Energy

Food

ENERGY

Nutrients Gross E Digestible E Metabolizable E

Energy requirements

David L. Hammond, DVM, DACVIM

Resting energy requirements Daily energy requirements

Nutrients - Definitions Any food constituent that helps support life Essential

Basic Nutrient Categories

VITAMINS MINERALS Lipids

indispensable - the body cannot synthesize

Conditionally essential

ENERGY

PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES WATER

required during certain physiologic or pathologic conditions dispensable - the body can synthesize

Nonessential

Energy density = Kcal/unit of volume

Proximate Analysis
Most

Proximate Analysis
Protein

common analysis done for nutritional testing Crude fat, crude protein, moisture, crude fiber & ash

carbohydrates determined by calculation

16 + 2% nitrogen Nitrogen 6.25 = Crude Protein Non-protein nitrogen (e.g. urea or ammonia) = error

NFE

(nitrogen free extract)

Carbohydrate content 100% - % H2O - % CP - % fat - % CF % ash = NFE

Nutrients - Proximate Analysis

Average Nutrient Analysis

More

accurate than proximate analysis Petfood manufacturers information

Product guides Company websites Customer service (telephone)

SACN 4th Edition

Energy Content of Food

Nutrients - Proximate Analysis

Energy

density
Gross E 9.0 kcal/g 4.0 kcal/g 4.0 kcal/g 0 kcal/g Atwater 8.5 kcal/g 3.5 kcal/g 3.5 kcal/g 0 kcal/g

Fat CHO Protein Fiber

SACN 4th Edition

Modified Atwater Formula

Proximate

Energy Needs of the Patient

analysis:

Protein + 1.5% Fat + 1.0% Crude fiber 0.7% Moisture 4% Ash (when not provided)

Calorimetry - measurement of heat Direct

measurement of heat dissipation by physical methods inference of heat production from quantitative measurement of chemical byproducts of metabolism

Indirect

2% for canned foods 6% for dry foods

e.g. O2 consumption, CO2 production

Hill RC et al JAVMA 2009;234:347-351

Energy Needs of the Patient

Energy Needs of the Patient

Daily

Resting energy requirement (RER) 1000 kcal/m2 70 (Wtkg)0.75 30(Wtkg) + 70*

*(> 2 kg and < 45 Kg) Use Ideal Body Weight

energy requirement (DER) in kcal per day

aka: MER, MEE & DEE DER = RER maintenance factor

maintenance factor varies according to species, age, reproductive status, environment and activity level

only represents an estimate

Calculation of DER

Calculation of DER

Canine Maintenance (1.0 to 1.8 x RER) Neutered adult = 1.6 x RER Intact adult = 1.8 x RER Obese-prone = 1.4 x RER Weight loss = 1.0 x RER Weight gain = 1.2-1.4 x RER at ideal weight Light work = 2 x RER Moderate work = 3 x RER Heavy work = 4-8 x RER

Feline Maintenance (0.8 -1.4 x RER) Neutered adult = 1.2 x RER Intact adult = 1.4 x RER Obese-prone = 1.0 x RER Weight loss = 0.8 x RER Weight gain = 1.2-1.4 x RER at ideal weight

Food Dosage Determination

Food Dosage Determination

Example: 20 kg spayed female

red spaniel
Calculate RER: RER = [30(BWtkg) + 70] RER = [30(20 kg) + 70] RER = 670 kcal/day

Calculate DER: DER = RER Factor DER = 670 kcal/day 1.4 DER = 938 kcal/day

Food Dosage Determination

A Measuring Cup

Determine food dose:

Energy Requirement Energy Density of food 938 kcal day cup = 2.68 cups/d 350 kcal

An

8 ounce measuring cup holds 8 fluid ounces (volume) not 8 ounces of weight

938 kcal/day 350 kcal/cup = 2.68 cups/day