
0.075 = 0.05 t 0.05
-0.499V
in
0.075 + 0.05 = 0.05 t
-0.499V
in
0.025 = 0.05 t
-0.499V
in
= 0.05 t + 0.025
V
in
= -0.1 t 0.05

V
in
= -1000 (0.1 t + 0.05) mV

1 s t s 1.499
(x
2
, y
2
) = (1.499, 0 mV)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, -150 mV)
Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
x t (s)
y V
in
(mV)
x
1
1 s
y
1
-150 mV
x
2
1.499 s
y
2
0 mV


V
in
(-150 mV)

0 mV (-150 mV)
=
t 1 s

1.499 s 1 s

V
in
+ 150 mV

0 mV + 150 mV
=
t 1 s

1.499 s 1 s

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in
+ 150 mV

150 mV
=
t 1 s

0.499 s

0.499(V
in
+ 150 mV) = 150 mV (t 1 s)
0.499V
in
+ 0.075 = 0.15 t 0.15
0.499V
in
+ 0.075 + 0.15 = 0.15 t
0.499V
in
+ 0.225 = 0.15 t
0.499V
in
= 0.15 t - 0.225
V
in
= 0.301 t 0.451

V
in
= 1000 (0.301 t - 0.451) mV

1.5 s t s 2.0
(x
2
, y
2
) = (1.5 s, 50 mV)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (2 s, 0 mV)
Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
x t (s)
y V
in
(mV)
x
1
2 s
y
1
0 mV
x
2
1.5 s
y
2
50 mV


V
in
0 mV

50 mV 0 mV
=
t 2 s

1.5 s 2 s

V
in
50 mV
=
t 2 s

-0.5 s

-0.5V
in
= 50 mV(t 2 s)
-0.5V
in
= 0.05t 0.1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in
= 1000 (-0.1t + 0.2) mV

Output waveform

t = 0 s V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0
= A
0
(100.2 t mV)
Here A
0
= 15
Substituting the corresponding value
V
0
= 15(100.2 (0 s) mV)
V
0
= 0 V
t = 0.499 s V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0
= A
0
(100.2 t mV)
Here A
0
= 15
V
0
= 15(100.2 (0.499 s) mV)
V
0
= 0.75 V
t = 0.5 s V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0
= A
0
(-1000 (0.1 t + 0.05) mV)
Here A
0
= 15
V
0
= 15(-1000 (0.1 (0.5) + 0.05) mV)
V
0
= 15(-1000 (0.05 + 0.05) mV)
V
0
= 15(-1000 (0.1) mV)
V
0
= -1.5 V
t = 0.999 s V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0
= A
0
(-1000 (0.1 t + 0.05) mV)
Here A
0
= 15
V
0
= 15(-1000 (0.1 (0.999) + 0.05) mV)
V
0
= 15(-1000 (0.1 + 0.05) mV)
V
0
= 15(-1000 (0.15) mV)
V
0
= -2.25 V
t = 1 s V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0
= A
0
(1000 (0.301 t - 0.451) mV)
Here A
0
= 15
V
0
= 15(1000 (0.301 (1) - 0.451) mV)
V
0
= 15(1000 (0.301 - 0.451) mV)
V
0
= 15(1000 (-0.15) mV)
V
0
= -2.25 V
t = 1.499 s V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0
= A
0
(1000 (0.301 t - 0.451) mV)
Here A
0
= 15
V
0
= 15(1000 (0.301 (1.499) - 0.451) mV)
V
0
= 15(1000 (0.451 - 0.451) mV)
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
= 0 V
t = 1.5 s V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0
= A
0
(1000 (-0.1t + 0.2) mV)
Here A
0
= 15
V
0
= 15(1000 (-0.1(1.5) + 0.2) mV)
V
0
= 15(1000 (-0.15 + 0.2) mV)
V
0
= 15(1000 (0.05) mV)
V
0
= 0.75 V
t = 2 s V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0
= A
0
(1000 (-0.1t + 0.2) mV)
Here A
0
= 15
V
0
= 15(1000 (-0.1(2) + 0.2) mV)
V
0
= 15(1000 (-0.2 + 0.2) mV)
V
0
= 15(1000 (0) mV)
V
0
= 0 V

output voltage versus time
0
0.499 0.5
0.999 1
1.499 1.5
2
0
0.75
-1.5
-2.25 -2.25
0
0.75
0
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 0.499 0.5 0.999 1 1.499 1.5 2
Series2 0 0.75 -1.5 -2.25 -2.25 0 0.75 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Q#4.2: An amplifier has a gain of 5 and the output waveform shown in Fig. P4.2.
Sketch the input waveform.
Solution:
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Circuit diagram:
V
0
(V)

12

10

6

5

4

2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12


0 s t s 0.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (0.999 ms, 4 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (0 ms, 0 V)

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
t (ms)
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

X t (ms)
Y V
0
(V)
x
1
0 ms
y
1
0 V
x
2
0.999 ms
y
2
4 V


V
0
0 V

4 V 0 V
=
t 0 ms

0.999 ms 0 ms

V
0
4 V
=
t 0.999 ms

(0.999 ms) V
0
= 4 t
0.001 V
0
= 4 t

V
0
= 4000 t V

1 s t s 1.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (1.999 ms, 12 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (1 ms, 4 V)

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

x t (ms)
y V
0
(V)
x
1
1 ms
y
1
4 V
x
2
1.999 ms
y
2
12 V


V
0
4 V

12 V 4 V
=
t 1 ms

1.999 ms 1 ms

V
0
4 V

8 V
=
t 1 ms

0.999 ms

(0.999 ms)(V
0
4 V) = 8(t 1 ms)
(0.001)(V
0
4 V) = 8(t 0.001)
0.001V
0
0.004 = 8t 0.008
0.001V
0
0.004 + 0.008 = 8t
0.001V
0
+ 0.004 = 8t
0.001V
0
= 8t 0.004

V
0
= (8000t 4) V

2 s t s 3.999

V
0
= 12 V

4 s t s 5.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (4 ms, 12 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (5.999 ms, 0 V)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
X t (ms)
Y V
0
(V)
x
1
5.999 ms
y
1
0 V
x
2
4 ms
y
2
12 V


V
0
0 V

12 V 0 V
=
t 5.999 ms

4 ms 5.999 ms

V
0

12 V
=
t 5.999 ms

-1.999 ms

(-1.999 ms) V
0
= 12(t 5.999 ms)
-0.002V
0
= 12t 0.072

V
0
= (-6000t + 36) V

6 s t s 6.999

V
0
= -8 V

7 s t s 9

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(x
2
, y
2
) = (9 ms, 0 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (7 ms, -12 V)
Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
X t (ms)
Y V
0
(V)
x
1
7 ms
y
1
-12 V
x
2
9 ms
y
2
0 V


V
0
(-12) V

0 V (-12) V
=
t 7 ms

9 ms 7 ms

V
0
+ 12

12 V
=
t 7 ms

2 ms

(2 ms)(V
0
+ 12) = 12(t 7 ms)
(0.002)(V
0
+ 12) = 12(t 0.007)
0.002V
0
+ 0.024 = 12t 0.084
0.002V
0
+ 0.024 + 0.084 = 12t
0.002V
0
+ 0.108 = 12t
0.002V
0
= 12t 0.108

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
= (6000t - 54) V

Interval Input voltage
0 s t s 0.999 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

4000 t V Hint: Here
V
in
= A
0
= -5
-5

V
in
= -800 t V
1 s t s 1.999 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

(8000t 4) V
V
in
=
-5

V
in
= -0.2 (8000t 4) V
2 s t s 3.999 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

12 V
V
in
=
-5

V
in
= -2.4 V
4 s t s 5.999 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

(-6000t + 36) V
V
in
=
-5
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in
= -0.2 (-6000t + 36) V
6 s t s 6.999 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

-8 V
V
in
=
-5

V
in
= 1.6 V
7 s t s 9 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

(6000t - 54) V
V
in
=
-5

V
in
= -0.2 (6000t 54) V

Input waveform

t = 0 ms V
in
= -800 t V
V
in
= -800 (0 ms) V
V
in
= 0 V
t = 0.999 ms V
in
= -800 t V
V
in
= -800 (0.999 ms) V
V
in
= -0.799 V
t = 1 ms V
in
= -0.2 (8000t 4) V
V
in
= -0.2 (8000(1 ms) 4) V
V
in
= -0.2 (8 4) V
V
in
= -0.2 (4) V
V
in
= -0.8 V
t = 1.999 ms V
in
= -0.2 (8000t 4) V
V
in
= -0.2 (8000(1.999 ms) 4) V
V
in
= -0.2 (15.992 4) V
V
in
= -0.2 (11.992) V
V
in
= - 2.398 V
t = 2 ms V
in
= -2.4 V
t = 3.999 ms V
in
= -2.4 V
t = 4 ms V
in
= -0.2 (-6000t + 36) V
V
in
= -0.2 (-6000(4 ms) + 36) V
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in
= -0.2 (-24 + 36) V
V
in
= -0.2 (12) V
V
in
= -2.4 V
t = 5.999 ms V
in
= -0.2 (-6000t + 36) V
V
in
= -0.2 (-6000(5.999 ms) + 36) V
V
in
= -0.2 (-35.994 + 36) V
V
in
= -0.2 (0.006) V
V
in
= -0.0012 V
t = 6 ms V
in
= 1.6 V
t = 6.999 ms V
in
= 1.6 V
t = 7 ms V
in
= -0.2 (6000t 54) V
V
in
= -0.2 (6000(7 ms) 54) V
V
in
= -0.2 (42 54) V
V
in
= -0.2 (-12) V
V
in
= 2.4 V
t = 9 ms V
in
= -0.2 (6000t 54) V
V
in
= -0.2 (6000(9 ms) 54) V
V
in
= -0.2 (54 54) V
V
in
= -0.2 (0) V
V
in
= 0 V

Input waveform

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

input voltage versus time
0
0.999 1
1.999 2
3.999 4
5.999 6
6.999 7
9
0
-0.799 -0.8
-2.398 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4
-0.0012
1.6 1.6
2.4
0
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
time (ms)
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 0.999 1 1.999 2 3.999 4 5.999 6 6.999 7 9
Series2 0 -0.8 -0.8 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4 -2.4 -0 1.6 1.6 2.4 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Q#4.3: An op-amp base amplifier has supply voltages of 5 V and a gain of 20.
(a) Sketch the input waveform from the output waveform in Fig. P4.3.
(b) Double the amplitude of your results in (a) and sketch the new output
waveform.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
(V)
3

2

1

0 25 50 75 100 125 t (ms)
-1

-2

-3

0 s t s 24.999

(x
2
, y
2
) = (24.999 ms, 3 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (0 ms, 0 V)

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
X t (ms)
Y V
0
(V)
x
1
0 ms
y
1
0 V
x
2
24.999 ms
y
2
3 V


V
0
0 V

3 V 0 V
=
t 0 ms

24.999 ms 0 ms

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
3 V
=
t 24.999 ms

(24.999 ms) V
0
= 3 t
0.025 V
0
= 3 t

V
0
= 120 t V

25 s t s 74.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (25 ms, 3 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (74.999 ms, 0 V)

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
X t (ms)
Y V
0
(V)
x
1
74.999 ms
y
1
0 V
x
2
25 ms
y
2
3 V


V
0
0 V

3 V 0 V
=
t 74.999 ms

25 ms 74.999 ms

V
0

3 V
=
t 74.999 ms

-49.999 ms

(-49.999 ms) V
0
= 3 (t 74.999 ms)
-0.05 V
0
= 3 (t 0.075)
-0.05 V
0
= 3 t 0.225

V
0
= (-60 t + 4.5) V
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

75 s t s 99.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (75 ms, 0 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (99.999 ms, -3 V)
Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
X t (ms)
Y V
0
(V)
x
1
99.999 ms
y
1
-3 V
x
2
75 ms
y
2
0 V


V
0
(-3 V)

0 V (-3 V)
=
t 99.999 ms

75 ms 99.999 ms

V
0
+ 3 V

3 V
=
t 99.999 ms

-24.999 ms

(-24.999 ms)(V
0
+ 3 V) = 3(t 99.999 ms)
(-0.025)(V
0
+ 3 V) = 3(t 0.1)
-0.025V
0
0.075 = 3t 0.3
-0.025V
0
0.075 + 0.3 = 3t
-0.025V
0
+ 0.225 = 3t
-0.025V
0
= 3t - 0.225

V
0
= (-120 t + 9) V

100 s t s 125

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(x
2
, y
2
) = (125 ms, 0 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (100 ms, -3)

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
x t (ms)
y V
0
(V)
x
1
100 ms
y
1
-3 V
x
2
125 ms
y
2
0 V


V
0
(-3 V)

0 V (-3 V)
=
t 100 ms

125 ms 100 ms

V
0
+ 3 V

3 V
=
t 100 ms

25 ms

(25 ms)(V
0
+ 3 V) = 3 (t 100 ms)
(0.025)(V
0
+ 3 V) = 3 (t 0.1)
0.025V
0
+ 0.075 = 3 t 0.3
0.025V
0
+ 0.075 + 0.3 = 3 t
0.025V
0
+ 0.375 = 3 t
0.025V
0
= 3 t 0.375

V
0
= (120 t - 15) V

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Interval Input voltage
0 s t s 24.999 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

120 t V Hint: Here
V
in
= A
0
= 20
20

V
in
= 6 t V
25 s t s 74.999 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

(-60 t + 4.5) V
V
in
=
20

V
in
= 0.05 (-60 t + 4.5) V
75 s t s 99.999 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

(-120 t + 9) V
V
in
=
20

V
in
= 0.05 (-120 t + 9) V
100 s t s 125 V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
0

V
in
=
A
0

(120 t - 15) V
V
in
=
20

V
in
= 0.05 (120 t - 15) V

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Input waveform

t = 0 ms V
in
= 6 t V
V
in
= 6 (0 ms) V
V
in
= 0 V
t = 24.999 ms V
in
= 6 t V
V
in
= 6 (24.999 ms) V
V
in
= 0.15 V
t = 25 ms V
in
= 0.05 (-60 t + 4.5) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-60 (25 ms) + 4.5) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-1.5 + 4.5) V
V
in
= 0.05 (3) V
V
in
= 0.15 V
t = 74.999 ms V
in
= 0.05 (-60 t + 4.5) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-60 (74.999 ms) + 4.5) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-4.5 + 4.5) V
V
in
= 0.05 (0) V
V
in
= 0 V
t = 75 ms V
in
= 0.05 (-120 t + 9) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-120 (75 ms) + 9) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-9 + 9) V
V
in
= 0.05 (0) V
V
in
= 0 V
t = 99.999 ms V
in
= 0.05 (-120 t + 9) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-120 (99.999 ms) + 9) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-12 + 9) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-3) V
V
in
= -0.15 V
t = 100 ms V
in
= 0.05 (120 t - 15) V
V
in
= 0.05 (120 (100 ms) - 15) V
V
in
= 0.05 (12 - 15) V
V
in
= 0.05 (-3) V
V
in
= -0.15 V
t = 125 ms V
in
= 0.05 (120 t - 15) V
V
in
= 0.05 (120 (125 ms) - 15) V
V
in
= 0.05 (15 - 15) V
V
in
= 0.05 (0) V
V
in
= 0 V

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

input voltage versus time
0
24.999 25
74.999 75
99.999 100
125
0 0.15 0.15 0 0 -0.15 -0.15 0
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
time (ms)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 24.999 25 74.999 75 99.999 100 125
Series2 0 0.15 0.15 0 0 -0.15 -0.15 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

t (msec) V
in
2V
in

0 0 0
24.999 0.15 0.3
25 0.15 0.3
74.999 0 0
75 0 0
99.999 -0.15 -0.3
100 -0.15 -0.3
125 0 0

V
in
(V)

0.3

0 25 50 75 100 125 t (ms)

-0.3

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0 s t s 24.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (24.999 ms, 0.3 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (0 ms, 0 V)

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
X t (ms)
Y V
in
(V)
x
1
0 ms
y
1
0 V
x
2
24.999 ms
y
2
0.3 V


V
in
0 V

0.3 V 0 V
=
t 0 ms

24.999 ms 0 ms

V
in
0.3 V
=
t 24.999 ms

(24.999 ms) V
in
= 0.3 t
0.025 V
in
= 0.3 t

V
in
= 12 t V

25 s t s 74.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (25 ms, 0.3)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (74.999 ms, 0)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here
X t (ms)
Y V
in
(V)
x
1
74.999 ms
y
1
0 V
x
2
25 ms
y
2
0.3 V


V
in
0 V

0.3 V 0 V
=
t 74.999 ms

25 ms 74.999 ms

V
in

0.3 V
=
t 74.999 ms

-49.999 ms

(-49.999 ms) V
in
= 0.3(t 74.999 ms)
-0.05V
in
= 0.3 t 0.022

V
in
= (-6 t + 0.44) V

75 s t s 99.999
(x
2
, y
2
) = (75 ms, 0)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (99.999 ms, -0.3)
Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

X t (ms)
Y V
in
(V)
x
1
99.999 ms
y
1
-0.3 V
x
2
75 ms
y
2
0 V


V
in
(-0.3 V)

0 V (-0.3 V)
=
t 99.999 ms

75 ms 99.999 ms

V
in
+ 0.3 V

0.3 V
=
t 99.999 ms

-24.999 ms

(-24.999 ms)(V
in
+ 0.3 V) = 0.3(t 99.999 ms)
(-0.025)(V
in
+ 0.3 V) = 0.3 t 0.03
-0.025 V
in
0.007 = 0.3 t 0.03
-0.025 V
in
0.007 + 0.03 = 0.3 t
-0.025 V
in
+ 0.023 = 0.3 t
-0.025 V
in
= 0.3 t 0.023

V
in
= (-12 t + 0.92) V

100 s t s 125
(x
2
, y
2
) = (125 ms, 0 V)

(x
1
, y
1
) = (100 ms, -0.3 V)
Equation:

y y
1
y
2
y
1

=
x x
1
x
2
x
1

Here

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

x t (ms)
y V
in
(V)
x
1
100 ms
y
1
-0.3 V
x
2
125 ms
y
2
0 V


V
in
(-0.3 V)

0 V (-0.3 V)
=
t 100 ms

125 ms 100 ms

V
in
+ 0.3

0.3
=
t 100 ms

25 ms

(25 ms)(V
in
+ 0.3 V) = 0.3(t 100 ms)
(0.025)(V
in
+ 0.3 V) = 0.3(t 100 ms)
0.025V
in
+ 0.007 = 0.3 t 0.03
0.025V
in
+ 0.007 + 0.03 = 0.3 t
0.025V
in
+ 0.037 = 0.3 t
0.025V
in
= 0.3 t 0.037

V
in
= (12 t 1.48) V

Output waveform

t = 0 ms V
0
= A
0
V
in
Here A
0
= 20
V
0
= 20(12 t)
V
0
= 20(12 (0 ms))
V
0
= 0 Volt
t = 24.999 ms V
0
= A
0
V
in
Here A
0
= 20
V
0
= 20(12 t)
V
0
= 20(12 (24.999 ms))
V
0
= 6 Volt
t = 25 ms V
0
= A
0
V
in
Here A
0
= 20
V
0
= 20(-6 t + 0.44)
V
0
= 20(-6 (25 ms) + 0.44)
V
0
= 20(-0.15 + 0.44)
V
0
= 20(0.29)
V
0
= 5.8 Volt
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

t = 74.999 ms V
0
= A
0
V
in
Here A
0
= 20
V
0
= 20(-6 t + 0.44)
V
0
= 20(-6 (74.999 ms) + 0.44)
V
0
= 20(-0.45 + 0.44)
V
0
= 20(-0.01)
V
0
= -0.2 Volt
t = 75 ms V
0
= A
0
V
in
Here A
0
= 20
V
0
= 20(-12 t + 0.92)
V
0
= 20(-12 (75 ms) + 0.92)
V
0
= 20(-0.9 + 0.92)
V
0
= 20(0.02)
V
0
= 0.4 V
t = 99.999 ms V
0
= A
0
V
in
Here A
0
= 20
V
0
= 20(-12 t + 0.92)
V
0
= 20(-12 (99.999 ms) + 0.92)
V
0
= 20(-1.2 + 0.92)
V
0
= 20(-0.28)
V
0
= -5.6 V
t = 100 ms V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
in
= (12 t 1.48) V
Here A
0
= 20
V
0
= 20(12 t 1.48)
V
0
= 20(12 (100 ms) 1.48)
V
0
= 20(1.2 1.48)
V
0
= 20(-0.28)
V
0
= -5.6 V
t = 125 ms V
0
= A
0
V
in

V
in
= (12 t 1.48) V
Here A
0
= 20
V
0
= 20(12 t 1.48)
V
0
= 20(12 (125 ms) 1.48)
V
0
= 20(1.5 1.48)
V
0
= 20(0.02)
V
0
= 0.4 V

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

output voltage versus time
0
24.999 25
74.999 75
99.999 100
125
0
6 5.8
-0.2 0.4
-5.6 -5.6
0.4
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 24.999 25 74.999 75 99.999 100 125
Series2 0 6 5.8 -0.2 0.4 -5.6 -5.6 0.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Q#4.4: For an ideal op-amp, the voltage gain and input resistance are infinite while
the output resistance is zero. What are the consequences for
(a) the op-amps input voltage?
(b) the op-amps input currents?
(c) the op-amps output current?
Solution:
(a) V
in
= 0 V Hint: B/C Voltage gain =
Proof:

V
out

A
0
=
V
in

V
out

A
0
=
0 V

A
0
=

Hence proved.

(b) I
in
= 0 A
Proof: Hint: B/C input resistance =

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in

I
in
=
R
in

V
in

I
in
=

I
in
= 0 A

Hence proved.

(c) B/C R
out
= 0 O, the output current is limited only by external circuitry.
Proof:

V
out

I
out
=
R
out
R
out
= 0 O

V
out
AV
e
R
Load

I
out
=
0

I
out
= A

Hence proved.

Q#4.5: Revisit your answers in Problem 4.4 under the following nonideal scenarios.
(a) R
in
= , R
out
= 0, A
0
=
(b) R
in
= , Rout > 0, A
0
=
(c) R
in
= , R
out
= 0, A
0
=
Solution:
(a) V
in
Proof:

V
out

A
0
=
V
in

V
out

A
0
=
0 V

A
0
=

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Hence proved.

I
in
= 0 A

V
in

I
in
=
R
in

V
in

I
in
=

I
in
= 0 A

Hence proved.

B/C R
out
Proof:

V
out

I
out
=
R
out
R
out
= 0 O

V
out
AV
e
R
Load

I
out
=
0

I
out
= A

Hence proved.

(b) V
in
Proof:

V
out

A
0
=
V
in

V
out

A
0
=
0 V

A
0
=

Hence proved.

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

I
in
= 0 A

V
in

I
in
=
R
in

V
in

I
in
=

I
in
= 0 A

Hence proved.
B/C R
out
= > 0 O, the output current is limited both by R
0
& external circuitry.
Proof:

V
out

I
out
=
R
out
R
out
= 0 O

V
out
AV
e
R
Load

I
out
=
>0

I
out
= A

Hence proved.

(c)
V
in
Proof:

V
out

A
0
=
V
in

V
out

A
0
=
0 V

A
0
=

Hence proved.

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

I
in
= 0 A only when V
in
= 0 V

V
in

I
in
=
R
in

V
in

I
in
=
R
in
= 0

I
in
= 0 A

Hence proved.

B/C R
out
Proof:

V
out

I
out
=
R
out
R
out
= 0 O

V
out
AV
e
R
Load

I
out
=
0

I
out
= A

Hence proved.

Q#4.6: Revisit the exact analysis of the inverting configuration in section 4.3.
(a) Find an expression for the gain if R
in
= , R
out
= 0, A
0
= .
Solution:
SECTION 4.3:
As a general rule, when analyzing operational amplifier circuits we write nodal equations
at the operational amplifier input terminals, using the ideal operational amplifier model
conditions. Thus, the technique is straightforward and simple to implement.
Gain of the basic inverting OP-AMP configuration
Here R
i
= R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
1
R
i
R
2
R
2
R
0

1 -
1 1 A
0

-
R
2
R
2
R
0

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
1

R
2
R
2
0
1 -
-1 -1 A
0

+
R
2
R
2
0

We to bring about a result that

1 1 1 1 1
>> & << &
R
0
R
2
R
i
R
1
R
2

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
1 1 1
+
R
1
R
2
R
0

1 +
1 A
0

R
2
R
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 R
2
+ R
1

+ =
R
1
R
2
R
1
R
2

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
R
2
+ R
1
1

R
1
R
2
R
0

1 +
1 A
0

R
2
R
0

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
R
2
+ R
1
1
1 +
R
1

A
0

(b)
Plot the ratio of the gain in (a) to the ideal gain versus A
0
for 1 s A
0
s 1000 for an
ideal gain of 10.
Ideal gain = -10
Proof:
R
2

-
V
0
R
1

= Hint: for ideal OP-AMP
V
S
R
2
+ R
1
1 A
0
=
1 +
R
1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
R
2
+ R
1

1 + 0
R
1

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S

1 + 0

V
0
-R
2

= = -10
V
S
R
1

R
2

-

R
1

Actual gain =

R
2
R
1
1
1 + +
R
1

R
1
A
0

-10
Actual gain =

1
1 + (10) + 1

A
0

-10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
A
0

Actual gain
Gain ratio =
Ideal gain

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

-10

11
1 +
A
0

Gain ratio =
-10

1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
A
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A
0
Gain ratio
1 1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
A
0

1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
1

Gain ratio = 0.083
200 1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
A
0

1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
200

Gain ratio = 0.948
400 1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
A
0

1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
400

Gain ratio = 0.973
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Graphical Analysis

600 1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
A
0

1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
600

Gain ratio = 0.982
800 1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
A
0

1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
800

Gain ratio = 0.986
1000 1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
A
0

1
Gain ratio =

11
1 +
1000

Gain ratio = 0.989
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Gain ratio versus A0
1
200
400
600
800
1000
0.083 0.948 0.973 0.982 0.986 0.989 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
A0
G
a
i
n

r
a
t
i
o
Series1
Series2
Series1 1 200 400 600 800 1000
Series2 0.083 0.948 0.973 0.982 0.986 0.989
1 2 3 4 5 6

(b) From your plot, does the actual gain approach the ideal gain value as A
0
increases
or decreases?
Solution:
As A
0
increases the actual gain approaches the ideal one.
Proof:
A
0
Actual gain
1 -10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
A
0

-10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
1

Actual gain = -0.833

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

200 -10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
A
0

-10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
200

400 -10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
A
0

-10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
400

600 -10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
A
0

-10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
600


Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

800 -10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
A
0

-10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
800

1000 -10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
A
0

-10
Actual gain =

11
1 +
1000


Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Graphical Analysis
Actual gain versus A0
1
200
400
600
800
1000
-0.833
-9.479 -9.732 -9.82 -9.864 -9.891
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
A0
A
c
t
u
a
l

g
a
i
n
Series1
Series2
Series1 1 200 400 600 800 1000
Series2 -0.833 -9.479 -9.732 -9.82 -9.864 -9.891
1 2 3 4 5 6

Hence proved.

(c) From your plot, what is the minimum value of A
0
if the actual gain is within 5%
of the ideal case?
Solution:
1
Gain ratio = s 0.95

11
1 +
A
0

11
1 + 0.95 = 1
A
0

11
1 + = 1.053
A
0

A
0
> 207.547

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Q#4.7: Revisit the exact analysis of the inverting amplifier in section 4.3.
(a) Find an expression for the voltage gain if R
in
= , R
out
= 0, A
0
= .
Solution:
SECTION 4.3:
As a general rule, when analyzing operational amplifier circuits we write nodal equations
at the operational amplifier input terminals, using the ideal operational amplifier model
conditions. Thus, the technique is straightforward and simple to implement.
Gain of the basic inverting OP-AMP configuration
Here R
i
= R
in

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
1
R
i
R
2
R
2
R
0

1 -
1 1 A
0

-
R
2
R
2
R
0

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
1
R
i
R
2
R
2
0
1 -
-1 -1 A
0

+
R
2
R
2
0


1 1
>>
R
0
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
1 1 1 1
+ +
R
1
R
2
R
i
R
0

1 +
1 A
0

R
2
R
0

1 1 1 R
i
R
2
+ R
i
R
1
+ R
1
R
2

+ + =
R
1
R
2
R
i
R
i
R
1
R
2

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
R
i
R
2
+ R
i
R
1
+ R
1
R
2
1

R
1
R
2
R
i
R
0

1 +
1 A
0

R
2
R
0

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

= = Actual gain (i)
V
S
R
i
R
2
+ R
i
R
1
+ R
1
R
2

+ 1
A
0
R
1
R
i

(b) For R
2
= 27 kO and R
1
= 3 kO, plot the ratio of the actual gain to the ideal gain
for A
0
= 1000 and 1 kO s R
in
s 100 kO.

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
R
i
R
2
+ R
i
R
1
+ R
1
R
2

Lim A
0
+ 1
A
0
R
1
R
i

R
2

-
V
0
R
1

=
V
S
0 + 1

V
0
-R
2
-27000
= = Ideal gain = = -9
V
S
R
1
3000

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (i)

Here
R
2
= 27 kO
R
1
= 3 kO
A
0
= 1000

27000
-
V
0
3000
= = Actual gain
V
S
R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + (3000)(27000)
+ 1
(1000)(3000) R
i

V
0
-9

= = Actual gain
V
S
R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Actual gain
Gain ratio =
Ideal gain

-9

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

=
-9

-9

1
=

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6
-9
+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

1

= Gain ratio

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

R
i
Gain ratio
1,000

1

=

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

1

=

(1000)(27000) + (1000)(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)(1000)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1

=

27 10
+6
+ 3 10
+6
+ 81 10
+6

+ 1
3 10
+9

1

=

111 10
+6

+ 1
3 10
+9

1

=

37 10
+6-9
+ 1

= 0.964

20,000

1

=

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

1

=

(20000)(27000) + (20000)(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)(20000)

1

=

540000000 + 60000000 + 81000000
+ 1
60000000000

= 0.989

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

40,000

1

=

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

1

=

(40000)(27000) + (40000)(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)(40000)

1

=

1080000000 + 120000000 + 81000000
+ 1
120000000000

= 0.989

60,000

1

=

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

1

=

(60000)(27000) + (60000)(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)(60000)

1

=

1620000000 + 180000000 + 81000000
+ 1
180000000000

= 0.990
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

80,000

1

=

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

1

=

(80000)(27000) + (80000)(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)(80000)

1

=

2160000000 + 240000000 + 81000000
+ 1
240000000000

= 0.990

100,000

1

=

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

1

=

(100000)(27000) + (100000)(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)(100000)

1

=

2700000000 + 300000000 + 81000000
+ 1
300000000000

= 0.990
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Gain ratio versus Ri
1000
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
0.964 0.989 0.989 0.99 0.99 0.99 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Ri
G
a
i
n

r
a
t
i
o
Series1
Series2
Series1 1000 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Series2 0.964 0.989 0.989 0.99 0.99 0.99
1 2 3 4 5 6
(c) From your plot, does the ratio approach unity as R
in
increases or decreases?
Solution:
The Gain ratio approaches unity as R
in
increases.
(d) From your plot in (b), what is the minimum value of R
in
if the gain ratio is to be at
least 0.98?

1

s 0.98

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 1 0.98 > 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

0.98 R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 0.98 > 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.98 R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

+ 0.98 > 1
(3 10
+6
)R
i

0.327 R
i
(27000) + R
i
(3000) + 81 10
+6

> 1 0.98
1000000R
i

882.9R
i
+ 981R
i
+ 26487000
> 0.02
1000000R
i

882.9R
i
+ 981R
i
+ 26487000 > 20000R
i

882.9R
i
+ 981R
i
- 20000R
i
> -26487000
-18136.1R
i
> -26487000

R
i
> 1.460 kO

Q#4.8: An op-amp based amplifier has 18 V supplies and a gain of 80. Over what
input range the amplifier is linear?
Solution:

V
out

A
0
= = -80
V
in

V
out
s 18 V

18
A
0
= = -80
V
in

V
in
s -0.225 V
Linear region limited to

V
in
s 0.225 V

SECTI ON 4.3

Q#4.9: Determine the gain of the amplifier in Fig. P4.9. What is the value of I
0
?
Solution:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in
= 2 V

I
0

V
0

R
2
= 20 kO

R
1
= 3.3

kO

OP-AMP MODEL

I
0

V
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e
R
2

V
in

R
1

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
R
2

I
0

R
out

V
in

R
1

AV
e

Using Nodal Analysis Fig. (b)
Applying KCL at node V
1
According to KCL
The algebraic Sum of all the currents leaving that junction = The algebraic sum of all the
currents entering into the junction

V
1
- V
in
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + = 0 (i)
R
in
R
1
R
2

0
According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e

+ = 0 (ii)
R
2
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
in
V
1

V
0
V
1
V
0
A(V
in
V
1
)

+ = 0
R
2
R
out

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
in
+ AV
1

+ = 0
R
2
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
in
AV
1

- + - + = 0
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
out

1 1 A 1 AV
in

+ V
0
+ - V
1
= (iii)
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
out

Simplifying equation (i)

V
1
- V
in
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + = 0
R
in
R
1
R
2

V
1
V
in
V
1
V
1
V
0

- + + - = 0
R
in
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 V
0
V
in

+ + V
1
- = (iv)
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in

Writing equations (iii) & (iv) in matrix form
AV
in

A 1 1 1
- + V
1
R
out

R
out
R
2
R
2
R
out

=
1 1 1 -1

V
in

+ + V
0

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in

A X = B
Solving for the node voltages, we obtain
Determinant of A =

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1 1 1
- +

R
out
R
2
R
2
R
out

1 1 1 -1

+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
= - - + + +
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out

AV
in
1 1
+
R
out
R
2
R
out

V
in
-1

R
in
R
2

V
1
=

A 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
- - + + +
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out

AV
in
-1 V
in
1 1
- +
R
out
R
2
R
in
R
2
R
out

V
1
=
A 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
- - + + +
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Substituting corresponding values

A 10
5

R
out
10 O
V
in
2 V
R
in
10
8
O
R
1
3.3 kO
R
2
20 kO

2(10
5
) -1 2 1 1
- +
10 2 10
4
10
8
2 10
4
10
=
10
5
1 -1 1 1 1 1
- - + + + 0.1
10 2 10
4
2 10
4
10
8
3300 2 10
4
2 10
4

(20000)(-0.00005) (0.00000002)(0.00005 + 0.1)
=
(10000 - 0.00005)(-0.00005) (0.00000001 +
0.0003030303030303030303030303030303 + 0.00005)(0.00005 + 0.1)

-1 (0.00000002)(0.10005)
=
(9999.99995)(-0.00005) (0.0003530403030303030303030303030303)(
0.10005)

-1 0.000000002001
=
-0.4999999975 3.0318181818181818181818181818182e-5

-1.000000002001
=
-0.50003031568181818181818181818182

V
1
= 1.9998787486263633990966172278781 Volts

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1 AV
in

-
R
out
R
2
R
out

1

1

1

V
in

+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in

V
0
=

A 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
- - + + +
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out

A 1 V
in
1 1 1 AV
in

- - + +
R
out
R
2
R
in
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out

V
0
=
A 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
- - + + +
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out


10
5
1 2 1 1 1 2(10
5
)
- - + +
10 2 10
4
10
8
10
8
3300 2 10
4
10
V
0
=

10
5
1 -1 1 1 1 1
- - + + + 0.1
10 2 10
4
2 10
4
10
8
3300 2 10
4
2 10
4

(10000 - 0.00005)(0.00000002) (0.00000001 +
0.0003030303030303030303030303030303 + 0.00005)(20000)
=
(10000 - 0.00005)(-0.00005) (0.00000001 +
0.0003030303030303030303030303030303 + 0.00005)(0.00005 + 0.1)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(9999.99995)(0.00000002)
(0.0003530403030303030303030303030303)(20000)
=
(9999.99995)(-0.00005) - (0.0003530403030303030303030303030303)(0.1)

0.000199999999 7.0608060606060606060606060606061
=
-0.4999999975 - 3.530403030303030303030303030303e-5

-7.061
=
-0.5

V
0
= 14.122 Volts

V
0
14.122 V
=
V
in
2 V

Gain = 7.061

From Fig. (b)

AVe V
0

I
0
=
R
out

A(V
in
V
1
) V
0

I
0
=
R
out

10
5
(2 V 1.9998787486263633990966172278781 V) 14.122 V
I
0
=
10 O

12.125137363660090338277212191358 14.122 V
I
0
=
10 O

-1.9968626363399096617227878086424 V
I
0
=
10 O

I
0
= -0.2 A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Q#4.10: For the amplifier in Fig. P4.10, find the gain and I
0
.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

I
0

V
0

R
2
= 20 kO

R
1
= 3.3 kO

V
S
= 2 V

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

OP-AMP MODEL

I
0

V
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e
R
2

R
1

V
S

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
R
2

I
0

R
out

R
1

AV
e

V
S

Fig. (c)
Using Nodal Analysis
1
According to KCL

V
1
- 0 V
1
- V
S
V
1
V
0

+ + = 0
R
in
R
1
R
2

V
1
V
1
- V
S
V
1
V
0

+ + = 0
R
in
R
1
R
2

V
1
V
1
V
S
V
1
V
0

+ + = 0
R
in
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1

1

-1 V
S

+ + V
1
+ V
0
= (i)
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1

0
According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AVe
+ = 0
R
2
R
out

V
e
= V
+
- V
-

Here
V
+
= 0 V
V
-
= V
1
V
e
= 0 V - V
1

V
e
= -V
1

V
0
V
1
V
0
A(-V
1
)
+ = 0
R
2
R
out

V
0
V
1
V
0
+ AV
1

+ = 0
R
2
R
out

Simplifying we get

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
1

+ + = 0
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1
V
1
+ + V
0
= 0 (ii)
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2

Writing equations (i) & (ii) in matrix form

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 -1 V
1
V
S

+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1

A 1 1 1
+ 0
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
V
0

A X B

Determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1

+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 1 1
+
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
-1

R
1
R
2

1 1
0 +

R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
2

V
S
1 1
+ 0
R
1
R
out
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
2

V
S
1 1
+
R
1
R
out
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893


A 10
5

R
out
10 O
V
in
2 V
R
in
10
8
O
R
1
3.3 kO
R
2
20 kO

2 1 1
+
3300

10

20000

1 1 1 1 1 10
5
1 1
+ + + +
10
8
3300 20000 10 20000 10 20000 20000

(6.0606060606060606060606060606061e-4)(0.1 + 0.00005)

(0.00000001 + 0.0003030303030303030303030303030303 + 0.00005)
(0.1 + 0.00005) + (10000 - 0.00005)(0.00005)

(6.0606060606060606060606060606061e-4)(0.1)

(0.0003530403030303030303030303030303)
(0.1) + (9999.99995)(0.00005)

6.0606060606060606060606060606061e-5

3.530403030303030303030303030303e-5 + 0.5

6.0606060606060606060606060606061e-5

0.5

V
1
= 1.212 10
-4
Volts

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 V
S

+ +

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
1

A 1
0

R
out
R
2

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
2

V
S
A 1
0
R
1
R
out
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
2

V
S
A 1

R
1
R
out
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2 10
5
1

3300

10

20000

1 1 1 1 1 10
5
1 1
+ + + +
10
8
3300 20000 10 20000 10 20000 20000

-(6.0606060606060606060606060606061e-4)(10000 - 0.00005)

(0.00000001 + 0.0003030303030303030303030303030303 + 0.00005)
(0.1 + 0.00005) + (10000 - 0.00005)(0.00005)

-(6.0606060606060606060606060606061e-4)(9999.99995)

(0.0003530403030303030303030303030303)
(0.1) + (9999.99995)(0.00005)

-6.061

3.530403030303030303030303030303e-5 + 0.5

-6.061

0.5

V
0
= -12.122 Volts

V
0
-12.122 V
=
V
S
2 V

Gain = -6.061

From Fig. (b)

AVe V
0

I
0
=
R
out

A(V
1
) V
0

I
0
=
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

10
5
(-1.212 10
-4
V) (-12.122 V)
I
0
=
10 O

-12.12 V + 12.122 V
I
0
=
10 O

0.002 V
I
0
=
10 O

I
0
= 200 A

Q#4.11: Using the ideal op-amp assumptions, determine the values of V
0
and I
1
in
Fig. P4.11.

I
1

11 V

V
0

10 kO

1

kO

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

OP-AMP MODEL

I
1

V
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e
10 kO

V
in

1 kO

Fig. (b)

I
1
V
1
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
10 kO

R
out

V
in
= 11 V
1 kO

AV
e

Using Nodal Analysis Fig. (c)
Applying KCL at node Labeled V
1

According to KCL
The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
- V
in
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
1000 10000

V
1
V
in
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
in
1000

10000

10000

1 1 1

-1 V
in

+ + V
1
+ V
0
(i)
R
in
1000

10000

10000 R
in

0

According to KCL

V
0
AV
e
V
0
V
1

+ 0
R
out
10000

V
0
AVe V
0
V
1

+ 0
R
out
R
out
10000 10000

-1 1 1 AVe
V
1
+

+ V
0
(ii)
10000 R
out
10000 R
out

from fig. (c)
V
e
= V
in
V
1
Here V
in
= 11 V

V
e
= 11 V
1
(iii)


Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 -1 V
in

+ + V
1

R
in
1000 10000 10000 R
in

-1 1 1 AV
e

+ V
0

10000 R
out
10000 R
out

A X B

Determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1
+ +
R
in
1000 10000 10000

-1 1 1
+
10000 R
out
10000

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
in
1000 10000 R
out
10000 10
8

V
in
-1

R
in
10000

AV
e
1 1
+
R
out
R
out
10000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
in
1000 10000 R
out
10000 10
8

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in
1 1 AV
e
1
+ +
R
in
R
out
10000 R
out
10000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
in
1000 10000 R
out
10000 10
8


A 10
5

R
out
10 O
V
in
11 V
R
in
10
8
O

11

1 1 10
5
V
e
1
+ +
10
8

10

10000 10

10000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
10
8

1000 10000 10

10000 10
8

(0.00000011)(0.1 + 0.0001) + (10000V
e
)(0.0001)
V
1
=
(0.00000001 + 0.001 + 0.0001)(0.1 + 0.0001) (0.00000001)

(0.00000011)(0.1001) + V
e

V
1
=
(0.001)(0.1) 0.00000001

0.000000011011 + V
e

V
1
=
0.0001 0.00000001

Substituting the value of V
e
from eq. (iii)

0.000000011011 + (11 V
1
)
V
1
=
0.0001 0.00000001
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.00009999V
1
= 0.000000011011 + (11 V
1
)
0.00009999V
1
= 0.000000011011 + 11 - V
1

0.00009999V
1
- 0.000000011011 - 11 + V
1
= 0
1.00009999V
1
- 11.000000011011 = 0

V
1
= 10.998900230976904619307115481523 Volts

1 1 1 V
in

+ +
R
in
1000 10000 R
in

-1 AV
e

10000

R
out

V
0
=

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
in
1000 10000 R
out
10000 10
8

1 1 1 AV
e
1 V
in

+ + +
R
in
1000 10000 R
out
10000 R
in

=

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R
in
1000 10000 R
out
10000 10
8

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893


A 10
5

R
out
10 O
V
in
11 V
R
in
10
8
O

1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1 11
+ + +
10
8
1000 10000 10

10000 10
8

=

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
10
8

1000 10000 10

10000 10
8

(0.00000001 + 0.001 + 0.0001)(10000V
e
) + (0.0001)(0.00000011)

(0.00000001 + 0.001 + 0.0001)(0.1 + 0.0001) 0.00000001

(0.001)(10000V
e
) + 0.000000000011

(0.001)(0.1) 0.00000001

(0.001)(10000V
e
) + 0.000000000011

0.0001 0.00000001

0.00009999V
0
= (0.001)(10000V
e
) + 0.000000000011
e
from eq. (iii)
0.00009999V
0
= (0.001)(10000(11 V
1
)) + 0.000000000011
0.00009999V
0
= (0.001)(10000(11 V
1
)) + 0.000000000011
Here
V
1
= 10.998900230976904619307115481523 V
0.00009999V
0
= (0.001)(10000(11 10.998900230976904619307115481523)) +
0.000000000011
0.00009999V
0
= 0.010997690230953806928845184769975 + 0.000000000011

V
0
= 109.98790120965903519197104480423 V

From figure (c)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
in
V
1

I
1
=
R
in
11 V 10.998900230976904619307115481523 V
I
1
=
10
8

I
1
= 0 A

Q#4.12: Using the ideal op-amp assumptions, determine I
1
, I
2
and I
3
in Fig. P4.12.
Solution:

I
3

R
2

I
1
I
2

R
1

V
0

1 mA

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

I
3

R
2

OP-AMP MODEL

I
2

V
0

R
in
R
out

R
1
AV
e

I
1

1 mA

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

I
1
V
1
V
0

R
1
I
3
R
2

I
2

V
-
R
out

1 mA
R
in

V
+

AV
e

Fig. (c)
According to ohms Law

V
1

I
2
=
R
in

Here
R
in
=

V
1

I
2
=

I
2
= 0 A

1

According to KCL
The algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction = the algebraic sum of all
the currents leaving that junction
I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
Substituting the corresponding values we get
1 mA = 0 A + I
3

I
3
= 1 mA

Q#4.13: In a useful application, the amplifier drives a load. The circuit in Fig. P4.13
models this scenario.
(a) Sketch the gain V
0
/V
S
for 10 O s R
L
s .

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(b) Sketch I
0
for 10 O s R
L
s if V
S
= 0.1 V.
(c) Repeat (b) if V
S
= 1 V.
(d) What is the minimum value of R
L
if |I
0
| must be less than 100 mA for |V
S
| <
0.5 V?
(e) What is the current I
S
if R
L
is 100 O? Repeat for R
L
= 10 kO.

Solution:
Circuit diagram:

I
S

V
S
I
0

V
0

R
2
R
L

R
1

Fig. (a)

+
-
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

OP-AMP MODEL

I
S
I
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e
27 kO R
L

V
S

3 kO

Fig. (b)
I
S
V
1
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
27 kO I
0

R
out

V
S
R
L

3 kO

AV
e

1

According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
- V
S
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
3000 27000

V
1
V
S
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
in
3000 27000 27000

1

1

1 -1 V
S

+ + V
1
+ V
0
(i)
R
in
3000

27000 27000 R
in

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e
V
0
+ + 0
27000 R
out
R
L

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-

V
e
= V
S
V
1

V
0
V
1
V
0
A(V
S
V
1
)

V
0
+ + 0
27000 R
out
R
L

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
S
+ AV
1
V
0

+ + 0
27000 27000 R
out
R
L

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
S
AV
1
V
0

+ + + 0
27000 27000 R
out
R
out
R
out
R
L

-1 A 1 1 1 AV
S

+ V
1
+ + + V
0
(ii)
27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893


1 1 1 -1 V
S

+ + V
1

R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
in

-1 A 1 1 1 AV
S

+ + + V
0

27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out

Determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1
+ +
R
in
3000 27000 27000

-1 A 1 1 1
+ + +
27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
L

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
= + + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000

V
0
=?

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 V
S

+ +
R
in
3000 27000 R
in

-1 A AV
S

+
27000 R
out
R
out

V
0
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000

1 1 1 AV
S
-1 A V
S

+ + +
R
in
3000 27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
in

V
0
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000

1 1 1 A -1 A 1
V
S
+ + +
R
in
3000 27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
in

V
0
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A -1 A 1
V
0
+ + +
R
in
3000 27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
in

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
V
S
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
10 O

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
V
0
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
V
S
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

10

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.2) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

3.703
=
0.370

Gain = 10.008


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
20,000 O

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
V
0
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
V
S
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

2 10
4

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (-0.00003704
+ 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370

3.703
=
0.370

Gain = 10.008

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
40,000 O

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
V
0
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
V
S
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

4 10
4

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (-0.00003704
+ 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370

3.703
=
0.370

Gain = 10.008


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
60,000 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
V
0
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
V
S
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

6 10
4

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (-0.00003704
+ 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370

3.703
=
0.370

Gain = 10.008


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
80,000 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
V
0
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
V
S
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

8 10
4

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (-0.00003704
+ 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370

3.703
=
0.370

Gain = 10.008


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
100,000 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
V
0
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
V
S
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

1 10
5

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (-0.00003704
+ 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370

3.703
=
0.370

Gain = 10.008


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
V
0
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
V
S
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (-0.00003704
+ 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370

3.703
=
0.370

Gain = 10.008

Graphical analysis:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Gain versus RL
10.008 10.008 10.008 10.008 10.008 10.008 10
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
1 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
RL
G
a
i
n
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series1 10.008 10.008 10.008 10.008 10.008 10.008
Series2 10 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
Series3 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
(b) Solution:

AV
e
V
0

I
0
=
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
S
V
1

A(V
S
V
1
) V
0

I
0
= (iii)
R
out

From (a)

V
0

10.008
V
S

V
0
= 10.008 V
S
Here
V
S
= 0.1 V
V
0
= 10.008(0.1 V)

V
0
= 1.001 V

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
L
(O) V
0
(V)

V
S
= 0.1 V
10 1.001 V
20,000 1.001 V
40,000 1.001 V
60,000 1.001 V
80,000 1.001 V
100,000 1.001 V

V
1
=?

V
S
-1

R
in
27000

AV
S
1 1 1
+ +
R
out

27000 R
out
R
L

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
10 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.1

1 1 1 (10
5
)0.1

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10 10

10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

10

27000 10

27000

(0.000000001)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) + (1000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.000000001)(0.2) + 0.037
=
(0.00037035)(0.2) + (10000)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.037
=
0 + 0.370

0.037
=
0.370

V
1
= 0.1 V

Substituting the corresponding values in equation (iii)

10
5
(0.1 0.1) 1.001
I
0
=
10

0 1.001
I
0
=
10

1.001
I
0
=
10

I
0
= -0.100 A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
20,000 O

0.1

1 1 1 (10
5
)0.1

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10 2 10
4

10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

2 10
4

27000 10

27000

(0.000000001)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.00005) + (1000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.00005) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.000000001)(0.10008704) + 0.037
=
(0.00037035)(0.10008704) + (9999.99996296)(0.00003704)

0.00000000010008704 + 0.037
=
0.000037067235264 + 0.3703999986280384

0.037
=
0.370

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
= 0.1 V


10
5
(0.1 0.1) 1.001
I
0
=
10

0 1.001
I
0
=
10

1.001
I
0
=
10

I
0
= -0.100 A

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.1

1 1 1 (10
5
)0.1

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10

10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

27000 10

27000

(0.000000001)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (1000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (-0.00003704
+ 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.000000001)(0.1) + 0.037
=
(0.00037035)(0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.037
=
0 + 0.370

0.037
=
0.370

V
1
= 0.1 V


10
5
(0.1 0.1) 1.001
I
0
=
10

0 1.001
I
0
=
10

1.001
I
0
=
10

I
0
= -0.100 A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Graphical analysis:
I0 versus RL
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.12
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
RL (ohms)
I
0

(
A
)
Series1
Series1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
10 20,000

(c) Solution:
From (a)

V
0

10.008
V
S

V
0
= 10.008 V
S
Here
V
S
= 1.0 V
V
0
= 10.008(1.0 V)

V
0
= 10.008 V

R
L
(O) V
0
(V)

V
S
= 1.0 V
10 10.008 V
20,000 10.008 V
40,000 10.008 V
60,000 10.008 V
80,000 10.008 V
100,000 10.008 V

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
= 1 V

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
10 O

1

1 1 1 (10
5
)1.0

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10 10

10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

10

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00000001)(0.2) + 0.370
=
(0.00037035)(0.2) + (10000)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.370
=
0 + 0.370

0.370
=
0.370
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
= 1 V


10
5
(1.0 1.0) 10.008
I
0
=
10

0 10.008
I
0
=
10

10.008
I
0
=
10

I
0
= -1.001 A

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
20,000 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1.0

1 1 1 (10
5
)1.0

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10 2 10
4

10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

2 10
4

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.00005) + (10000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.00005) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00000001)(0.10008704) + 0.370
=
(0.00037035)(0.10008704) + (9999.99996296)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.370
=
0.000037067235264 + 0.3703999986280384

0.370
=
0.370

V
1
= 1.0 V


10
5
(1.0 1.0) 10.008
I
0
=
10

0 10.008
I
0
=
10

10.008
I
0
=
10

I
0
= -1.001 A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
O

1.0

1 1 1 (10
5
)1.0

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10

10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

27000 10

27000

(0.00000001)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (10000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (-0.00003704
+ 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00000001)(0.1) + 0.370
=
(0.00037035)(0.1) + (10000)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.370
=
0 + 0.370

0.370
=
0.370

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
= 1.0 V


10
5
(1.0 1.0) 10.008
I
0
=
10

0 10.008
I
0
=
10

10.008
I
0
=
10

I
0
= -1.001 A

I0 versus RL
-1.001 -1.001 -1.001
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
RL
I
0
Series1
Series1 -1.001 -1.001 -1.001
10 20,000

(d) Solution:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
V
S
0.4 V

0.4

1 1 1 (10
5
)0.4

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10 R
L
10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

R
L
27000 10

27000

(0.000000004)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (4000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.000000004)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.148
=
(0.00037035)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.148 + 0.000000004 R
L
-1

=
0 + 0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

0.148 + 0.000000004 R
L
-1

V
1
=
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A -1 A 1
+ + +
R
in
3000 27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
in

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000

R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

R
L
27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

3.703
V
0
=
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Here
A = 10
5
V
S
= 0.4 V
R
out
= 10 O
I
0
= 99 mA = 0.099 A

10
5
(0.4 V
1
) V
0

0.099 =
10

10
5
(0.4 V
1
) V
0
= 0.099(10)
40000 100000V
1
V
0
= 0.99

100000V
1
V
0
= 0.99 40000
100000V
1
V
0
= -39999.01
100000V
1
+ V
0
= 39999.01

0.148 + 0.000000004 R
L
-1
3.703
100000 + = 39999.01

0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

100000(0.148 + 0.000000004 R
L
-1
) + 3.703
= 39999.01
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

100000(0.148 + 0.000000004 R
L
-1
) + 3.703 = 39999.01(0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1
)
14800 + 0.0004 R
L
-1
+ 3.703 = 14799.6337 + 14.814 R
L
-1

14800 + 0.0004 R
L
-1
+ 3.703 - 14799.6337 - 14.814 R
L
-1
= 0
-14.814 R
L
-1
+ 4.0693 = 0
-14.814 R
L
-1
= -4.0693
R
L
-1
= 0.275

R
L
= 3.636 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
V
S
0.3 V

0.3

1 1 1 (10
5
)0.3

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10 R
L
10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

R
L
27000 10

27000

(0.000000003)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (3000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.000000003)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.111
=
(0.00037035)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.111 + 0.000000003 R
L
-1

=
0 + 0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

0.111 + 0.000000003 R
L
-1

V
1
=
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A -1 A 1
+ + +
R
in
3000 27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
in

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000

R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

R
L
27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

3.703
V
0
=
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Here
A = 10
5
V
S
= 0.3 V
R
out
= 10 O
I
0
= 98 mA = 0.098 A

10
5
(0.3 V
1
) V
0

0.098 =
10

10
5
(0.3 V
1
) V
0
= 0.098(10)
30000 100000V
1
V
0
= 0.98

100000V
1
V
0
= 0.98 30000
100000V
1
V
0
= -29999.02
100000V
1
+ V
0
= 29999.02

0.111 + 0.000000003 R
L
-1
3.703
100000 + = 29999.02

0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

100000(0.111 + 0.000000003 R
L
-1
) + 3.703
= 29999.02
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

100000(0.111 + 0.000000003 R
L
-1
) + 3.703 = 29999.02(0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1
)
11100 + 0.0003 R
L
-1
+ 3.703 = 11099.637 + 11.11 R
L
-1

11100 + 0.0003 R
L
-1
+ 3.703 - 11099.637 11.11 R
L
-1
= 0
- 11.11R
L
-1
+ 4.066 = 0
-11.11 R
L
-1
= -4.066
R
L
-1
= 0.366

R
L
= 2.733 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
V
S
0.2 V

0.2

1 1 1 (10
5
)0.2

1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10 R
L
10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

R
L
27000 10

27000

(0.000000002)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (2000)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.000000002)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.074

=
(0.00037035)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.074 + 0.000000002 R
L
-1

=
0 + 0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

0.074 + 0.000000002 R
L
-1

V
1
=
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A -1 A 1
+ + +
R
in
3000 27000 R
out
27000 R
out
R
in

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000

R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

1 1 1 10
5
-1 10
5
1
+ + +
10
8

3000 27000 10

27000 10

10
8

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

R
L
27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(10000) (-0.00003704 + 10000)(
0.00000001)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00037035)(10000) (10000)(0.00000001)
=
(0.00037035)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000)(0.00003704)

3.703 - 0
=
0 + 0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

3.703
V
0
=
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Here
A = 10
5
V
S
= 0.2 V
R
out
= 10 O
I
0
= 97 mA = 0.097 A

10
5
(0.2 V
1
) V
0

0.097 =
10

10
5
(0.2 V
1
) V
0
= 0.097(10)
20000 100000V
1
V
0
= 0.97

100000V
1
V
0
= 0.97 20000
100000V
1
V
0
= -19999.03
100000V
1
+ V
0
= 19999.03

0.074 + 0.000000002 R
L
-1
3.703
100000 + = 19999.03

0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

100000(0.074 + 0.000000002 R
L
-1
) + 3.703
= 19999.03
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

100000(0.074 + 0.000000002 R
L
-1
) + 3.703 = 19999.03(0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1
)
7400 + 0.0002 R
L
-1
+ 3.703 = 7399.641 + 7.407 R
L
-1

7400 + 0.0002 R
L
-1
+ 3.703 - 7399.641 7.407 R
L
-1
= 0
-7.4068 R
L
-1
+ 4.062 = 0
-7.4068 R
L
-1
= -4.062
R
L
-1
= 0.548

R
L
= 1.825 O

By comparison
I
0
(mA) V
S
(V) R
L
(O)
99 0.4 3.636
98 0.3 2.733
97 0.2 1.825

(e) Solution:
from fig. (c)

V
S
V
1

I
S
=
R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
S
1
+ + +
R
in
27000 R
out
R
L
R
out
27000

V
1
=

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 A 1
+ + + + + +
R
in
3000 27000 27000 R
out
R
L
27000 R
out
27000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

V
S
1 1 1 (10
5
)V
S
1
+ + +
10
8

27000 10 R
L
10

27000

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 10
5
1
+ + + + + +
10
8

3000 27000 27000 10

R
L
27000 10

27000

(0.00000001 V
S
)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000 V
S
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0003333 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (-
0.00003704 + 10000)(0.00003704)

(0.00000001 V
S
)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.370 V
S

=
(0.00037035)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000)(0.00003704)

0 + 0.370 V
S
+ 0.00000001 V
S
R
L
-1

=
0 + 0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

0.37 V
S
+ 0.00000001 V
S
R
L
-1

V
1
=
0.370 + 0.00037035 R
L
-1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Here R
L
= 100 O

0.37 V
S
+ 0.00000001 V
S
(100)
-1

V
S

0.370 + 0.00037035 (100)
-1

I
S
=
10
8

0.37 V
S
+ 0.00000001 V
S
(0.01)
V
S

0.370 + 0.00037035 (0.01)
I
S
=
10
8

0.37 V
S
+ 0
V
S

0.370 + 0
I
S
=
10
8

I
S
= 0 A

When R
L
= 10,000 O

0.37 V
S
+ 0.00000001 V
S
(10000)
-1

V
S

0.370 + 0.00037035 (10000)
-1

I
S
=
10
8

0.37 V
S
+ 0.00000001 V
S
(0)
V
S

0.370 + 0.00037035 (0)
I
S
=
10
8

0.37 V
S
+ 0
V
S

0.370 + 0
I
S
=
10
8

I
S
= 0 A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Q#4.14: Repeat Problem 4.13 for the circuit in Fig. P4.14.
(a) Solution:

R
2

V
S

I
0

R
1

V
0

R
L

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
2

OP-AMP MODEL

I
0

V
0

R
in
R
out

R
1
AV
e
R
L

V
S

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

I
S
R
1
R
2
I
0

V
-
R
out

V
S
R
L

R
in

V
+

AV
e

Fig. (c)
Using nodal analysis:
1

Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction
According to KCL
entering into the junction

V
1
- V
S
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
1
R
in
R
2

V
1

V
S
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
1
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 -1 V
S

+ + V
1
+ V
0
(i)
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
1

0

Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction
According to KCL
entering into the junction

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e
V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
out
R
L

V
0
V
1
V
0
AVe V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
2
R
out
Rout R
L

-1 1 1 1 AVe
V
1
+ + + V
0
(ii)
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out


1 1 1 -1 V
S

+ + V
1

R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
1

-1 1 1 1 AV
e

+ + V
0

R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out

A X B
Determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1
+ +

R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2

-1 1 1 1
+ +

R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 V
S

+ +

R
1
R
in
R
2
R
1

-1 AV
e

R
2
R
out

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 AV
e
1 V
S

+ + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
1

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1 V
S

+ + +
3000

10
8

27000

10

27000

3000

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 R
L
27000 27000

(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(10000V
e
) + (0.00003704)(0.0003334
V
S
)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00037045)(10000V
e
) + 0.000000012349136 V
S

=
(0.00037045)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0

3.7045 V
e

=
0 + 0.00037045 R
L
-1

3.7045 V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1

V
0
= 9998.650 V
e
R
L
Here
From fig. (c)
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 V V
1

V
e
= V
1

Therefore,
V
0
= 9998.650 (-V
1
) R
L
(iii)

V
1
=?

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
-1

R
1
R
2

AV
e
1 1 1
+ +

R
out
R
2
R
out
R
L

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ + R
L
-1
+
3000

27000

10 10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 R
L
27000 27000

(0.0003333 V
S
)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.0003333 V
S
)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.37 V
e

=
(0.00037045)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0

0.0003333 V
S
R
L
-1
+ 0.37 V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1

R
L
(0.0003333 V
S
R
L
-1
+ 0.37 V
e
)
=
0.00037045

0.0003333 V
S
+ 0.37 V
e
R
L

=
0.00037045

V
1
= 0.9 V
S
+ 998.785 V
e
R
L
Here
V
e
= -V
1
V
1
= 0.9 V
S
+ 998.785 (-V
1
) R
L

V
1
= 0.9 V
S
- 998.785 V
1
R
L

V
1
+ 998.785 V
1
R
L
= 0.9 V
S

V
1
(1 + 998.785 R
L
) = 0.9 V
S
V
1
= 0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 R
L
)
-1

1
in eq. (iii)
V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 R
L
)
-1
) R
L
When

R
L
= 10 O

V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 (10))
-1
) 10

V
0
= 99986.5 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 9987.85)
-1
)
V
0
= 99986.5 (-0.0000901 V
S
)
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0

= -9.009
V
S

When

R
L
= 20,000 O

V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 (20000))
-1
) 20000

V
0
= 199973000 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 19975700)
-1
)
V
0
= 199973000 (-0.00000004505 V
S
)

Gain = -9.009

When

R
L
= 40,000 O

V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 (40000))
-1
) 40000

V
0
= 399946000 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 39950320)
-1
)
V
0
= 399946000 (-0.00000002253 V
S
)

Gain = -9.011

When

R
L
= 60,000 O

V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 (60000))
-1
) 60000

V
0
= 599919000 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 59927100)
-1
)
V
0
= 599919000 (-0.00000001502 V
S
)

Gain = -9.011

When

R
L
= 80,000 O

V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 (80000))
-1
) 80000

V
0
= 599919000 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 59927100)
-1
)
V
0
= 599919000 (-0.00000001502 V
S
)

Gain = -9.011

When

R
L
= O
V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 (R
L
))
-1
) R
L

d d
V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 (R
L
) )
-1
) (R
L
)
R
L
dR
L
R
L
dR
L

V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785 (1))
-1
) 1

V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.9 V
S
(1 + 998.785)
-1
)
V
0
= 9998.650 (-0.001 V
S
)

Gain = -9.999

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Graphical analysis:
Gain versus RL
10 20000 40000 60000 80000
-10.2
-10
-9.8
-9.6
-9.4
-9.2
-9
-8.8
-8.6
-8.4
RL (ohms)
G
a
i
n
Series1
Series1 -9.009 -9.009 -9.011 -9.011 -9.011 -9.999
10 20000 40000 60000 80000

(b) Solution:
from fig. (c)

AV
e
V
0

I
0
=
R
out

Here
V
e
= -V
1

A(-V
1
) V
0

I
0
=
R
out

-AV
1
V
0

I
0
= (i)
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.1 V
R
L
10 O

0.1 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 10 10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 10

27000 27000

(0.00003333)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00003333)(0.2) + 0.3704V
e

=
(0.00037045)(0.2) + 0.0000000013719616

0.000006666 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.00007409 + 0.0000000013719616

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.000006666 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.00007409

V
1
= 0.090 + 4999.325V
e
Here V
e
= -V
1

V
1
= 0.090 + 4999.325(-V
1
)
V
1
= 0.090 - 4999.325 V
1

V
1
+ 4999.325 V
1
= 0.090
5000.325 V
1
= 0.090

V
1
= 0.000018 Volts

1 1 1 AV
e
1 V
S

+ + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
1

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.1 V
R
L
10 O

1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1 0.1

+ + +
3000

10
8

27000

10

27000

3000

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 10

27000 27000

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(10000V
e
) + (0.00003704)(0.0003334
(0.1))
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00037045)(10000V
e
) + 0.0000000012349136
=
(0.00037045)(0.2) + 0.0000000013719616

3.7045 V
e
+ 0
=
0.00007409 + 0.0000000013719616

3.7045 V
e

=
0.00007409

V
0
= 50000 V
e

Here V
e
= -V
1

V
0
= 50000 (-V
1
)
V
0
= -50000 (0.000018)

V
0
= -0.9 Volts

Substituting the corresponding values in eq. (i)

-10
5
(0.000018 V) (-0.9 V)
I
0
=
10 O

-1.8 V (-0.9 V)
I
0
=
10 O

-0.9 V
I
0
=
10 O

I
0
= -0.09 A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.1 V
R
L
20000 O

0.1 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 2 10
4
10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 2 10
4

27000 27000

(0.00003333)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00003333)(0.1) + 0.3704V
e

=
(0.00037045)(0.1) + 0.0000000013719616

0.000003333 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.000037045 + 0.0000000013719616

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.000003333 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.0000370463719616

V
1
= 0.090 + 9998.28V
e
Here V
e
= -V
1

V
1
= 0.090 + 9998.28(-V
1
)
V
1
= 0.090 - 9998.28V
1
V
1
+ 9998.28V
1
= 0.090
V
1
(1 + 9998.28)

= 0.090
V
1
(9999.28)

= 0.090

V
1
=

9.001 Volts

From (a)
When

R
L
= 20,000 O

V
0

= -9.009
V
S

V
0
= -9.009V
S
Here V
S
= 0.1 V
V
0
= -9.009(0.1 V)

V
0
= -0.901 V

Therefore,

-10
5
(9.001 V) (-0.901 V)
I
0
=
10 O

-0.9001 V (-0.901 V)
I
0
=
10 O

0.0009 V
I
0
=
10 O

I
0
= 0.09 mA

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.1 V
R
L
O

0.1 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10

27000 27000

(0.00003333)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00003333)(0.1) + 0.3704V
e

=
(0.00037045)(0.1) + 0.0000000013719616

0.000003333 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.000037045 + 0.0000000013719616

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.000003333 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.0000370463719616

V
1
= 0.090 + 9998.28V
e
Here V
e
= -V
1

V
1
= 0.090 + 9998.28(-V
1
)
V
1
= 0.090 - 9998.28V
1
V
1
+ 9998.28V
1
= 0.090
V
1
(1 + 9998.28)

= 0.090
V
1
(9999.28)

= 0.090

V
1
=

9.001 Volts

From (a)
When

R
L
= O

V
0

= -9.999
V
S

V
0
= -9.999V
S
Here V
S
= 0.1 V
V
0
= -9.999(0.1 V)

V
0
= -1 V

Therefore,

-10
5
(9.001 V) (-1 V)
I
0
=
10 O

-0.9001 V (-1 V)
I
0
=
10 O

0.0999 V
I
0
=
10 O

I
0
= 0.010 A

Graphical analysis:
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

I0 versus RL
-0.09
0.00009
0.01
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
RL (ohms)
I
0

(
A
)
Series1
Series1 -0.09 0.00009 0.01
10 20000
(c) Solution:

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
1.0 V
R
L
10 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1.0 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 10 10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 10

27000 27000

(0.0003333)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0.1) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.0003333)(0.2) + 0.3704V
e

=
(0.00037045)(0.2) + 0.0000000013719616

0.00006666 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.00007409 + 0.0000000013719616

0.00006666 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.00007409

V
1
= 0.900 + 4999.325V
e
Here V
e
= -V
1
V
1
= 0.900 + 4999.325(-V
1
)
V
1
= 0.900 - 4999.325V
1
V
1
+ 4999.325V
1
= 0.9
V
1
(1 + 4999.325)

= 0.9
V
1
(5000.325)

= 0.9

V
1
= 0.00018 Volts

From (a)
When

R
L
= 10 O

V
0

= -9.009
V
S

V
0
= -9.009V
S
Here V
S
= 1.0 V
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
= -9.009(1.0 V)

V
0
= -9.009 V


-10
5
(0.000018 V) (-9.009 V)
I
0
=
10 O

-1.8 V (-9.009 V)
I
0
=
10 O

7.209 V
I
0
=
10 O

I
0
= 0.721 A

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
1.0 V
R
L
20000 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1.0 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 2 10
4
10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 2 10
4

27000 27000

(0.0003333)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.0003333)(0.1) + 0.3704V
e

=
(0.00037045)(0.1) + 0.0000000013719616

0.00003333 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.000037045 + 0.0000000013719616

0.00003333 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.0000370463719616

V
1
= 0.90 + 9998.28V
e
Here V
e
= -V
1

V
1
= 0.90 + 9998.28(-V
1
)
V
1
= 0.90 - 9998.28V
1
V
1
+ 9998.28V
1
= 0.90
V
1
(1 + 9998.28)

= 0.90
V
1
(9999.28)

= 0.90

V
1
= 90.01 Volts

From (a)
When

R
L
= 20,000 O

V
0

= -9.009
V
S

V
0
= -9.009V
S
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Here V
S
= 1.0 V
V
0
= -9.009(1.0 V)

V
0
= -9.009 V

Therefore,

-10
5
(90.01 V) (-9.009 V)
I
0
=
10 O

-9.001 + 9.009
I
0
=
10 O

0.008 V
I
0
=
10 O

I
0
= 0.001 A

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
1.0 V
R
L
O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1.0 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10

27000 27000

(0.0003333)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + 0) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.0003333)(0.1) + 0.3704V
e

=
(0.00037045)(0.1) + 0.0000000013719616

0.00003333 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.000037045 + 0.0000000013719616

0.00003333 + 0.3704V
e

=
0.0000370463719616

V
1
= 0.90 + 9998.28V
e
Here V
e
= -V
1

V
1
= 0.90 + 9998.28(-V
1
)
V
1
= 0.90 - 9998.28V
1
V
1
+ 9998.28V
1
= 0.90
V
1
(1 + 9998.28)

= 0.90
V
1
(9999.28)

= 0.90

V
1
=

90.01 Volts

From (a)
When

R
L
= O

V
0

= -9.999
V
S

V
0
= -9.999V
S
Here V
S
= 1.0 V
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
= -9.999(1.0 V)

V
0
= -9.999 V

Therefore,

-10
5
(90.01 V) (-9.999 V)
I
0
=
10 O

-9.001 + 9.999
I
0
=
10 O

0.998 V
I
0
=
10 O

I
0
= 0.1 A

Graphical analysis:
I0 versus RL
0.721
0.001
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
RL (ohms)
I
0

(
A
)
Series1
Series1 0.721 0.001 0.1
10 20000

(d) Solution:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.4 V

0.4 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 R
L
10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 R
L
27000 27000

(0.0001333)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.0001333)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00037045)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.0000000013719616

0.0001333 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0.0000000013719616

0.0001333 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.0001333 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1

V
1
= 0.360 + 999.865 R
L
V
e

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.3 V

0.3 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 R
L
10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 R
L
27000 27000

(0.0001)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.0001)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00037045)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.0000000013719616

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.0001 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0.0000000013719616

0.0001 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0

0.0001 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1

V
1
= 0.270 + 999.865 R
L
V
e

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1

+ + +

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.2 V

0.2 1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1

+ +

+
3000

27000

10 R
L
10 27000

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 R
L
27000 27000

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(0.00006667)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00006667)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + (10000V
e
)(0.00003704)
=
(0.00037045)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.0000000013719616

0.00006667 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0.0000000013719616

0.00006667 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0

0.00006667 R
L
-1
+ 0.3704V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1

V
1
= 0.180 + 999.865 R
L
V
e

1 1 1 AV
e
1 V
S

+ + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
1

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.4 V

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1 0.4

+ + +
3000

10
8

27000

10

27000

3000

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 R
L
27000 27000

(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(10000V
e
) + (0.00003704)(0.0001333)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00037045)(10000V
e
) + 0.000000004937432
=
(0.00037045)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.0000000013719616

3.7045 V
e
+ 0
=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0

3.7045 V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1

V
0
= 10000 R
L
V
e

1 1 1 AV
e
1 V
S

+ + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
1

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.3 V

1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1 0.3

+ + +
3000

10
8

27000

10

27000

3000

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 R
L
27000 27000

(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(10000V
e
) + (0.00003704)(0.0001)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00037045)(10000V
e
) + 0.000000003704
=
(0.00037045)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.0000000013719616

3.7045 V
e
+ 0
=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0

3.7045 V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1

V
0
= 10000 R
L
V
e

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 AV
e
1 V
S

+ + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
1

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
R
1
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
2
27 k
R
1
3 k
V
S
0.2 V

1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1 0.2

+ + +
3000

10
8

27000

10

27000

3000

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
3000

10
8
27000 27000 10 R
L
27000 27000

(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(10000V
e
) + (0.00003704)(0.00006667)
=
(0.0003334 + 0.00000001 + 0.00003704)(0.00003704 + 0.1 + R
L
-1
) +
(0.00003704)(0.00003704)

(0.00037045)(10000V
e
) + 0.0000000024694568
=
(0.00037045)(0.1 + R
L
-1
) + 0.0000000013719616

3.7045 V
e
+ 0
=
0.00037045 R
L
-1
+ 0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

3.7045 V
e

=
0.00037045 R
L
-1

V
0
= 10000 R
L
V
e

When I
0
= 99 mA
V
S
= 0.4 V
From (b) eq. (i)
I
0
R
out
=

-AV
1
V
0

(99 mA)(10)

=

-10
5
(0.360 + 999.865 R
L
V
e
) (10000 R
L
V
e
)
Here V
e
= -V
1

(0.099)(10)

=

-10
5
(0.360 + 999.865 R
L
(-V
1
)) (10000 R
L
(-V
1
))
0.99

=

-10
5
(0.360 - 999.865 R
L
V
1
) + 10000 R
L
V
1

0.99

=

-36000 + 99986500 R
L
V
1
+ 10000 R
L
V
1
0.99

+ 36000 = 99996500 R
L
V
1

36000.99 = 99996500 R
L
V
1
According to virtual short
V
1
= V
S

36000.99 = 99996500 R
L
V
S
36000.99 = 99996500 R
L
(0.4)
36000.99 = 39998600 R
L

R
L
= 0.001 O

When I
0
= 98 mA
V
S
= 0.3 V
From (b) eq. (i)
I
0
R
out
=

-AV
1
V
0

(98 mA)(10)

=

-10
5
(0.270 + 999.865 R
L
V
e
) (10000 R
L
V
e
)
Here V
e
= -V
1

(0.098)(10)

=

-10
5
(0.270 + 999.865 R
L
(-V
1
)) (10000 R
L
(-V
1
))
0.98

=

-10
5
(0.270 - 999.865 R
L
V
1
) + 10000 R
L
V
1

0.98

=

-27000 + 99986500 R
L
V
1
+ 10000 R
L
V
1
0.98

+ 27000 = 99996500 R
L
V
1

27000.98 = 99996500 R
L
V
1
V
1
= V
S

27000.98 = 99996500 R
L
V
S
27000.98 = 99996500 R
L
(0.3)
27000.98 = 29998950 R
L

R
L
= 0.001 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

When I
0
= 97 mA
V
S
= 0.2 V
From (b) eq. (i)
I
0
R
out
=

-AV
1
V
0

(97 mA)(10)

=

-10
5
(0.180 + 999.865 R
L
V
e
) (10000 R
L
V
e
)
Here V
e
= -V
1

(0.097)(10)

=

-10
5
(0.180 + 999.865 R
L
(-V
1
)) (10000 R
L
(-V
1
))
0.97

=

-10
5
(0.180 - 999.865 R
L
V
1
) + 10000 R
L
V
1

0.97

=

-18000 + 99986500 R
L
V
1
+ 10000 R
L
V
1
0.97

+ 18000 = 99996500 R
L
V
1

18000.97 = 99996500 R
L
V
1
V
1
= V
S

18000.97 = 99996500 R
L
V
S
18000.97 = 99996500 R
L
(0.2)
18000.97 = 19999300 R
L

R
L
= 0.001 O

So,

R
L(min)
= 0.001 O

(e) Solution:
from fig. (c)

V
S
V
1

I
S
=
R
1

Here V
S
= V
1
Hint: Virtual ground
Therefore,
I
S
= 0 A in both cases.

Q#4.15: The op-amp in the amplifier in Fig. P4.15 operates with 15 V supplies and
can output no more than 200 mA. What is the maximum gain allowable for the
amplifier if the maximum value of V
S
is 1 V?
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S

I
0

V
0

R
L
= 50 O

R
2

R
1

R
1
+ R
2
= 10 kO

Fig. (a)

OP-AMP MODEL

I
0

V
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e
R
2

V
S
R
L
= 50 O

R
1

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
R
2
I
0

R
out

V
S

R
1
R
L
= 50 O

AV
e

Applying KCL at node labeled V
1

According to KCL

V
1
V
S
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
1
R
2

V
1
V
S
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 -1 V
S

+ + V
1
+

V
0
(i)
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e
V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
out
R
L

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
e
V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
L

-1 1 1 1 AV
e

V
1
+ + + V
0
(ii)
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out


1 1 1 -1 V
S

+ + V
1

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in

-1 1 1 1 AVe
+ + V
0

R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out

A X B

determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1
+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

-1 1 1 1
+ +
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2

V
0
=?

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 V
S

+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in

-1 AVe

R
2
R
out

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 AVe 1 V
S

+ + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
in

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
50 O

1 1 1 10
5
Ve 1 V
S

+ + +
10
8

R
1
R
2
10 R
2
10
8

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
10
8

R
1
R
2
R
2
10

50

R
2
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(0.00000001 + R
1
-1
+ R
2
-1
)(10000V
e
) + (R
2
-1
)(0.00000001V
S
)
=
(0.00000001 + R
1
-1
+ R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.1 + 0.02) - (R
2
)
-2

Here
R
2
= 10000 R
1
V
S
= 1 V

(0.00000001 + R
1
-1
+ (10000 R
1
)
-1
)(10000V
e
) + ((10000 R
1
)
-1
)(0.00000001(1 V))

(0.00000001 + R
1
-1
+ (10000 R
1
)
-1
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
+ 0.1 + 0.02) - (10000 R
1
)
-2

(R
1
-1
+ (10000 R
1
)
-1
)(10000V
e
)

(R
1
-1
+ (10000 R
1
)
-1
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
+ 0.12) - (10000 R
1
)
-2

(10000 R
1
)
-1
=?
When n is negative or fraction

n(n - 1)
(1 + x)
n
= 1 + nx + x
2
+
2!

(1 + x)
n
= 1 + nx + 0.5 n(n - 1)x
2
Hint:

2! = 2.1 = 2
(10000 R
1
)
-1
=?
(1 + (0.0001R
1
))
-1
=?
Here n = -1; x = 0.0001R
1

first three terms of the binomial expansion
(1 + (0.0001R
1
))
-1
= 1 + (-1)(0.0001R
1
) + 0.5(-1)(-1 - 1)(0.0001R
1
)
2
(1 + (0.0001R
1
))
-1
= 1 + 0.0001R
1
+ 0.5(-1)(-2)(0.00000001)R
1
2
(1 + (0.0001R
1
))
-1
= 1 + 0.0001R
1
+ 1(0.00000001)R
1
2
(1 + (0.0001R
1
))
-1
= 1 + 0 + 0

(1 + (0.0001R
1
))
-1
= 1

(R
1
-1
+ (10000 R
1
)
-1
)(10000V
e
)

(R
1
-1
+ (10000 R
1
)
-1
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
+ 0.12) - (10000 R
1
)
-1
(10000 R
1
)
-1

(R
1
-1
+ (1))(10000V
e
)

(R
1
-1
+ (1))((1) + 0.12) - (1)(1)

(R
1
-1
+ 1)(10000V
e
)

(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

An OP-AMP with a 15 V supply could typically produce a 14 V maximum output
swing.
Here V
0
= 14 V
Therefore,
14[1.12(R
1
-1
+ 1) - 1] = (R
1
-1
+ 1)(10000V
e
)
15.68(R
1
-1
+ 1) - 14 = (R
1
-1
+ 1)(10000V
e
)
Here V
e
= V
S
V
1
15.68(R
1
-1
+ 1) - 14 = (R
1
-1
+ 1)(10000(V
S
V
1
))
15.68(R
1
-1
+ 1) - 14 = (R
1
-1
+ 1)(10000V
S
10000V
1
)
Here V
S
= 1 V
15.68(R
1
-1
+ 1) - 14 = (R
1
-1
+ 1)(10000(1) 10000V
1
)
15.68(R
1
-1
+ 1) - 14 = (R
1
-1
+ 1)(10000 10000V
1
)
V
1
=?

V
S
-1

R
in
R
2

AVe 1 1 1
+ +
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
L

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2

V
S
1 1 1 AV
e
1
+ + +
R
in
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out
R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
50 O
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S
1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1
+ + +
10
8

R
2
10

50

10

R
2

V
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
10
8

R
1
R
2
R
2
10

50

R
2
R
2

(0.00000001 V
S
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.1 + 0.02) + (10000V
e
)(R
2
-1
)
=
(0.00000001 + R
1
-1
+ R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.1 + 0.02) - (R
2
)
-2

(0.00000001 V
S
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.1 + 0.02) + (10000V
e
)(R
2
-1
)
=
(R
1
-1
+ R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.12) - (R
2
)
-2

Here
R
2
= 10000 R
1
V
S
= 1 V

(0.00000001 V
S
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
+ 0.1 + 0.02) + (10000V
e
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
)
=
(R
1
-1
+ (10000 R
1
)
-1
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
+ 0.12) - (10000 R
1
)
-2

(0.00000001 V
S
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
+ 0.1 + 0.02) + (10000V
e
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
)
=
(R
1
-1
+ (10000 R
1
)
-1
)((10000 R
1
)
-1
+ 0.12) - (10000 R
1
)
-1
(10000 R
1
)
-1

As we already have
(1 + (0.0001R
1
))
-1
= 1

(0.00000001 V
S
)((1) + 0.1 + 0.02) + (10000V
e
)(1)
=
(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1 + 0.12) - (1)(1)

0.0000000112 V
S
+ 10000V
e

=
(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1

Here V
e
= V
S
V
1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.0000000112 V
S
+ 10000(V
S
V
1
)
=
(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1

[(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1]V
1
= 0.0000000112 V
S
+ 10000(V
S
V
1
)
[(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1]V
1
= 0.0000000112 V
S
+ 10000V
S
10000V
1

[(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1]V
1
+ 10000V
1
= 10000.0000000112 V
S

[[(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1] + 10000] V
1
= 10000.0000000112 V
S

10000.0000000112 V
S

V
1
=
[[(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1] + 10000]

15.68(R
1
-1
+ 1) - 14 = (R
1
-1
+ 1)(10000 10000V
1
)
15.68(R
1
-1
+ 1) - 14 = 10000(R
1
-1
+ 1) 10000V
1
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
15.68R
1
-1
+ 15.68 - 14 = 10000R
1
-1
+ 10000 10000V
1
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
15.68R
1
-1
+ 15.68 - 14 - 10000R
1
-1
- 10000 = 10000V
1
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
-9984.32 R
1
-1
- 9998.32 = 10000V
1
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
Substituting the corresponding value of V
1

10000.0000000112 V
S
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
-9984.32 R
1
-1
- 9998.32 =
[[(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1] + 10000]

(-9984.32 R
1
-1
- 9998.32) [[(R
1
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1] + 10000] = 10000 V
S
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
(-9984.32 R
1
-1
- 9998.32) [[1.12 R
1
-1
+ 1.12 1 + 10000] = 10000 V
S
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
(-9984.32 R
1
-1
- 9998.32) (1.12 R
1
-1
+ 10000.12) = 10000 V
S
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
-11182.4384 R
1
-2
-99844398.1184 R
1
-1
- 11198.1184 R
1
-1
- 99984399.7984 = 10000
V
S
(R
1
-1
+ 1)
Here V
S
= 1 V
-11182.4384 R
1
-2
-99844398.1184 R
1
-1
- 11198.1184 R
1
-1
- 99984399.7984 = 10000(1
V)(R
1
-1
+ 1)
-11182.4384 R
1
-2
-99844398.1184 R
1
-1
- 11198.1184 R
1
-1
- 99984399.7984 = 10000(R
1
-1

+ 1)
-11182.4384 R
1
-2
-99844398.1184 R
1
-1
- 11198.1184 R
1
-1
- 99984399.7984 = 10000R
1
-1
+
10000
-11182.4384 R
1
-2
-99844398.1184 R
1
-1
- 11198.1184 R
1
-1
- 99984399.7984 - 10000R
1
-1
-
10000 = 0
-11182.4384 R
1
-2
-99865596.2368 R
1
-1
-99994399.7984 = 0
neglecting the higher order terms
-99865596.2368 R
1
-1
= 99994399.7984
R
1
-1
= -1.001
R
1
= -0.999
(R
1
( = 0.999 O (R
1
( = R
1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
1
+ R
2
= 10000 O
0.999 O + R
2
= 10000 O

R
2

= 9999.001 O

1 1 1 AVe 1 V
S

+ + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
in

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
50 O
R
1
0.999 O
R
2
9999.001 O

1 1 1 10
5
V
e
1 V
S

+ + +
10
8

0.999

9999.001

10

9999.001 10
8

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
10
8

0.999

9999.001 9999.001 10 50 9999.001 9999.001

(0.00000001 + 1.001 + 0.0001)(10000V
e
) + (0.0001)(0.00000001V
S
)
=
(0.00000001 + 1.001 + 0.0001)(0.0001 + 0.1 + 0.02) - (0.0001)(0.0001)

(1.00110001)(10000V
e
) + 0.000000000001(1 V)
=
(1.00110001)(0.1201) - 0.00000001

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

10011.0001V
e
+ 0.000000000001
=
0.120232111201

V
0
= 83263.947V
e

Here
V
e
= V
S
V
1
V
0
= 83263.947(V
S
V
1
)

V
S
= 1 V
V
0
= 83263.947(1 V
1
)

From above

10000(1)
V
1
=
[[(0.999
-1
+ 1)(1.12) - 1] + 10000]

10000
V
1
=
10001.241121121121121121121121121

V
1
= 0.99987590328979269788085600443015 Volts

Now
V
0
= 83263.947(1 0.99987590328979269788085600443015)

V
0
= 83263.947(0.0001241)

V
0
= 10.3330558227 Volts

V
0

Maximum allowable gain =
V
S

10.3330558227 V
Maximum allowable gain =
1 V

Maximum allowable gain = 10.3330558227

Q#4.16: For the amplifier in Fig. P4.16, the maximum value of V
S
is 2 V and the OP-
AMP can deliver no more than 100 mA.
(a) If 10 V supplies are used, what is the maximum allowable value of R
2
?
(b) Repeat for 3 V supplies.
(c) Discuss the impact of the supplies on the maximum allowable gain.
Solution:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
S

I
0

V
0

R
2

R
1
100 O

R
L
= 10 O

Fig. (a)

OP-AMP MODEL

I
0

V
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e
R
2

V
S
R
L
= 10 O

R
1

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
R
2
I
0

R
out

V
S

R
1
R
L
= 50 O

AV
e

1

According to KCL

V
1
V
S
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
1
R
2

V
1
V
S
V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 -1 V
S

+ + V
1
+

V
0
(i)
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e
V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
out
R
L

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Here
V
e
= V
S
V
1

V
0
V
1
V
0
A[V
S
V
1
]

V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
out
R
L

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
S
+ AV
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
out
R
L

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
S
AV
1
V
0

+ + + 0
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
out
R
L

A 1 1 1 1 AV
S

V
1
+ + + V
0
(ii)
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out


1 1 1 -1 V
S

+ + V
1

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in

A 1 1 1 1 AV
S

+ + V
0

R
out
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
out

A X B

determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1
+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 1 1 1
+ +
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1
+ + + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
out
R
2

1 1 1 V
S

+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in

A 1 AV
S

R
out
R
2
R
out

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1
+ + + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
out
R
2

1 1 1 AV
S
V
S
A 1
+ + -
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
in
R
out
R
2

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1
+ + + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
L
R
2
R
out
R
2


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
R
L
10 O
R
1
100 O
V
S
2 V

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 10
5
(2) 2

10
5
1
+ + -
10
8

100

R
2
10 10
8
10 R
2

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
5
1
+ + + + +
10
8

100

R
2
R
2
10

10

R
2
10

R
2

(0.00000001 + 0.01 + R
2
-1
)(10000(2)) (0.00000002)(10000 R
2
-1
)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.01 + R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.1 + 0.1) + (R
2
-1
)(10000 R
2
-1
)

(0.01000001 + R
2
-1
)(20000) - 0.0002 + 0.00000002 R
2
-1

=
(0.01000001 + R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.2) + (R
2
-1
)(10000 R
2
-1
)

swing.
Here V
0
= 9 V
9[(0.01000001 + R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.2) + (R
2
-1
)(10000 R
2
-1
)] = (0.01000001 + R
2
-1
)(20000) -
0.0002 + 0.00000002 R
2
-1
9[(0.01000001 + R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.2) + (R
2
-1
)(10000 R
2
-1
)] = 200.0002 + 20000 R
2
-1
-
0.0002 + 0.00000002 R
2
-1

9[0.01000001 R
2
-1
+ 0.002000002 + R
2
-2
+ 0.2 R
2
-1
+ 10000 R
2
-1
- R
2
-2
] = 200 +
20000.00000002 R
2
-1
9[10000.21000001 R
2
-1
+ 0.002000002] = 200 + 20000.00000002 R
2
-1
90001.89000009 R
2
-1
+ 0.018000018 = 200 + 20000.00000002 R
2
-1
90001.89000009 R
2
-1
+ 0.018000018 - 200 - 20000.00000002 R
2
-1
= 0
70001.89000007

R
2
-1
- 199.981999982 = 0
70001.89000007

R
2
-1
= 199.981999982
R
2
-1
= 0.0028568085801940493806579567572155

R
2

= 350.041 O

(b) Solution:
An OP-AMP with a 3 V supply could typically produce a 2 V maximum output swing.
Here V
0
= 2 V
2[(0.01000001 + R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.2) + (R
2
-1
)(10000 R
2
-1
)] = (0.01000001 + R
2
-1
)(20000) -
0.0002 + 0.00000002 R
2
-1
2[(0.01000001 + R
2
-1
)(R
2
-1
+ 0.2) + (R
2
-1
)(10000 R
2
-1
)] = 200.0002 + 20000 R
2
-1
-
0.0002 + 0.00000002 R
2
-1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2[0.01000001 R
2
-1
+ 0.002000002 + R
2
-2
+ 0.2 R
2
-1
+ 10000 R
2
-1
- R
2
-2
] = 200 +
20000.00000002 R
2
-1
2[10000.21000001 R
2
-1
+ 0.002000002] = 200 + 20000.00000002 R
2
-1
20000.42000002 R
2
-1
+ 0.004000004 = 200 + 20000.00000002 R
2
-1
20000.42000002 R
2
-1
+ 0.004000004 - 200 - 20000.00000002 R
2
-1
= 0
0.42 R
2
-1
-199.995999996 = 0

R
2

= 476.181 O

(c) Solution:
V
S
(V) Output Voltage V
0
(V) Gain

2
9

V
0
9 V

V
S
2 V

Gain = 4.5
2

V
0
2 V

V
S
2 V

Gain = 1

Q#4.17: For the circuit in Fig. P4.17.
(a) find V
0
in terms of V
1
and V
2
.
(b) If V
1
= 2 V and V
2
= 6 V, find V
0
.
(c) If the OP-AMP supplies are 12 V and V
1
= 4 V, what is the allowable range of V
2
?
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1

V
0

V
2

2 kO

2 kO

1 kO

Fig. (a)

OP-AMP MODEL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e
2 kO

V
1

2 kO

1 kO

V
2

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
2 kO

R
out

V
1
2 kO

1 kO

AV
e

V
2

Fig. (3)
3

According to KCL

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
0

+ + + 0
R
in
2 k 1 k 2 k

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
0

+ + + 0
R
in
R
in
2 k 2 k 1 k 2 k 2 k

1 1 1 1 -1 V
1
V
2

+ + + V
3
+ V
0
+
R
in
2 k 1 k 2 k 2 k R
in
2 k

1 2 -1 V
1
V
2

+ V
3
+ V
0

+ (i)
R
in
k 2 k R
in

2 k

0

According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
3
V
0
- AV
e

+ 0
2 k R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
e

+ 0
2 k 2 k R
out
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
1
V
3

V
0
V
3
V
0
A[V
1
V
3
]
+ 0
2 k 2 k R
out
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
1
AV
3

+ + 0
2 k 2 k R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1 AV
1

V
3
+ + V
0
(ii)
R
out
2 k R
out
2 k R
out


1 2 -1 V
1
V
2

+ V
3
+
R
in
k 2 k R
in
2 k

A 1 1 1 AV
1

+ V
0

R
out
2 k R
out
2 k R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

determinant of A =

1 2 -1

+

R
in
k 2 k

A 1 1 1
+
R
out
2 k R
out
2 k

1 2 1 1 1 A 1
+ + +
R
in
k R
out
2 k 2 k R
out
2 k

V
0
=?

1 2 V
1
V
2

+ +

R
in
k R
in
2 k

A 1 AV
1

R
out
2 k

R
out

1 2 1 1 1 A 1
+ + +
R
in
k R
out
2 k 2 k R
out
2 k

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

AV
1
1 2 A 1 V
1
V
2

+ +
R
out
R
in
k R
out
2 k R
in
2 k

1 2 1 1 1 A 1
+ + +
R
in
k R
out
2 k 2 k R
out
2 k


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

10
5
V
1
1

2 10
5
1 V
1
V
2

+ +
10 10
8
k 10 2 k 10
8
2 k

1 2 1 1 1 10
5
1
+ + +
10
8

k 10

2 k 2 k 10

2 k

10000V
1
(0.00000001 + 0.002) (10000 - 0.0005)(0.00000001V
1
+ 0.0005V
2
)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.002)(0.1 + 0.0005) + (0.0005)(10000 0.0005)

10000V
1
(0.002) (9999.9995)(0.0005V
2
)
=
(0.002)(0.1) + (0.0005)(9999.9995)

20V
1
- 5V
2

=
0.0002 + 5

20V
1
- 5V
2

=
5

V
0
= 4V
1
- V
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(b) Solution:
V
0
=?
Here
V
1
= 2 V
V
2
= 6 V
V
0
= 4(2 V) - 6 V
V
0
= 8 V 6 V

V
0
= 2 V

(c) Solution:
Here V
1
= 4 V
swing.
When V
0
= +11 V
11 = 4(4 V) - V
2

11 = 16 - V
2
-5 = -V
2

V
2
= 5 V

When V
0
= -11 V
-11 = 4(4 V) - V
2

-11 = 16 - V
2
-27 = -V
2

V
2
= 27 V

5 V s V
2
s 27 V

Q#4.18: Find V
0
in the circuit in Fig. P4.18 assuming the OP-AMP is ideal.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

5 kO

1 kO
+

1 V V
0

-

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

5 k

OP-AMP MODEL

I
0

V
0

R
in
R
out

1 k

AV
e

1 V

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

1 k 5 k

V
-
R
out

1 V

R
in

V
+

AV
e

Fig. (c)
1

According to KCL

V
1
1 V V
1
0 V V
1
V
0

+ + 0
1 k R
in
5 k

V
1
1

V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
1 k 1 k R
in
5 k 5 k

1 1 1 -1 1
+ + V
1
+ V
0
(i)
1 k 5 k R
in
5 k 1 k

0

According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e

+ 0
5 k

R
out

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
e

+ 0
5 k 5 k R
out
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 V V
1

V
e
= V
1

V
0
V
1
V
0
A(-V
1
)
+ 0
5 k 5 k R
out
R
out

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
1

+ + 0
5 k 5 k R
out
R
out

-1 A 1 1
+ V
1
+ + V
0
0 (ii)
5 k R
out
5 k R
out


1 6 -1

+ V
1
0.001

R
in
5

k 5 k

A 1 1 1
+ V
0
0
R
out
5 k R
out
5 k

A X B

determinant of A =?

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 6 -1

+

R
in
5

k 5 k

A 1 1 1
+

R
out
5 k R
out
5 k

1 6 1 1 A 1 1
+ + +
R
in
5 k R
out
5 k R
out
5 k 5 k

V
0
=?

1 6

+ 0.001

R
in
5

k

A 1
0

R
out
5 k

V
0
=

1 6 1 1 A 1 1
+ + +
R
in
5 k R
out
5 k R
out
5 k 5 k

A 1
-0.001
R
out
5 k

V
0
=

1 6 1 1 A 1 1
+ + +
R
in
5 k R
out
5 k R
out
5 k 5 k


Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

10
5
1
-0.001
10

5 k

V
0
=

1 6 1 1 10
5
1 1
+ + +
10
8

5 k 10

5 k 10

5 k 5 k

-0.001(10000 - 0.0002)
=
(0.00000001 + 0.0012)(0.1 + 0.0002) + (10000 - 0.0002)(0.0002)

-10
=
(0.001)(0.1) + 2

-10
=
2

V
0
= -5 Volts

Q#4.19: The network in Fig. P4.19 is a current-to-voltage converter or transconductance
amplifier. Find V
0
/i
S
for this network.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 O

+

i
S
V
0

-

Fig. (a)

1 O

OP-AMP MODEL

V
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e

i
S

Fig. (b)
-
+

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

1 O

V
-
R
out

i
S

R
in

V
+

AV
e

Fig. (c)
1

According to KCL

V
1
V
1
V
0

+ i
S

R
in
1

V
1

+ V
1
V
0
= i
S

R
in

1
+ 1 V
1
+

-1 V
0
= i
S
(i)
R
in

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e

+ 0
1

R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
AV
e

V
0
V
1
+ 0
R
out
R
out

1 AV
e

-1 V
1
+ 1 + V
0
(ii)
R
out
R
out


1

V
1
i
S

+ 1 -1

R
in

1 AV
e

-1 1 +

R
out
V
0
R
out

A X B

determinant of A =?

1

+ 1 -1

R
in

1
-1 1 +

R
out

1 1
+ 1 1 + 1
R
in
R
out

V
0
=?

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1

+ 1 i
S

R
in

AV
e

-1

R
out

1 1
+ 1 1 + 1
R
in
R
out

AV
e
1
+ 1 + i
S

R
out
R
in

1 1
+ 1 1 + 1
R
in
R
out


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

10
5
V
e
1
+ 1 + i
S

10 10
8

1 1
+ 1 1 + 1
10
8
10

10000V
e
(0.00000001 + 1) + i
S

=
(0.00000001 + 1)(1 + 0.1) - 1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

10000V
e
+ i
S

=
(1)(1.1) - 1

V
0
= 100000Ve + 10i
S
Here
Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 V V
1

V
e
= V
1

V
0
= 100000(-V
1
) + 10i
S
V
0
= -100000V
1
+ 10i
S
V
1
=?

i
S

-1

AV
e
1
1 +

R
out
R
out

1 1
+ 1 1 + 1
R
in
R
out

1 AV
e

i
S
+ 1 +

R
out
R
out

1 1
+ 1 1 + 1
R
in
R
out


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 10
5
V
e

i
S
+ 1 +
10 10

1 1
+ 1 1 + 1
10
8
10

i
S
(0.1 + 1) + 10000V
e

=
(0.00000001 + 1)(1 + 0.1) - 1

i
S
(1.1) + 10000V
e

=
(1)(1.1) - 1

0.1V
1
= i
S
(1.1) + 10000V
e
Here
V
e
= -V
1
0.1V
1
= i
S
(1.1) + 10000(-V
1
)
0.1V
1
= i
S
(1.1) - 10000V
1
0.1V
1
+ 10000V
1
= i
S
(1.1)
10000.1V
1
= i
S
(1.1)
V
1
= 0.00011i
S
V
0
= -100000(0.00011i
S
) + 10i
S
V
0
= -11i
S
+ 10i
S
V
0
= -1i
S

V
0

-1
i
S

Q#4.20: Calculate the transfer function i
0
/V
1
for the network shown in Fig. P4.20.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1

i
0

R
F

R
I

Fig. (a)

OP-AMP MODEL

R
in
R
out

AV
e
R
F

V
1

R
I

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
2

V
+
R
in
V
-
R
F

i
0

R
out

V
1

R
I

AV
e

2

According to KCL

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
2
- AV
e

+ + 0
R
in
R
I
R
F
+ R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= V
1
- V
2

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
2
A(V
1
V
2
)
+ + 0
R
in
R
I
R
F
+ R
out

In accordance with virtual short
V
2
= V
1

V
1
V
1
V
1
V
1
A(V
1
V
1
)
+ + 0
R
in
R
I
R
F
+ R
out

V
1
V
1

+ 0
R
I
R
F
+ R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1

+ (-i
0
) 0 Hint: from above
R
I

V
1

i
0

R
I

i
0
R
I
= V
1

i
0
1

V
1
R
I

Q#4.21: Determine the relationship between V
1
and i
0
in the circuit shown in Fig. P4.21.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

R
F

V
1

I
0

R
I

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
F

OP-AMP MODEL

I
0

R
in
R
out

R
I
AV
e

V
1

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
2

R
I
V
-
R
F

i
0

R
out

V
1

R
in

V
+
AV
e

2

According to KCL

V
2
V
1
V
2

+ i
0

R
I
R
in

In accordance with virtual short
V
2
= 0 V

0 V V
1
0 V

+ i
0

R
I
R
in

-V
1

i
0

R
I

i
0
R
I
= -V
1

i
0
-1

V
1
R
I

Q#4.22: Find V
0
in the network in Fig. P4.22 and explain what effect R
1
has on the
output.

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Solution:
Circuit diagram:

10 O

2 O
+

2 V

V
0

R
1
= 10 O

-

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

10 O

OP-AMP MODEL

V
0

R
in
R
out

2 O

AV
e

10 O

2 V

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

2 O 10 O

V
-
R
out

2 V

R
in

V
+

AV
e

R
1

Fig. (c)
1

According to KCL

V
1
2 V V
1
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
2 R
in
+ R
1
10

V
1
V
1

1 + + 0.1[V
1
V
0
] = 0
2 R
in
+ R
1

V
1

0.5V
1
1 + + 0.1V
1
0.1V
0
= 0
R
in
+ R
1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1
0.6 + V
1
+ -0.1 V
0
1 (i)
R
in
+ R
1

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e

+ 0
10

R
out

0.1(V
0
V
1
) + 0.1(V
0
- AV
e
) = 0 Hint: R
out
= 10 O
0.1V
0
0.1V
1
+ 0.1V
0
0.1AV
e
= 0

-0.1 V
1
+ 0.2 V
0
0.1AV
e
(ii)


1
0.6 + -0.1 V
1
1
R
in
+ R
1

-0.1 0.2 V
0
0.1AV
e

A X B

determinant of A =

1
0.6 + -0.1

R
in
+ R
1

-0.1 0.2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1
0.2 0.6 + 0.01
R
in
+ R
1

V
1
=?
1 -0.1

0.1AV
e
0.2

1
0.2 0.6 + 0.01
R
in
+ R
1

(1)(0.2) + 0.1(0.1AVe)

1
0.2 0.6 + 0.01
R
in
+ R
1

0.2 + 0.01AVe

1
0.2 0.6 + 0.01
R
in
+ R
1


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
1
10 O

0.2 + 0.01(10
5
)Ve

1
0.2 0.6 + 0.01
10
8
+ 10

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0.2 + 1000V
e

=
0.2(0.6) 0.01

0.11V
1
= 0.2 + 1000V
e
Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
from fig. (c)
According to Voltage divider rule

R
1

V
+
= V
1

R
in
+ R
1

10
V
+
= V
1

10
8
+ 10

V
+
= 10 10
-8
V
1
V
e
= 10 10
-8
V
1
- V
1
V
e
= (10 10
-8
1)V
1
V
e
= (-1)V
1
V
e
= -V
1
0.11V
1
= 0.2 + 1000(-V
1
)
0.11V
1
= 0.2 - 1000V
1
0.11V
1
+ 1000V
1
= 0.2
1000.11V
1
= 0.2

V
1
= 0.0002 Volts

V
0
=?
1 1
0.6 +

R
in
+ R
1

-0.1 0.1AV
e

1
0.2 0.6 + 0.01
R
in
+ R
1

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1
0.1AV
e
0.6 + 0.1
R
in
+ R
1

1
0.2 0.6 + 0.01
R
in
+ R
1


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
1
10 O

1
0.1AV
e
0.6 + 0.1
10
8
+ 10

1
0.2 0.6 + 0.01
10
8
+ 10

0.11V
0
=

0.1AV
e
(0.6) 0.1
0.11V
0
=

0.1(10
5
)(-V
1
)

(0.6) 0.1
0.11V
0
=

0.1(10
5
)(-0.0002)

(0.6) 0.1
0.11V
0
=

-1.2 0.1
0.11V
0
=

-1.3

V
0
= -11.818 Volts

from above we come to the point that R
1
has no effect on the output.

Q#4.23: Determine the expression for V
0
in the network in Fig. P4.23.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
2

V
A

V
0

R
1

V
B

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
2

OP-AMP MODEL

V
0

R
in
R
out

R
1
AV
e

V
A
V
B

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

R
1
R
2

V
-
R
out

V
A

R
in

V
+

AV
e

V
B

Fig. (c)
1

According to KCL

V
1
- V
A
V
1
V
B
V
1
V
0
+ + 0
R
1
R
in
R
2

V
1
V
A
V
1
V
B
V
1
V
0

+ + 0
R
1
R
1
R
in
R
in
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 -1 V
A
V
B

+ + V
1
+ V
0
+ (i)
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1
R
in

0
According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e

+ = 0
R
2
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
V
-
V
e
= V
B
V
1

V
0
V
1
V
0
A(V
B
V
1
)

+ 0
R
2
R
out

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
B
+ AV
1

+ 0
R
2
R
out

V
0
V
1
V
0
AV
B
AV
1

+ + 0
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1 AV
B

V
1
+ + V
0
(i)
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out

1 1 1 -1 V
A
V
B

+ + V
1
+
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1
R
in

A 1 1 1 AV
B

+ V
0

R
out
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out

A X B

determinant of A =

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 -1
+ +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 1 1
+
R
out
R
2
R
2
R
out

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
2

V
0
=?

1 1 1 V
A
V
B

+ + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
1

R
in

A 1 AV
B

+
R
out
R
2
R
out

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
2

AV
B
1 1 1 A 1 V
A
V
B

+ + + +
R
out
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
in

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
2

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

1 1 1 1 1
>> & << &
R
0
R
2
R
i
R
1
R
2

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
2
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

AV
B
1 1 A V
A

+
R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
1

1 1 1 A 1
+ +
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out

R
2

Q#4.24: Show that the output of the circuit in Fig. P4.24 is

R
2
R
2

V
0
= 1 + V
1
V
2

R
1
R
1

Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1

R
3

V
0

R
4

R
2

R
1

V
2

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

OP-AMP MODEL

V
0

R
in
R
out

AV
e
R
2

R
3

R
4

V
1
R
1

V
2

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
R
2

R
out

R
3

R
1
R
4

AV
e

V
1

V
2

Here Fig. (c)
R
3
+ R
in
~ R
in
V
3
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
R
2

R
out

R
1
R
4

AV
e

V
1

V
2

Fig. (c)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

3

According to KCL

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
2
V
3
V
0

+ + 0
R
3
+ R
in
R
1
R
2

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
2
V
3
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
1
R
2

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
2
V
3
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
in
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 -1 V
1
V
2

+ + V
3
+ V
0
+ (i)
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in
R
1

V
0
V
3
V
0
- AV
e
V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
out
R
4

V
e
= V
1
V
3

V
0
V
3
V
0
A(V
1
V
3
)

V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
out
R
4

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
1
+ AV
3
V
0

+ + 0
R
2
R
out
R
4

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
1
AV
3
V
0

+ + + 0
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
out
R
4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1 1 1 1 AV
1

V
3
+ + + V
0
(ii)
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
4
R
out


1 1 1 -1 V
1
V
2

+ + V
3
+

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in
R
1

A 1 1 1 1 AV
1

+ + V
0

R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
4
R
out

A X B

determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1
+ +

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 1 1 1
+ +
R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
4

1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
4
R
out
R
2
R
2

V
0
=?

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 V
1
V
2

+ + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in
R
1

A 1 AV
1

R
out
R
2
R
out

1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
4
R
out
R
2
R
2

1 1 1 AV
1
A 1 V
1
V
2

+ + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
in
R
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + + +
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
4
R
out
R
2
R
2

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & & << &
R
0
R
2
R
4
R
i
R
1
R
2

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
2
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 AV
1
A V
2

+
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
1

1 1 1 A 1
+ +
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2

Q#4.25: Find V
0
in the network in Fig. P4.25.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

4 O

1 O
+

5 V

V
0

4 V

-

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

4 O

OP-AMP MODEL

V
0

R
in
R
out

1 O

AV
e

4 V

5 V

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

1 O 4 O

V
-
R
out

5 V

R
in

V
+

AV
e

4 V

Fig. (c)
1

According to KCL

V
1
5 V
1
- 4 V
1
V
0

+ + 0
1 R
in
4

V
1
4
V
1
5 + + 0.25 V
1
0.25 V
0
= 0
R
in
R
in

1 4
1.25 + V
1
+ -0.25 V
0
5 + (i)
R
in
R
in

0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e

+ 0
4 R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 4 V
1

V
0
V
1
V
0
A(4 V
1
)
+ 0
4 R
out

V
0
V
1
V
0
4A + AV
1

+ 0
4 R
out

V
0
V
1
V
0
4A AV
1

+ + 0
4 4 R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 4A
0.25 + + 0.25 (ii)
R
out
R
out
R
out


1 4
1.25 + -0.25 V
1
5 +
R
in
R
in

A 1 4A
0.25 + 0.25 V
0

R
out
R
out
R
out

A X B

determinant of A =

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1
1.25 + -0.25

R
in

A 1
0.25 + 0.25
R
out
R
out

1 1 A
1.25 + + 0.25 + (0.25) 0.25
R
in
R
out
R
out

V
0
=?

1 4
1.25 + 5 +
R
in
R
in

A 4A
0.25
R
out
R
out

1 1 A
1.25 + + 0.25 + (0.25) 0.25
R
in
R
out
R
out

1 4A A 4
1.25 + 0.25 5 +
R
in
R
out
R
out
R
in

1 1 A
1.25 + + 0.25 + (0.25) 0.25
R
in
R
out
R
out


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 4(10
5
) 10
5
4
1.25 + 0.25 5 +
10
8
10 10 10
8

1 1 10
5

1.25 + + 0.25 + 0.25 0.25
10
8
10 10

(1.25 + 0.00000001)(40000) (10000 0.25)(5 + 0.00000004)
=
(1.25 + 0.00000001)(0.1 + 0.25) + 0.25(10000 0.25)

(1.25000001)(40000) (9999.75)(5.00000004)
=
(1.25000001)(0.35) + 0.25(9999.75)

50000.0004 49998.75039999
=
0.4375000035 + 2499.9375

1.25000001
=
2500.3750000035

V
0
= 0.0004999 Volts

Q#4.26: Find the voltage gain of the op-amp circuit shown in Fig. P4.26.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

20 kO

+

80 kO
V
1

24 kO V
0

1 kO
-

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

OP-AMP MODEL

+
20 kO

R
in
R
out

AV
e
24

kO

V
1
80 kO
V
0

1 kO

-

Fig. (b)

V
2
V
3
V
0

20 kO V
+
R
in
V
-
24 kO

R
out

V
1

80 kO 1 kO

AV
e

Fig. (c)
2

According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893


V
2
V
1
V
2
V
2
V
3

+ + 0
20000 80000 R
in

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
2
V
3

+ + 0
20000 20000 80000 R
in
R
in

1 1 1 -1 V
1

+ + V
2
+ V
3
(i)
R
in
20000 80000 R
in
20000

3

According to KCL

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
1000 24000

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
in
1000 24000 24000

-1 1 1 1 -1
V
2
+ + + V
3
+ V
0
0 (ii)
R
in
R
in
1000 24000 24000

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
3
V
0
- AV
e

+ 0
24000 R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-

V
e
= V
2
- V
3

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
3
V
0
A(V
2
- V
3
)
+ 0
24000 R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
2
AV
3

+ + 0
24000 24000 R
out
R
out
R
out

-A A 1 1 1
V
2
+ V
3
+ + V
0
0 (iii)
R
out
R
out
24000 R
out
24000

Writing equations (i), (ii) & (iii) in matrix form

1 1 1 -1
+ + 0 V
2

R
in
20000 80000 R
in

-1 1 1 1 -1
+ + V
3

R
in
R
in
1000 24000 24000

-A A 1 1 1
+ V
0

R
out
R
out
24000 R
out
24000

A X
V
1

20000

0

0

B

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1
+ + 0
R
in
20000 80000 R
in

-1 1 1 1 -1
+ +
R
in
R
in
1000 24000 24000

-A A 1 1 1
+
R
out
R
out
24000 R
out
24000

1 1 1 -1
+ +
1 1 1 R
in
1000

24000 24000
+ +
R
in
20000 80000 A 1 1 1
+
R
out
24000

R
out
24000

-1 -1

-1 R
in
24000
+ 0
R
in
-A 1 1
+

R
out
R
out
24000

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1
+ +
R
in
20000 80000

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + + +
R
in
1000 24000 R
out
24000 R
out
24000 24000

1 -1 1 1 A 1
+
R
in
R
in
R
out
24000 R
out
24000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

1 1 1
+ +
10
8

20000 80000

1 1 1 1 1 10
5
1 1
+ + + + +
10
8

1000 24000 10

24000 10

24000 24000

1 -1 1 1 10
5
1
+
10
8

10
8

10

24000 10

24000

= (0.00000001 + 0.00005 + 0.0000125)[(0.00000001 + 0.001 + 0.00004167)(0.1 +
0.00004167) + (10000 - 0.00004167)(0.00004167)] + (0.00000001)[(-0.00000001)(0.1 +
0.00004167) (10000)(0.00004167)]

= (0.00006251)[(0.00104168)(0.10004167) + (9999.99995833)(0.00004167)] +
(0.00000001)[(-0.00000001)(0.100004167) 0.4167]

= (0.00006251)[0.0001042114068056 + 0.4166999982636111] + (0.00000001)[-
0.00000000100004167 0.4167]
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

= 0.000026054431146497747917 - 0.0000000041670000100004167

A = 0.0000260502641464877475003

V
0
=?

1 1 1 -1 V
1

+ +
R
in
20000 80000 R
in
20000

-1 1 1 1
+ + 0
R
in
R
in
1000 24000

-A A 1
0
R
out
R
out
24000

A

1 1 1 zero
+ + 0
1 1 1 R
in
1000

24000
+ +
R
in
20000 80000 A 1
0
R
out
24000

-1 zero -1 1 1 1
0 + +
-1 R
in
V
1
R
in
R
in
1000 24000
+
R
in
-A 20000 -A A 1
0

R
out
R
out
R
out
24000

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
-1 1 1 1
1 + +
R
in
R
in
1000 24000
20000
-A A 1

R
out
R
out
24000

A
V
1

1 -1 A 1 A 1 1 1
+ + +
20000 R
in
R
out
24000 R
out
R
in
1000 24000

A


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

1 -1 10
5
1 10
5
1 1 1
+ + +
20000 10
8
10 24000 10

10
8

1000 24000

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

(0.00005)[(-0.00000001)(10000 - 0.00004167) + (10000)(0.00000001 + 0.001 +
0.00004167)]

0.0000260502641464877475003

(0.00005)[(-0.00000001)(9999.99995833) + (10000)(0.00104168)]

0.0000260502641464877475003

(0.00005)[-0.0000999999995833 + 10.4168]

0.0000260502641464877475003

0.000520835000000020835

0.0000260502641464877475003

Gain = 19.993

Q#4.27: For the circuit in Fig. P4.27 find the value of R
1
that produces a voltage
gain of 10.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

+

V
1

18 kO V
0

R
1

-

Fig. (a)
OP-AMP MODEL

+

R
in
R
out

AV
e
18

kO

V
1

V
0

R
1

-

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
2
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
18 kO

R
out

V
1

R
1

AV
e

Fig. (c)
2

According to KCL

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
2
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
1
18000

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
2
V
0

+ + 0
R
in
R
in
R
1
18000 18000

1 1 1 -1 V
1

+ + V
2
+ V
0
(i)
R
in
R
1
18000 18000 R
in

0

According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
2
V
0
- AV
e

+ 0
18000 R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-

V
e
= V
1
V
2

V
0
V
2
V
0
A(V
1
V
2
)
+ 0
18000 R
out

V
0
V
2
V
0
AV
1
AV
2

+ + 0
18000 18000 R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1 AV
1

V
2
+ + V
0
(ii)
R
out
18000 R
out
18000 R
out


1 1 1 -1 V
1

+ + V
2

R
in
R
1
18000 18000 R
in

A 1 1 1 AV
1

+ V
0

R
out
18000 R
out
18000 R
out

A X B

determinant of A =

1 1 1 -1
+ +
R
in
R
1
18000 18000

A 1 1 1
+
R
out
18000 R
out
18000

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
18000 R
out
18000 R
out
18000 18000

V
0
=?

1 1 1 V
1

+ +
R
in
R
1
18000 R
in

A 1 AV
1

R
out
18000 R
out

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
18000 R
out
18000 R
out
18000 18000

1 1 1 AV
1
A 1 V
1

+ +
R
in
R
1
18000 R
out
R
out
18000 R
in

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
18000 R
out
18000 R
out
18000 18000

1 1 1 A A 1 1
V
1
+ +
R
in
R
1
18000 R
out
R
out
18000 R
in

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
R
in
R
1
18000 R
out
18000 R
out
18000 18000

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
1 1 1 A A 1 1
+ +
R
in
R
1
18000 R
out
R
out
18000 R
in

1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1
+ + + +
V
1
R
in
R
1
18000 R
out
18000 R
out
18000 18000


R
in
10
8
O
A 10
5

R
out
10 O

1 1 1 10
5
10
5
1 1
+ +
10
8

R
1
18000 10

10

18000 10
8

1 1 1 1 1 10
5
1 1
+ + + +
10
8

R
1
18000 10

18000 10

18000 18000

(0.00000001 + R
1
-1
+

0.00005556)(10000) (10000 - 0.00005556)(0.00000001)

(0.00000001 + R
1
-1
+

0.00005556)(0.1 + 0.00005556) + (10000 - 0.00005556)(
0.00005556)

(0.00005557 + R
1
-1
)(10000) (9999.99994444)(0.00000001)

(0.00005557 + R
1
-1
)(0.10005556) + (9999.99994444)(0.00005556)

10000 R
1
-1
+

0.5557 0.0000999999994444

0.10005556 R
1
-1
+ 0.0000055600874692 + 0.5555999969130864

10000 R
1
-1
+ 0.5556000000005556

0.10005556 R
1
-1
+ 0.5556055570005556

10(0.10005556 R
1
-1
+ 0.5556055570005556) = 10000 R
1
-1
+ 0.5556000000005556
1.0005556 R
1
-1
+

5.556055570005556 - 10000 R
1
-1
- 0.5556000000005556 = 0
-9998.9994444 R
1
-1
=

-5.0004555700050004
R
1
-1
= 0.0005001
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
1

= 1.9996000799840031993601279744051 kO

Q#4.28: Determine the relationship between V
0
and V
in
in the circuit in Fig. P4.28.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

R
1

+

R
2

V
in

R
F
V
0

R
I

-

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

OP-AMP MODEL

+
R
1
R
in
R
out

AV
e
R
F

V
in
R
2

V
0

R
I

-

Fig. (b)
V
2
V
3
V
0

R
1
V
+
R
in
V
-
R
F

R
out

V
in

R
2
R
I

AV
e

Fig. (c)
2

According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
2
V
in
V
2
V
3
V
2

+ 0
R
1
R
in
R
2

V
2
V
in
V
2
V
3
V
2

0
R
1
R
1
R
in
R
in
R
2

1 1 1 -1 V
in

+ + V
2
+ V
3
(i)
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in
R
1

3

According to KCL

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
0

0
R
in
R
I
R
F

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
0

0
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
F

-1 1 1 1 -1
V
2
V
3
V
0
0 (ii)
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
F

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
3
V
0
- AV
e

0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
e

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
e
= V
2
- V
3

V
0
V
3
V
0
A(V
2
- V
3
)
0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
2
AV
3

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
out

-A A 1 1 1
V
2
V
3
V
0
0 (iii)
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F


1 1 1 -1 V
in

0 V
2

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in
R
1

-1 1 1 1 -1
V
3
0
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
F

-A A 1 1 1
V
0
0
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

A X B

determinant of |A| =

1 1 1 -1

R
in
R
I
R
F
R
F

1 1 1 -1

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in

A 1 1 1

R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

-1 -1

R
in
R
F

0

-A 1 1

R
out
R
out
R
F

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
F
R
in

-1 1 1 A 1

R
in
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

1 1 1 1 1 A 1
0
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

V
0
=?

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 -1 V
in

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
in
R
1

-1 1 1 1
0

R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F

-A A 1
0

R
out
R
out
R
F

1 1 1 1 1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

-1 1 1 1

V
in
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F

R
1
-A A 1

R
out
R
out
R
F

1 1 1 1 1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

-1 1 1 1

R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F

-A A 1

R
out
R
out
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

-1 A 1 A 1 1 1

R
in
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
in
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
0
R
out
R
I
R
F

V
in
A 1 1

R
1
R
out
R
I
R
F

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

Q#4.29: In the network in Fig. P4.29 derive the expression for V
0
in terms of the
inputs V
1
and V
2
.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

R
F

V
1

V
0

R
1

V
2

R
2

R
I

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
F

OP-AMP MODEL

V
0

R
in
R
out

R
1
AV
e

R
2

R
I

V
1
V
2

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
V
0

R
1
R
F

V
-
R
out

V
1

R
in

V
+

AV
e

V
4

R
I
R
2

V
2

Fig. (c)
3

According to KCL

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
4
V
3
V
0

0
R
1
R
in
R
F

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
4
V
3
V
0

0
R
1
R
1
R
in
R
in
R
F
R
F

1 1 1 -1 -1 V
1

V
3
V
4
V
0
(i)
R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
F
R
1

4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

According to KCL

V
4
V
2
V
4
V
4
V
3

0
R
2
R
I
R
in

V
4
V
2
V
4
V
4
V
3

0
R
2
R
2
R
I
R
in
R
in

-1 1 1 1 V
2

V
3
V
4
(ii)
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
2

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
3
V
0
- AV
e

0
R
F
R
out

Here V
e
= V
+
- V
-

V
e
= V
4
- V
3

V
0
V
3
V
0
A(V
4
V
3
)
0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
4
+ AV
3

0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
4
AV
3

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 -A 1 1
V
3
V
4
V
0
0 (iii)
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893


1 1 1 -1 -1 V
1

V
3

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
F
R
1

-1 1 1 1 V
2

0 V
4

R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
2

A 1 -A 1 1
V
0
0
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

A X B

1 1 1 -1 -1

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
F

-1 1 1 1
A 0
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2

A 1 -A 1 1

R
out
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

1 1 1
0
1 1 1 R
in
R
I
R
2

A
R
1
R
in
R
F
-A 1 1

R
out
R
out
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

-1 0

1 R
in

R
in
A 1 1 1

R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

-1 1 1 1

-1 R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2

R
F

A 1 -A

R
out
R
F
R
out

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A
R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
out
R
F
R
in

-1 1 1 -1 A A 1 1 1 1

R
in
R
out
R
F
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 -1 V
1

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
1

-1 1 1 1 V
2

R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
2

A 1 -A
0
R
out
R
F
R
out

V
0

A

1 1 1 AV
2
1 -V
2
A 1 V
1

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
2
R
out
R
in
R
2
R
out
R
F
R
1

A A 1 1 1 1

R
in
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
out
R
F
R
in

-1 1 1 -1 A A 1 1 1 1

R
in
R
out
R
F
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

1 1 AV
2
V
1
-A 1 1

R
1
R
F
R
2
R
out
R
1
R
out
R
I
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 -1 -A 1 1

R
1
R
F
R
I
R
2
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
I
R
2

Q#4.30: Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P4.30.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

40 kO
5 kO

5 kO +
5 V

V
0

20 kO
4 V

-

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
F

OP-AMP MODEL

V
0

R
in
R
out

R
1
AV
e

R
2

R
I

V
1
V
2

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
V
0

R
1
R
F

V
-
R
out

V
1

R
in

V
+

AV
e

V
4

R
I
R
2

V
2

Fig. (c)
3

According to KCL

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
4
V
3
V
0

0
R
1
R
in
R
F

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
4
V
3
V
0

0
R
1
R
1
R
in
R
in
R
F
R
F

1 1 1 -1 -1 V
1

V
3
V
4
V
0
(i)
R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
F
R
1

4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

According to KCL

V
4
V
2
V
4
V
4
V
3

0
R
2
R
I
R
in

V
4
V
2
V
4
V
4
V
3

0
R
2
R
2
R
I
R
in
R
in

-1 1 1 1 V
2

V
3
V
4
(ii)
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
2

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
3
V
0
- AV
e

0
R
F
R
out

Here V
e
= V
+
- V
-

V
e
= V
4
- V
3

V
0
V
3
V
0
A(V
4
V
3
)
0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
4
+ AV
3

0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
4
AV
3

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 -A 1 1
V
3
V
4
V
0
0 (iii)
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893


1 1 1 -1 -1 V
1

V
3

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
F
R
1

-1 1 1 1 V
2

0 V
4

R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
2

A 1 -A 1 1
V
0
0
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

A X B

1 1 1 -1 -1

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
F

-1 1 1 1
A 0
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2

A 1 -A 1 1

R
out
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

1 1 1
0
1 1 1 R
in
R
I
R
2

A
R
1
R
in
R
F
-A 1 1

R
out
R
out
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

-1 0

1 R
in

R
in
A 1 1 1

R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

-1 1 1 1

-1 R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2

R
F

A 1 -A

R
out
R
F
R
out

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A
R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
out
R
F
R
in

-1 1 1 -1 A A 1 1 1 1

R
in
R
out
R
F
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 -1 V
1

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
1

-1 1 1 1 V
2

R
in
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
2

A 1 -A
0
R
out
R
F
R
out

V
0

A

1 1 1 AV
2
1 -V
2
A 1 V
1

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
2
R
out
R
in
R
2
R
out
R
F
R
1

A A 1 1 1 1

R
in
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2
R
out
R
F
R
in

-1 1 1 -1 A A 1 1 1 1

R
in
R
out
R
F
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
2

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

1 1 AV
2
V
1
-A 1 1

R
1
R
F
R
2
R
out
R
1
R
out
R
I
R
2

1 1 1 1 1 -1 -A 1 1

R
1
R
F
R
I
R
2
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
I
R
2

Here
R
I
= 20 kO
R
F
= 40 kO
R
1
= 5 kO
R
2
= 5 kO
V
1
= 5 V
V
2
= 4 V

1 1 4(10
5
) 5 -10
5
1 1

5000 40000 5000(10) 5000 10 20000 5000

1 1 1 1 1 -1 -10
5
1 1

5000 40000 20000 5000 10 40000 10 20000 5000

(0.0002 + 0.000025)(8) + (0.001)(-10000)(0.00005 + 0.0002)

(0.0002 + 0.000025)(0.00005 + 0.0002)(0.1) + (-0.000025)(-10000)(0.00005 + 0.0002)

0.0018 + (-0.0025)

0.000000045 + 0.0000625

-0.0007

0.000062545

V
0
= -11.192 Volts
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Q#4.31: Find V
0
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

10 kO 100 kO

20 kO

+
9 V 30 kO

40 kO 20 kO
10 V V
0

12 V 6 V

-

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

100 k

OP-AMP MODEL

+

R
in
R
out

10 k 20 k 30 k

AV
e

9 V
40 k 20 k

10 V

6 V

12 V

-

Fig. (b)

V
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1
V
0

V
-
100 k

R
in

V
+

10 k 20 k 30 k

R
out

9 V
40 k 20 k

10 V
AV
e

6 V

12 V

Fig. (c)
1

According to KCL

V
1
9 V
1
10 V
1
+ 12 V
1
V
1
V
0
V
1
- 6
0
10 k 20 k 30 k 40 k 100 k R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Simplifying we get

V
1
9 V
1
10 V
1
12 V
1
V
1
V
0
V
1
6

10 k 10 k 20 k 20 k 30 k 30 k 40 k 100 k 100 k R
in
R
in

1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 9 10
V
1
V
0

10 k 20 k 30 k 40 k 100 k R
in
100 k 10 k 20 k

12 6

30 k R
in

131 1 -1 60 6
V
1
V
0
(i)
600 k R
in
100 k 60 k R
in

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
1
V
0
- AV
e
V
0

0
100 k R
out
20 k

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 6 V
1

V
0
V
1
V
0
A(6 V
1
)

V
0

0
100 k R
out
20 k

V
0
V
1
V
0
6A + AV
1
V
0

0
100 k R
out
20 k

V
0
V
1
V
0
6A AV
1
V
0

0
100 k 100 k R
out
R
out
R
out
20

k

0
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1 1 1 1 6A
V
1
V
0
(ii)
R
out
100 k R
out
100 k 20 k R
out


131 1 -1 60 6
V
1

600 k R
in
100 k 60 k R
in

A 1 1 1 1 6A
V
0

R
out
100 k R
out
100 k 20 k R
out

A X B

131 1 -1

600 k R
in
100 k
A

A 1 1 1 1

R
out
100 k R
out
100 k 20 k

131 1 1 1 1 1 A 1

600 k R
in
R
out
100 k 20 k 100 k R
out
100 k

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

131 1 60 6

600 k R
in
60 k R
in

A 1 6A

R
out
100 k R
out

V
0

131 1 1 1 1 1 A 1

600 k R
in
R
out
100 k 20 k 100 k R
out
100 k

131 1 6A A 1 60 6

600 k R
in
R
out
R
out
100 k 60 k R
in

V
0

131 1 1 1 1 1 A 1

600 k R
in
R
out
100 k 20 k 100 k R
out
100 k

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

131 6A A 60

600 k R
out
R
out
60 k

V
0

131 1 1 A

600 k R
out
100 k R
out

131 6(10
5
) 10
5
60

600 k 10

10 60 k

V
0

131 1 1 10
5

600 k 10

100 k 10

(2.184 10
-4
)(6 10
+4
) (10
4
)(0.001)
V
0
(2.184 10
-4
)(0.1) + (0.00001)(10
4
)

13.104 - 10
V
0
0.00002184 + 0.1

3.104
V
0
0.10002184

V
0
=

31.034 Volts

Q#4.32: Determine the expression for the output voltage, V
0
, of the inverting
summer circuit shown in Fig. P4.32.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
1

R
1
R
F

V
2
V
0

R
2

V
3

R
3

Fig. (a)

-
+
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
F

OP-AMP MODEL

R
in
R
out

R
1
R
2
R
3

AV
e

V
1

V
2

V
3

Fig. (b)

V
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
4
V
0

V
-
R
F

R
in

V
+

R
1
R
2
R
3

R
out

V
1

V
2

AV
e

V
3

Fig. (c)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

4

According to KCL

V
4
V
1
V
4

V
2
V
4
V
3
V
4
V
4
V
0

0
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
F

V
4
V
1
V
4
V
2
V
4
V
3
V
4
V
4
V
0

0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
in
R
F
R
F

1 1 1 1 1 -1 V
1
V
2
V
3

V
4
V
0
(i)
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
F
R
F
R
1
R
2
R
3

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
4
V
0
- AV
e

0
R
F
R
out

V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 - V
4
V
e
= -V
4

V
0
V
4
V
0
A(-V
4
)
0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
4
V
0
+ AV
4

0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
4
V
0
AV
4

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1 1 1
V
4
V
0
0 (ii)
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F


1 1 1 1 1 -1 V
1
V
2
V
3

V
4

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
F
R
F
R
1
R
2
R
3

A 1 1 1
V
0
0
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

A X B

1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
F
R
F

A

A 1 1 1

R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 1 V
1
V
2
V
3

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
F
R
1
R
2
R
3

A 1
0
R
out
R
F

V
0

A

A 1 V
1
V
2
V
3

R
out
R
F
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
F

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A V
1
V
2
V
3

R
out
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 1 1 1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
F

Q#4.33: Determine the output voltage of the non-inverting averaging circuit shown
in Fig. P4.33.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

V
1

R
1

V
2
V
0

R
2

V
3

R
3

Fig. (a)

R
F

R
I

+
-
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

OP-AMP MODEL

R
in
R
out

R
1
R
2
R
3

AV
e

V
1

R
F

V
2
R
I

V
3

Fig. (b)

V
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
5
V
4
V
0

V
+
R
in
V
-
R
F

R
1
R
2
R
3

R
out

R
I

V
1

V
2

AV
e

V
3

Fig. (c)
5

According to KCL

V
5
V
1
V
5

V
2
V
5
V
3
V
5
V
4

0
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
5
V
1
V
5
V
2
V
5
V
3
V
5
V
4

0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
in
R
in

1 1 1 1 -1 V
1
V
2
V
3

V
5
V
4
(i)
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
3

4

According to KCL

V
4
V
5
V
4
V
4
V
0
0
R
in
R
I
R
F

V
4
V
5
V
4
V
4
V
0

0
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
F

-1 1 1 1 -1
V
5
V
4
V
0
0 (ii)
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
F

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
4
V
0
- AV
e

0
R
F
R
out

V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= V
5
- V
4

V
0
V
4
V
0
A(V
5
- V
4
)
0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
4
V
0
AV
5
AV
4

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

-A A 1 1 1
V
5
V
4
V
0
0 (iii)
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F


1 1 1 1 -1

0 V
5

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
in

-1 1 1 1 -1
V
4

R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
F

-A A 1 1 1
V
0

R
out
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

A X
V
1
V
2
V
3

R
1
R
2
R
3

0

0

B

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 -1
0
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
in

-1 1 1 1 -1
A
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
F

-A A 1 1 1

R
out
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
F

A 1 1 -1 1 1 A

R
out
R
F
R
in
R
in
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 1 1 A

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
out

1 1 1 1 -1 V
1
V
2
V
3

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
3

-1 1 1 1
0
R
in
R
in
R
I
R
F

-A A 1
0
R
out
R
out
R
F

V
0

A

V
1
V
2
V
3
-1 A 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
in
R
out
R
F
R
out
R
in
R
I
R
F

V
0

A

V
1
V
2
V
3
A 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
I
R
F

V
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 A

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
F
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Q#4.34: Find the input/output relationship for the current amplifier shown in Fig.
P4.34.
Solution:
Circuit diagram: R
F

i
in

i
0

R
L

R
I

Fig. (a)

R
F

OP-AMP MODEL OP-AMP MODEL
i
in
i
0

V
-
V
+
V
+
V
-

R
in
R
out
R
in
R
out

AV
e
AV
e

R
L

R
I

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

i
in
V
1
V
2
V
+
V
-
V
3
i
0

R
F
R
in

R
L

R
out
R
out

V
-

AV
e
R
I
AV
e

R
in

V
+

Fig. (c)
1

According to KCL

V
1
V
1
V
2

i
in

R
in
R
F

V
1
V
1
V
2

i
in

R
in
R
F
R
F

1 1 -1
V
1
V
2
i
in
(i)
R
in
R
F
R
F

2

According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
2
V
1
V
2
- AV
e
V
2
V
3

0
R
F
R
out
R
in

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 V
1
V
e
= V
1

V
2
V
1
V
2
A(-V
1
)

V
2
V
3

0
R
F
R
out
R
in

V
2
V
1
V
2
AV
1
V
2
V
3

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out
R
in
R
in

A 1 1 1 1 -1
V
1
V
2
V
3
0 (ii)
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
F
R
in

3

According to KCL

V
3
V
2
V
3

i
0

R
in
R
I

V
3
V
2
V
3

i
0

R
in
R
in
R
I

-1 1 1
V
2
V
3
i
0
(iii)
R
in
R
in
R
I


Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1
0 V
1
i
in

R
in
R
F
R
F

A 1 1 1 1 -1
V
2
0
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
F
R
in

0 -1 1 1
V
3
i
0

R
in
R
in
R
I

A X B

1 1 -1
0
R
in
R
F
R
F

A 1 1 1 1 -1
A

R
out
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
F
R
in

0 -1 1 1

R
in
R
in
R
I

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

R
in
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I
R
in
2
R
F

A 1 1 1

R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

1 1 1 1 1 A 1

R
F
R
out
R
F
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
I

1 1
i
in
0
R
in
R
F

A 1 -1
0

R
out
R
F
R
in

1 1
0 i
0

R
in
R
I

V
2

A

1 1 i
0
A 1 1 1
i
in

R
in
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
F
R
in
R
I

1 1 1 1 1 A 1

R
F
R
out
R
F
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
I

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1
i
in

R
out
R
I

1 1 1 1 1 A 1

R
F
R
out
R
F
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
I

1 1 -1
i
in

R
in
R
F
R
F

A 1 1 1 1
0

R
out
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
F

0 -1
i
0

R
in

V
3

A

1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1
i
0
i
0
i
n

R
in
R
F
R
in
R
out
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
F

A 1 -1

R
out
R
F
R
in

V
3

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 A

i
0
i
0

R
F
R
out
R
F
R
F
R
out

1 1 1 1 1 A 1

R
F
R
out
R
F
R
I
R
F
R
out
R
I

Putting the corresponding values of V
2
& V
3
in equation (iii), we get the input/output
relationship.

Q#4.35: Find V
0
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

80 k

10 k 40 k

20 k
5 V
+

V
0
40 k

-

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

80 k

40 k


V
-
V
+
V
-
V
+

R
in
R
out
R
in
R
out

AV
e
AV
e

10 k
20 k

5 V
+

V
0
40 k

-

Fig. (b)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

80 k

V
1
V
2
V
-
V
+
V
3
V
4

40 k R
in
20 k

10 k

R
out
R
out

5 V
+
V
-

AV
e
V
0
40 k

AV
e

R
in

V
+
-

Fig. (c)
1

According to KCL

V
1
5 V
1
V
1
V
2
V
1
V
4

0
10 k R
in
40 k 80 k

V
1
5 V
1
V
1
V
2
V
1
V
4

0
10 k 10 k R
in
40 k 40 k 80 k 80 k

1 11 -1 -1 5
V
1
V
2
V
4

R
in
80 k 40 k 80 k 10 k

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

11 -1 -1 5
V
1
V
2
V
4
(i)
80 k 40 k 80 k 10 k

2

According to KCL

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
2
- AV
e

0
40 k R
in
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 V V
1

V
e
= V
1

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
2
A(-V
1
)
0
40 k R
in
R
out

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
2
+ AV
1

0
40 k R
in
R
out

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
2
AV
1

0
40 k 40 k R
in
R
in
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1 1 -1
V
1
V
2
V
3
0
R
out
40 k R
in
R
out
40 k R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1
V
1
V
2
0 (ii)
R
out
R
out

3

According to KCL

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
4

0
R
in
40 k 20 k

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
4

0
R
in
R
in
40 k 20 k 20 k

-1 1 3 -1
V
2
V
3
V
4
0
R
in
R
in
40 k 20 k

3 -1
V
3
V
4
0 (iii)
40 k 20 k

4

According to KCL

V
4
V
1
V
4
V
3
V
4
- AV
e

0
80 k 20 k R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= V
3
V
2

V
4
V
1
V
4
V
3
V
4
A(V
3
V
2
)
0
80 k 20 k R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
4
V
1
V
4
V
3
V
4
AV
3
AV
2

0
80 k 80 k 20 k 20 k R
out
R
out
R
out

-1 A -A 1 1 5
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
0
80 k R
out
R
out
20 k R
out
80 k

-1 A -A 1
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
0 (iv)
80 k R
out
R
out
R
out

Writing equations (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv) in matrix form

11 -1 -1 5
0 V
1

80 k 40 k 80 k 10 k

A 1
0 0 V
2
0
R
out
R
out

3 -1
0 0 V
3
0
40 k 20 k

-1 A -A 1
V
4
0
80 k R
out
R
out
R
out

A X B

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

11 -1 -1
0
80 k 40 k 80 k

A 1
0 0
R
out
R
out

A
3 -1
0 0
40 k 20 k

-1 A -A 1

80 k R
out
R
out
R
out

1 A
0 0 0 0
R
out
R
out

11 3 -1 1 3 -1
0 0
80 k 40 k 20 k 40 k 40 k 20 k

A -A 1 -1 -A 1

R
out
R
out
R
out
80 k R
out
R
out

A 1
0
R
out
R
out

1 3
0 0
80 k 40 k

-1 A -A

80 k R
out
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

11 1 3 1 A 1 1 A 3 1

80 k R
out
40 k R
out
R
out
20 k 40 k R
out
40 k R
out

A 1 1 A -A 3 1 1 3

R
out
20 k 80 k R
out
R
out
40 k R
out
80 k 40 k

11 -1 5 -1

80 k 40 k 10 k 80 k

A 1
0 0
R
out
R
out

-1
0 0 0
20 k

-1 A 1
0
80 k R
out
R
out

V
3

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 A
0 0 0 0
R
out
R
out

11 -1 1 -1
0 0 0 0
80 k 20 k 40 k 20 k

A 1 -1 1
0 0
R
out
R
out
80 k R
out

A 1 A 1
0 0
R
out
R
out
R
out
R
out

5 -1 1
0 0 0 0 0
10 k 20 k 80 k

-1 A 1 -1 A
0
80 k R
out
R
out
80 k R
out

A

5 A A 1 1 1 1

10 k R
out
R
out
20 k R
out
80 k 20 k

A

5 A A 1 1 1 1

10 k R
out
R
out
20 k R
out
80 k 20 k

5 10
5
10
5
1 1 1 1

10 k 10 10 20 k 10 80 k 20 k

5 10
10
1

20 10
9
1600 10
7
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

= 2.5 0
= 2.5

11 1 3 1 A 1 1 A 3 1

80 k R
out
40 k R
out
R
out
20 k 40 k R
out
40 k R
out

A 1 1 A -A 3 1 1 3

R
out
20 k 80 k R
out
R
out
40 k R
out
80 k 40 k

11 1 3 1 10
5
1 1 10
5
3 1

80 k 10 40 k 10 10 20 k 40 k 10 40 k 10

10
5
1 1 10
5
-10
5
3 1 1 3

10 20 k 80 k 10 10 40 k 10 80 k 40 k

11 3 10
5
10
5
3 10
5
-3 10
10

80 10
4
40 10
4
20 10
4
40 10
4
40 10
4
20 10
4
3200 10
8

3

3200 10
7

= 0.00001375 (0.0000075 0.5) + 0.25 (0.0000075 0.5) + (-0.09375) -
0.00000000009375
= -0.000006874896875 - 0.124998125 - 0.09375000009375
= -0.219

2.5
V
3
=
-0.219

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
= -11.416 Volts = V
0

Q#4.36: Find V
0
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

R
2

V
1
R
1
V
0

V
2

R
1

R
2

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
1
R
2


V
+
V
-
V
-
V
+

R
in
R
out
R
1
R
in
R
out

AV
e
AV
e

V
1
R
2
V
2

Fig. (b)

V
3
V
4
V
5
V
0

R
1
R
1
R
2

R
out

V
-
V
-

R
out

R
in

R
in

V
+
V
+

V
1
AV
e

V
2
AV
e

R
2

Fig. (c)
3

According to KCL

V
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
3
V
4

0
R
in
R
2
R
1

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
3
V
4

0
R
in
R
in
R
2
R
1
R
1

1 1 1 -1 V
1

V
3
V
4

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
1
R
in

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

1 1 -1
V
3
V
4
0 (i)
R
1
R
2
R
1

4

According to KCL

V
4
V
3
V
4
- AV
e
V
4
V
5

0
R
1
R
out
R
1

V
4
V
3
V
4
AV
e
V
4
V
5

0
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
1
R
1

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
e
= V
1
V
3

V
4
V
3
V
4
A(V
1
V
3
)

V
4
V
5

0
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
1
R
1

V
4
V
3
V
4
AV
1
AV
3
V
4
V
5

0
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
out
R
1
R
1

A 1 2 1 -1 AV
1

V
3
V
4
V
5

R
out
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
1
R
out

A 1 -1 AV
1

V
3
V
4
V
5
(ii)
R
out
R
out
R
1
R
out

5

According to KCL

V
5
V
4
V
5
V
2
V
5
V
0

0
R
1
R
in
R
2

V
5
V
4
V
5
V
2
V
5
V
0

0
R
1
R
1
R
in
R
in
R
2
R
2

-1 1 1 1 -1 V
2

V
4
V
5
V
0

R
1
R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in

-1 1 1 -1
V
4
V
5

V
0
0 (iii)
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

0

According to KCL

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
0
V
5
V
0
- AV
e

0
R
2
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= V
2
V
5

V
0
V
5
V
0
A(V
2
V
5
)
0
R
2
R
out

V
0
V
5
V
0
AV
2
AV
5

0
R
2
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1 AV
2

V
5
V
0

R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
out

A 1 AV
2

V
5
V
0
(iv)
R
out
R
out
R
out

Writing equations (i),(ii),(iii) & (iv) in matrix form

1 1 -1
0 0 V
3
0
R
1
R
2
R
1

A 1 -1 AV
1

0 V
4

R
out
R
out
R
1
R
out

-1 1 1 -1
0 V
5
0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 AV
2

0 0 V
0

R
out
R
out
R
out

A X B
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1
0 0
R
1
R
2
R
1

A 1 -1
0
R
out
R
out
R
1

A
-1 1 1 -1
0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1
0 0
R
out
R
out

1 -1
0

R
out
R
1

1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1

R
1
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1

A 1
0
R
out
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A -1
0
R
out
R
1

1 1 -1
0
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1
0
R
out
R
out

1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 -1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
1

A 1 1 1 A 1

R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1
0 0
R
1
R
2
R
1

A 1 -1 AV
1

R
out
R
out
R
1
R
out

-1 1 1
0 0
R
1
R
1
R
2

A AV
2

0 0
R
out
R
out

V
0

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 -1 AV
1

R
out
R
1
R
out

1 1 -1 1 1 1
0
R
1
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
1

A AV
2

0
R
out
R
out

A -1 AV
1

R
out
R
1
R
out

1 1
0 0
R
1
R
2

A AV
2

0
R
out
R
out

V
0

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 1 1 AV
2
1 -1 AV
2
AV
1
-1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
1

A 1 A 1 1 AV
2

R
out
R
1
R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out

1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 -1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
1

A 1 1 1 A 1

R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2

Q#4.37: Find the expression for V
0
in the differential amplifier circuit shown in Fig.
P4.37.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:
R
F

R
1

V
1

V
0

R
1

R
1
R
1

V
2

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
in
R
out

R
in
R
out

R
F

OP-AMP MODEL
R
1

V
-
V
+

V
1

AV
e

R
1

R
1

OP-AMP MODEL

V
-
V
+

AV
e

R
1

V
2

Fig. (b)

V
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
V
4
V
5
V
0

R
1
R
1
R
F

V
-
V
-

R
1
R
in
R
out
R
1
R
in
R
out

V
+

V
+

V
2
AV
e
V
1
AV
e

Fig. (c)
3

According to KCL

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
4

0
R
1
R
in
R
1

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
3
V
4

0
R
1
R
1
R
in
R
1
R
1

1 2 -1 V
2

V
3
V
4

R
in
R
1
R
1
R
1

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

2 -1 V
2

V
3
V
4
(i)
R
1
R
1
R
1

4

According to KCL

V
4
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
4
- AV
e

0
R
1
R
1
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 V V
3
V
e
= -V
3

V
4
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
4
A(-V
3
)
0
R
1
R
1
R
out

V
4
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
4
+ AV
3

0
R
1
R
1
R
out

V
4
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
4
AV
3

0
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 2 -1
V
3
V
4
V
5
0
R
out
R
1
R
out
R
1
R
1

A 1 -1
V
3
V
4
V
5
0 (ii)
R
out
R
out
R
1

5

According to KCL
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893


V
5
V
4
V
5
V
1
V
5
V
0
V
5

0
R
1
R
1
R
F
R
in

V
5
V
4
V
5
V
1
V
5
V
0
V
5

0
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
F
R
F
R
in

-1 1 1 2 -1 V
1

V
4
V
5
V
0

R
1
R
in
R
F
R
1
R
F
R
1

-1 1 2 -1 V
1

V
4
V
5
V
0
(iii)
R
1
R
F
R
1
R
F
R
1

V
0
V
5
V
0
- AV
e
0
R
F
R
out

V
0
V
5
V
0
AV
e

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 V V
5
V
e
= -V
5

V
0
V
5
V
0
A(-V
5
)
0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out

V
0
V
5
V
0
AV
5

0
R
F
R
F
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1
V
5
V
0
0

R
out
R
F
R
out
R
F

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A 1
V
5
V
0
0

(iv)
R
out
R
out

Writing equations (i),(ii),(iii) & (iv) in matrix form

2 -1 V
2

0 0 V
3

R
1
R
1
R
1

A 1 -1
0 V
4
0
R
out
R
out
R
1

-1 1 2 -1 V
1

0 V
5

R
1
R
F
R
1
R
F
R
1

A 1
0 0 V
0
0
R
out
R
out

A X B

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2 -1
0 0
R
1
R
1

A 1 -1
0
R
out
R
out
R
1

A
-1 1 2 -1
0
R
1
R
F
R
1
R
F

A 1
0 0
R
out
R
out

1 -1 A -1
0 0
R
out
R
1
R
out
R
1

2 -1 1 2 -1 1 1 2 -1
0
R
1
R
1
R
F
R
1
R
F
R
1
R
F
R
1
R
F

A 1 A 1
0 0
R
out
R
out
R
out
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2 1 1 2 1 A 1 1 -1 1 1 A

R
1
R
out
R
F
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
1
R
out

1 2 1 A 1

R
F
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
F

2 -1 V
2

0
R
1
R
1
R
1

A 1 -1
0
R
out
R
out
R
1

-1 1 2 V
1

0
R
1
R
F
R
1
R
1

A
0 0 0
R
out

V
0

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 -1 A -1
0 0
R
out
R
1
R
out
R
1

2 -1 1 2 V
1
1 1 2 V
1

0
R
1
R
1
R
F
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
F
R
1
R
1

A A
0 0 0 0
R
out
R
out

A 1 -1

R
out
R
out
R
1

V
2
-1 1 2
0
R
1
R
1
R
F
R
1

A
0 0
R
out

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2 1 -A V
1
1 A -A V
1
V
2
A -1 A

R
1
R
out
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
1
R
out

2 1 1 2 1 A 1 1 -1 1 1 A

R
1
R
out
R
F
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
F
R
1
R
1
R
out
R
1
R
out

1 2 1 A 1

R
F
R
1
R
out
R
out
R
F

Q#4.38: Find V
0
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

R
2
R
3

R
4

R
1

V
1

V
0

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
in
R
out

R
2
R
3

R
4

OP-AMP MODEL

V
-
V
+
V
0

AV
e

R
1

V
1

Fig. (b)

V
2
V
3
V
0

R
2
R
3

V
-

R
1
R
in
R
4
R
out

V
+

V
1
AV
e

Fig. (c)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2

According to KCL

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
2
V
3

0
R
1
R
in
R
2

V
2
V
1
V
2
V
2
V
3

0
R
1
R
1
R
in
R
1
R
1

1 2 -1 V
1

V
2
V
3

R
in
R
1
R
1
R
1

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

2 -1 V
1

V
2
V
3
(i)
R
1
R
1
R
1

3

According to KCL

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
0
V
3

0
R
2
R
3
R
4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
V
2
V
3
V
0
V
3

0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
4

-1 1 1 1 -1
V
2
V
3
V
0
0 (ii)
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
3

V
0
V
3
V
0
- AV
e
0
R
3
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
e

0
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= 0 V V
2
V
e
= -V
2

V
0
V
3
V
0
A(-V
2
)
0
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out

V
0
V
3
V
0
AV
2

0
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out

A -1 1 1
V
2
V
3
V
0
0 (iii)
R
out
R
3
R
out
R
3

Writing equations (i),(ii) & (iii) in matrix form

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2 -1 V
1

0 V
2

R
1
R
1
R
1

-1 1 1 1 -1
V
3
0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
3

A -1 1 1
V
0
0
R
out
R
3
R
out
R
3

A X B

2 -1
0
R
1
R
1

-1 1 1 1 -1
A
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
3

A -1 1 1

R
out
R
3
R
out
R
3

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
out
R
3
R
3
2

R
1
R
2

1 1 A 1

R
out
R
3
R
out
R
3

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2 -1 V
1

R
1
R
1
R
1

-1 1 1 1
0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
4

A -1
0
R
out
R
3

V
0

A

V
1
1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
2
R
3
R
4

V
0

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
out
R
3
R
3
2

R
1
R
2

1 1 A 1

R
out
R
3
R
out
R
3

Q#4.39: Find the output voltage V
0
, in the circuit in Fig. P4.39.
Solution:
Circuit diagram:

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
4

V
1
R
3
V
0

R
2

R
1

R
2

R
3

V
2

R
4

Fig. (a)

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
2
R
4


V
+
V
-
V
-
V
+

R
in
V
3
R
out
V
4
R
3
V
5
R
in
R
out

AV
e
AV
e

V
1
R
1

R
2

V
6

OP-AMP MODEL
R
3

V
-
V
+

V
8

R
in
R
out
V
7

AV
e
R
4

V
2

Fig. (b)
3

According to KCL

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
4
V
3
V
6

0
R
in
R
2
R
1

V
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
3
V
1
V
3
V
4
V
3
V
6

0
R
in
R
in
R
2
R
2
R
1
R
1

1 1 1 -1 -1 V
1

V
3
V
4
V
6

R
in
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1
R
in

Here
R
in
= 10
8
O
R
out
= 10 O
A = 10
5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>> & << & & &
R
0
R
F

R
i
R
1
R
2
R
I
R
F

A 1 1
>> & ~ 0
R
0
R
F
R
in

Here R
0
= R
out
; R
i
= R
in

1 1 -1 -1
V
3
V
4
V
6
0 (i)
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1

4

According to KCL

V
4
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
4
- AV
e

0
R
2
R
3
R
out

V
4
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
4
AV
e

0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= V
1
- V
3

V
4
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
4
A(V
1
V
3
)
0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
4
V
3
V
4
V
5
V
4
AV
1
AV
3

0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1 1 -1 AV
1

V
3
V
4
V
5

R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
out

A 1 -1 AV
1

V
3
V
4
V
5
(ii)
R
out
R
out
R
3
R
out

5

According to KCL

V
5
V
4
V
5
V
0
V
5
V
8

0
R
3
R
4
R
in

V
5
V
4
V
5
V
0
V
5
V
8

0
R
3
R
3
R
4
R
4
R
in
R
in

-1 1 1 1 -1 -1
V
4
V
5
V
8
V
0
0
R
3
R
in
R
3
R
4
R
in
R
4

-1 1 1 -1
V
4
V
5
V
0
0 (iii)
R
3
R
3
R
4
R
4

6

According to KCL

V
6
V
3
V
6
V
7
V
6
V
2

0
R
1
R
2
R
in

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

V
6
V
3
V
6
V
7
V
6
V
2

0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
in
R
in

V
6
V
3
V
6
V
7

0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

-1 1 1 -1
V
3
V
6
V
7
0 (iv)
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

7

According to KCL

V
7
V
6
V
7
V
8
V
7
- AV
e

0
R
2
R
3
R
out

V
7
V
6
V
7
V
8
V
7
AV
e

0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= V
2
V
6

V
7
V
6
V
7
V
8
V
7
A(V
2
V
6
)
0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out

V
7
V
6
V
7
V
8
V
7
AV
2
AV
6

0
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 1 1 1 -1 AV
2

V
6
V
7
V
8

R
out
R
2
R
out
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
out

A 1 -1 AV
2

V
6
V
7
V
8
(v)
R
out
R
out
R
3
R
out
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

8

According to KCL

V
8
V
8
V
7
V
8
V
5

0
R
4
R
3
R
in

V
8
V
8
V
7
V
8
V
5

0
R
4
R
3
R
3
R
in
R
in

-1 1 1
V
7
V
8
0 (vi)
R
3
R
3
R
4

0

According to KCL

V
0
V
5
V
0
- AV
e

0
R
4
R
out

Here
V
e
= V
+
- V
-
V
e
= V
8
V
5

V
0
V
5
V
0
A(V
8
V
5
)
0
R
4
R
out

V
0
V
5
V
0
AV
8
AV
5
0
R
4
R
4
R
out
R
out
R
out

A 1 -A 1 1
V
5
V
8
V
0
0
R
out
R
4
R
out
R
out
R
4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

A -A 1
V
5
V
8
V
0
0 (vii)
R
out
R
out
R
out

Writing equations (i) to (vii) in matrix form

1 1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0 V
3

R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1

A 1 -1
0 0 0 0 V
4

R
out
R
out
R
3

-1 1 1 -1
0 0 0 0 V
5

R
3
R
3
R
4
R
4

-1 1 1 -1
0 0 0 0 V
6

R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 -1
0 0 0 0 V
7

R
out
R
out
R
3

-1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 V
8

R
3
R
3
R
4

A -A 1
0 0 0 0 V
0

R
out
R
out
R
out

A X

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0

AV
1

R
out

0

0

AV
2

R
out

0

0

B

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1

A 1 -1
0 0 0 0
R
out
R
out
R
3

-1 1 1 -1
0 0 0 0
R
3
R
3
R
4
R
4

-1 1 1 -1
A 0 0 0 0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 -1
0 0 0 0
R
out
R
out
R
3

-1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
R
3
R
3
R
4

A -A 1
0 0 0 0
R
out
R
out
R
out

A Reduction Formula for Evaluating Determinants

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
12
a
13
a
14
a
15
a
16
a
17

a
21
a
22
a
23
a
24
a
25
a
26
a
27

a
31
a
32
a
33
a
34
a
35
a
36
a
37

A a
41
a
42
a
43
a
44
a
45
a
46
a
47

a
51
a
52
a
53
a
54
a
55
a
56
a
57

a
61
a
62
a
63
a
64
a
65
a
66
a
67

a
71
a
72
a
73
a
74
a
75
a
76
a
77

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
21
a
22
a
21
a
23
a
21
a
24
a
21
a
25
a
21
a
26
a
21
a
27

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
31
a
32
a
31
a
33
a
31
a
34
a
31
a
35
a
31
a
36
a
31
a
37

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17
n - 2
1 a
41
a
42
a
41
a
43
a
41
a
44
a
41
a
45
a
41
a
46
a
41
a
47

a
11
a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
51
a
52
a
51
a
53
a
51
a
54
a
51
a
55
a
51
a
56
a
51
a
57

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
61
a
62
a
61
a
63
a
61
a
64
a
61
a
65
a
61
a
66
a
61
a
67

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
71
a
72
a
71
a
73
a
71
a
74
a
71
a
75
a
71
a
76
a
71
a
77

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11

1 1

R
1
R
2

a
12

-1

R
2

a
13

-1

R
1

a
14

0
a
15

0
a
16

0
a
17

0 a
21

A

R
out

a
22

1

R
out

a
23

-1

R
3

a
24

0
a
25

0
a
26

0
a
27

0
a
31

0 a
32

-1

R
3

a
33

1 1

R
3
R
4

a
34

0
a
35

0
a
36

0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
37

-1

R
4

a
41

-1

R
1

a
42
0 a
43
0
a
44

1 1

R
1
R
2

a
45

-1

R
2

a
46
0 a
47
0
a
51
0 a
52
0
a
53
0
a
54

A

R
out

a
55

1

R
out

a
56

-1

R
3

a
57
0 a
61
0
a
62
0 a
63
0
a
64
0
a
65

-1

R
3

a
66

1 1

R
3
R
4

a
67
0
a
71
0 a
72
0
a
73

A

R
out

a
74
0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
75

0
a
76

-A

R
out

a
77

1

R
out

a
11
a
12

a
21
a
22

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1

R
out
R
out

1 1 1 A 1
a
11

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2

a
11
a
13

a
21
a
23

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

A -1

R
out
R
3

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1 A 1
a
12

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1

a
11
a
14

a
21
a
24

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A
0
R
out

0 a
13

a
11
a
15

a
21
a
25

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A
0
R
out

0 a
14

a
11
a
16

a
21
a
26

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A
0
R
out

0 a
15

a
11
a
17

a
21
a
27

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A
0
R
out

0 a
16

a
11
a
12

a
31
a
32

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

-1
0

R
3

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1
a
21

R
1
R
2
R
3

a
11
a
13

a
31
a
33

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

1 1
0

R
3
R
4

1 1 1 1
a
22

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4

a
11
a
14

a
31
a
34

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
23

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
15

a
31
a
35

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
24

a
11
a
16

a
31
a
36

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
25

a
11
a
17

a
31
a
37

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1
0

R
4

1 1 -1
a
26

R
1
R
2
R
4

a
11
a
12

a
41
a
42

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

-1
0
R
1

-1
a
31

R
1
R
2

a
11
a
13

a
41
a
43

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

-1
0
R
1

-1
a
32

R
1
2

a
11
a
14

a
41
a
44

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1 1 1

R
1
R
1
R
2

1 1
a
33

R
1
R
2

a
11
a
15

a
41
a
45

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1 -1

R
1
R
2

1 1 -1
a
34

R
1
R
2
R
2

a
11
a
16

a
41
a
46

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1
0
R
1

0 a
35

a
11
a
17

a
41
a
47

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1
0
R
1

0 a
36

a
11
a
12

a
51
a
52

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

0 0

0 a
41

a
11
a
13

a
51
a
53

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

0 0

0 a
42

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
14

a
51
a
54

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A
0

R
out

1 1 A
a
43

R
1
R
2
R
out

a
11
a
15

a
51
a
55

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

1
0

R
out

1 1 1
a
44

R
1
R
2
R
out

a
11
a
16

a
51
a
56

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1
0

R
3

1 1 -1
a
45

R
1
R
2
R
3

a
11
a
17

a
51
a
57

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
46

a
11
a
12

a
61
a
62

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

0 0

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0 a
51

a
11
a
13

a
61
a
63

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

0 0

0 a
52

a
11
a
14

a
61
a
64

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
53

a
11
a
15

a
61
a
65

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1
0
R
3

1 1 -1
a
54

R
1
R
2
R
3

a
11
a
16

a
61
a
66

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

1 1
0
R
3
R
4

1 1 1 1
a
55

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4

a
11
a
17

a
61
a
67

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
56

a
11
a
12

a
71
a
72

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

0 0

0 a
61

a
11
a
13

a
71
a
73

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

A
0
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 A
a
62

R
1
R
2
R
out

a
11
a
14

a
71
a
74

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
63

a
11
a
15

a
71
a
75

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
64

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
16

a
71
a
76

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-A
0
R
out

1 1 -A
a
65

R
1
R
2
R
out

a
11
a
17

a
71
a
77

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

1
0
R
out

1 1 1
a
66

R
1
R
2
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
12
a
13
a
14
a
15
a
16

a
21
a
22
a
23
a
24
a
25
a
26

a
31
a
32
a
33
a
34
a
35
a
36

A a
41
a
42
a
43
a
44
a
45
a
46

a
51
a
52
a
53
a
54
a
55
a
56

a
61
a
62
a
63
a
64
a
65
a
66

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16

a
21
a
22
a
21
a
23
a
21
a
24
a
21
a
25
a
21
a
26

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16

a
31
a
32
a
31
a
33
a
31
a
34
a
31
a
35
a
31
a
36

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
n - 2
1 a
41
a
42
a
41
a
43
a
41
a
44
a
41
a
45
a
41
a
46

a
11
a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16

a
51
a
52
a
51
a
53
a
51
a
54
a
51
a
55
a
51
a
56

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16

a
61
a
62
a
61
a
63
a
61
a
64
a
61
a
65
a
61
a
66

a
11
a
12

a
21
a
22

= a
11
a
22
a
21
a
12

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1

a
11
a
11
a
13

a
21
a
23

= a
11
a
23
a
21
a
13
= 0 a
12

a
11
a
14

a
21
a
24

= a
11
a
24
a
21
a
14
= 0 a
13

a
11
a
15

a
21
a
25

= a
11
a
25
a
21
a
15
= 0 a
14

a
11
a
16

a
21
a
26

= a
11
a
26
a
21
a
16

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1
a
15

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
12

a
31
a
32

= a
11
a
32
a
31
a
12

1 1 1 A 1 -1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
2
R
1
R
2

a
21

1 1 -1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1

a
11
a
13

a
31
a
33

= a
11
a
33
a
31
a
13

2
1 1 1 A 1 1 1
a
22

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

a
11
a
14

a
31
a
34

= a
11
a
34
a
31
a
14

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1
a
23

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
2

a
11
a
15

a
31
a
35

= a
11
a
35
a
31
a
15

0 a
24

a
11
a
16

a
31
a
36

= a
11
a
36
a
31
a
16

0 a
25

a
11
a
12

a
41
a
42

= a
11
a
42
a
41
a
12

0 a
31

a
11
a
13

a
41
a
43

= a
11
a
43
a
41
a
13

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 A
a
32

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
out

a
11
a
14

a
41
a
44

= a
11
a
44
a
41
a
14

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1
a
33

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
out

a
11
a
15

a
41
a
45

= a
11
a
45
a
41
a
15

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1
a
34

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3

a
11
a
16

a
41
a
46

= a
11
a
46
a
41
a
16

0 a
35

a
11
a
12

a
51
a
52

= a
11
a
52
a
51
a
12

0 a
41

a
11
a
13

a
51
a
53

= a
11
a
53
a
51
a
13

0 a
42

a
11
a
14

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
51
a
54

= a
11
a
54
a
51
a
14

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1
a
43

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3

a
11
a
15

a
51
a
55

= a
11
a
55
a
51
a
15

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1
a
44

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4

a
11
a
16

a
51
a
56

= a
11
a
56
a
51
a
16

0 a
45

a
11
a
12

a
61
a
62

= a
11
a
62
a
61
a
12

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 A
a
51

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
13

a
61
a
63

= a
11
a
63
a
61
a
13

0 a
52

a
11
a
14

a
61
a
64

= a
11
a
64
a
61
a
14

0 a
53

a
11
a
15

a
61
a
65

= a
11
a
65
a
61
a
15

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -A
a
54

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
out

a
11
a
16

a
61
a
66

= a
11
a
66
a
61
a
16

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1
a
55

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
12
a
13
a
14
a
15

a
21
a
22
a
23
a
24
a
25

A a
31
a
32
a
33
a
34
a
35

a
41
a
42
a
43
a
44
a
45

a
51
a
52
a
53
a
54
a
55

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15

a
21
a
22
a
21
a
23
a
21
a
24
a
21
a
25

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15

n - 2
1 a
31
a
32
a
31
a
33
a
31
a
34
a
31
a
35

a
11
a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15

a
41
a
42
a
41
a
43
a
41
a
44
a
41
a
45

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15

a
51
a
52
a
51
a
53
a
51
a
54
a
51
a
55

a
11
a
12

a
21
a
22

= a
11
a
22
a
21
a
12

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

a
11

a
11
a
13

a
21
a
23

= a
11
a
23
a
21
a
13

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
2

a
12

a
11
a
14

a
21
a
24

= a
11
a
24
a
21
a
14

0 a
13

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
15

a
21
a
25

= a
11
a
25
a
21
a
15

1 1 1 A 1 -1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 -1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
4

a
14
a
11
a
12

a
31
a
32

= a
11
a
32
a
31
a
12

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

A

R
out

a
21
a
11
a
13

a
31
a
33

= a
11
a
33
a
31
a
13

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1

R
out

a
22

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
14

a
31
a
34

= a
11
a
34
a
31
a
14

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
3

a
23
a
11
a
15

a
31
a
35

= a
11
a
35
a
31
a
15

0 a
24

a
11
a
12

a
41
a
42

= a
11
a
42
a
41
a
12

0 a
31

a
11
a
13

a
41
a
43

= a
11
a
43
a
41
a
13

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
3

a
32
a
11
a
14

a
41
a
44

= a
11
a
44
a
41
a
14

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1

R
3
R
4

a
33

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
15

a
41
a
45

= a
11
a
45
a
41
a
15

0 a
34

a
11
a
12

a
51
a
52

= a
11
a
52
a
51
a
12

0
a
41
a
11
a
13

a
51
a
53

= a
11
a
53
a
51
a
13

0 a
42

a
11
a
14

a
51
a
54

= a
11
a
54
a
51
a
14

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-A

R
out
a
43
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
15

a
51
a
55

= a
11
a
55
a
51
a
15

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1 A

R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
out

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1
a
44

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
12
a
13
a
14

a
21
a
22
a
23
a
24

A
a
31
a
32
a
33
a
34

a
41
a
42
a
43
a
44

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14

a
21
a
22
a
21
a
23
a
21
a
24

n - 2
1 a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14

a
11
a
31
a
32
a
31
a
33
a
31
a
34

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14

a
41
a
42
a
41
a
43
a
41
a
44

a
11
a
12

a
21
a
22

= a
11
a
22
a
21
a
12

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1

R
out

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

A

R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
2

a
11
a
11
a
13

a
21
a
23

= a
11
a
23
a
21
a
13

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
3

a
12
a
11
a
14

a
21
a
24

= a
11
a
24
a
21
a
14

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

A

R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 -1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 -1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
4

a
13
a
11
a
12

a
31
a
32

= a
11
a
32
a
31
a
12

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
3

a
21
a
11
a
13

a
31
a
33

= a
11
a
33
a
31
a
13

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1

R
3
R
4

a
22
a
11
a
14

a
31
a
34

= a
11
a
34
a
31
a
14

0
a
23
a
11
a
12

a
41
a
42

= a
11
a
42
a
41
a
12

0 a
31

a
11
a
13

a
41
a
43

= a
11
a
43
a
41
a
13

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-A

R
out
a
32

a
11
a
14

a
41
a
44

= a
11
a
44
a
41
a
14

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1 A

R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
out

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1
a
33

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
12
a
13

A a
21
a
22
a
23

a
31
a
32
a
33

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13

n - 2
1 a
21
a
22
a
21
a
23

a
11
a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13

a
31
a
32
a
31
a
33

a
11
a
12

a
21
a
22

= a
11
a
22
a
21
a
12

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1

R
out

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

A

R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
2

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1

R
3
R
4

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
3

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
3

a
11
a
11
a
13

a
21
a
23

= a
11
a
23
a
21
a
13

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
3

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

A

R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 -1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 -1 A 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
4

a
12
a
11
a
12

a
31
a
32

= a
11
a
32
a
31
a
12

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1

R
out

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

A

R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
2

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-A

R
out
a
21
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
13

a
31
a
33

= a
11
a
33
a
31
a
13

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1

R
out

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

A

R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

-1

R
2

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

2
1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2

1 1 1 1 A 1 1 1 A

R
out
R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
out

1 1 1 A 1 1 1 -1
a
22

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
4

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

n - 2 n 2 n - 2 n - 2 n 2 n - 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 a
11
a
12

A
a
11
a
11
a
11
a
11
a
11
a
11
a
21
a
22

7 - 2 6 2 5 - 2 4 - 2 3 2 2 - 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 a
11
a
12

A
a
11
a
11
a
11
a
11
a
11
a
11
a
21
a
22

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1

A 1 -1 AV
1

0 0 0
R
out
R
out
R
3
R
out

-1 1 1
0 0 0 0
R
3
R
3
R
4
0

-1 1 1 -1
0 0 0 0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 -1 AV
2

0 0 0
R
out
R
out
R
3
R
out

-1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
R
3
R
3
R
4

A -A
0 0 0 0 0
R
out
R
out

V
0

A

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0
R
1
R
2
R
2
R
1

A 1 -1 AV
1

0 0 0
R
out
R
out
R
3
R
out

-1 1 1
0 0 0 0
R
3
R
3
R
4
0

-1 1 1 -1
0 0 0 0
R
1
R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1 -1 AV
2

0 0 0
R
out
R
out
R
3
R
out

-1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
R
3
R
3
R
4

A -A
0 0 0 0 0
R
out
R
out

A Reduction Formula for Evaluating Determinants

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
12
a
13
a
14
a
15
a
16
a
17

a
21
a
22
a
23
a
24
a
25
a
26
a
27

a
31
a
32
a
33
a
34
a
35
a
36
a
37

a
41
a
42
a
43
a
44
a
45
a
46
a
47

a
51
a
52
a
53
a
54
a
55
a
56
a
57

a
61
a
62
a
63
a
64
a
65
a
66
a
67

a
71
a
72
a
73
a
74
a
75
a
76
a
77

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
21
a
22
a
21
a
23
a
21
a
24
a
21
a
25
a
21
a
26
a
21
a
27

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
31
a
32
a
31
a
33
a
31
a
34
a
31
a
35
a
31
a
36
a
31
a
37

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17
n - 2
1 a
41
a
42
a
41
a
43
a
41
a
44
a
41
a
45
a
41
a
46
a
41
a
47

a
11
a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
51
a
52
a
51
a
53
a
51
a
54
a
51
a
55
a
51
a
56
a
51
a
57

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
61
a
62
a
61
a
63
a
61
a
64
a
61
a
65
a
61
a
66
a
61
a
67

a
11
a
12
a
11
a
13
a
11
a
14
a
11
a
15
a
11
a
16
a
11
a
17

a
71
a
72
a
71
a
73
a
71
a
74
a
71
a
75
a
71
a
76
a
71
a
77

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11

1 1

R
1
R
2

a
12

-1

R
2

a
13

-1

R
1

a
14

0
a
15

0
a
16

0
a
17

0 a
21

A

R
out

a
22

1

R
out

a
23

-1

R
3

a
24

0
a
25

0
a
26

0 a
27

AV
1

R
out

a
31

0 a
32

-1

R
3

a
33

1 1

R
3
R
4

a
34

0
a
35

0
a
36

0
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
37

0

a
41

-1

R
1

a
42
0 a
43
0
a
44

1 1

R
1
R
2

a
45

-1

R
2

a
46
0 a
47
0
a
51
0 a
52
0
a
53
0
a
54

A

R
out

a
55

1

R
out

a
56

-1

R
3

a
57

AV
2

R
out

a
61
0
a
62
0 a
63
0
a
64
0
a
65

-1

R
3

a
66

1 1

R
3
R
4

a
67
0
a
71

0
a
72

0
Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
73

A

R
out

a
74
0

a
75

0
a
76

-A

R
out

a
77
0

a
11
a
12

a
21
a
22

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

A 1

R
out
R
out

1 1 1 A 1
a
11

R
1
R
2
R
out
R
out
R
2

a
11
a
13

a
21
a
23

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

A -1

R
out
R
3

1 1 -1 A 1
a
12

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
out
R
1

a
11
a
14

a
21
a
24

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A
0
R
out

0 a
13

a
11
a
15

a
21
a
25

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A
0
R
out

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

0 a
14

a
11
a
16

a
21
a
26

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A
0
R
out

0 a
15

a
11
a
17

a
21
a
27

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

A AV
1

R
out
R
out

1 1 AV
1

a
16

R
1
R
2
R
out

a
11
a
12

a
31
a
32

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

-1
0

R
3

1 1 -1
a
21

R
1
R
2
R
3

a
11
a
13

a
31
a
33

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

1 1
0

R
3
R
4

1 1 1 1
a
22

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4

a
11
a
14

a
31
a
34

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
23

a
11
a
15

a
31
a
35

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
24

a
11
a
16

a
31
a
36

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
25

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

a
11
a
17

a
31
a
37

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

0 0

0 a
26

a
11
a
12

a
41
a
42

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
2

-1
0
R
1

-1
a
31

R
1
R
2

a
11
a
13

a
41
a
43

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1 -1

R
1
R
2
R
1

-1
0
R
1

-1
a
32

R
1
2

a
11
a
14

a
41
a
44

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1 1 1

R
1
R
1
R
2

1 1
a
33

R
1
R
2

a
11
a
15

a
41
a
45

Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1 -1

R
1
R
2

1 1 -1
a
34

R
1
R
2
R
2

a
11
a
16

a
41
a
46

1 1
0
R
1
R
2

-1
0
R
1

0 a
35

a
11
a
17

a
41
a
47

Analysis of 741-OP-AMP-IC by Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) ) Volume 1

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Analysis of 741-OP-AMP-IC by Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) ) Volume 1

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