ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES OF METRIC SPACES MATH.

450, SPRING 2013

JACEK POLEWCZAK

Auxiliary inequality Let p > 1 and dene q by 1 1 + = 1. p q p and q are called conjugate exponents. p+q 1= , pq Hence 1/(p 1) = q 1 and u = tp1 = t = uq1 . (2) For any > 0, > 0, consider the rectangle in (t, u) system with vertices {(0, 0), (0, ), (, ), (0, )}. Since is the area of this triangle, we have the inequality (see (2)):

(1)

pg = p + q,

(p 1)(q 1) = 1.

tp1 dt +
0

uq1 du.

(3)

Integrating the right hand side of (2) we obtain p q + . p q (4)

lder inequality The Ho i ) = ( 1 , 2 , . . . n , . . . ) and ( Let ( i ) = ( 1 , 2 , . . . n , . . . ) be such that

i |p = 1 |
i=1

and
i=1

| i |q = 1.

(5)

i , i | and = | Here i R, i = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Setting = | i |, inequality (4) yields 1 p 1 q i | i | | i | . i | + | p q Summing over i and using (1) and (5), we obtain

i | i |
i=1

1 1 + = 1. p q

(6)

Consider now i , i R, i = 1, 2, 3, . . . such that

|i | <
i=1

and
i=1

|i |q < .

(7)

Now, setting ( ( and substituting (8) into (6), we arrive at the H older inequality for sums:
1/p

i =

i p 1/p k=1 |k | )

and

i =

i q 1/q k=1 |k | )
1/q

(8)

|i i |
i=1 k=1

|k |

p m=1 1

|m |

(9)

JACEK POLEWCZAK

where p > 1 and 1/p + 1/q = 1. If p = q = 2, then (9) yields the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality :
1/2 1/2

|i i |
i=1 k=1

|k |

2 m=1

|m |

(10)

Inequality (10) for nite sums is provided in the textbook; Theorem 6.1. The Minkowski inequality
1/p 1/p 1/p

|i + i |
i=1

k=1

|k |

+
m=1

|m |

(11)

For p = 1 the above inequality follows from the triangle inequality for numbers. For p > 1, we consider i = i + i . The triangle inequality for numbers gives |i |p = |i + i ||i |p1 + (|i | + |i |)|i |p1 . Summing over i = 1, . . . , n, we obtain
n n n

|i |p
i=1 i=1

|i ||i |p1 +
i=1 1/p

|i ||i |p1 .

(12)

Applying the H older inequality to the rst sum on the right, we nd

n n n 1/q

|i ||i |
i=1

p1

k=1

|k |

(|m |
m=1

p1 q

Note that (|m |p1 )q = |m |p , since (p 1)q = p. Treating the last sum in (12) similarly, we obtain
n n 1/p n 1/q

|i ||i |
i=1

p1

k=1

|k |

(|m |
m=1

Taken together,
n

|i |
i=1

1/p

|k |
k=1

+
k=1

|k |

1/p

1/q

(|m |
m=1

Dividing by the last factor on the right (notice that 1 1/q = 1/p), we obtain (11) with n instead of . And letting n and observing that two series on the right converge because of (7), we obtain (11). Spaces lp Let p 1 and consider a set lp of sequences x = (i ) = (1 , 2 , . . . ) with i R for i = 1, 2, . . . , and such that

|i |p <
i=1

(p 1, xed)

(13)

and the function d : lp lp R dened by

1/p

d(x, y ) =
i=1

|i i |

(14)

p where y = (i ) with i R for i = 1, 2, . . . and i=1 |i | < . d(x, y ) is symmetric and Minkowski inequality (11) shows that (lp , d) is a metric space. When p = , l is a metric space with the metric dened by d(x, y ) = sup |i i |, i

where x = (i ) = (1 , 2 , . . . ), y = (i ) = (1 , 2 , . . . ) with i R for i = 1, 2, . . . and such that sup |i | < and sup |i | < .
i i

Notice that lp l for every p 1.

(Do you know why? )