X I I I .

A NE\V S P E C I E S O F DEEP L\,'ATER S H A R K

(SQUALIOLUS SARh'lENTI) F R O M MADEIRA.'

( PLAICXXXV.)

I n the present paper I give a n account of a deep-sea shark takcii

iii Madeiran w7aters during the month of Septeinber, 1923, by fisher-
men froin the village of Caiiia de Lobos, v i t h the lines they use for
the capture o1 t h e coinmon " P e i x e espada prelo" or Black Swordfish
( A p h u n o p u s carbo Lowc).
These long lines have piocured for me, from tlie Irorizon of t h a t
fish, many interesting deep-sea species, some o1 thein iinknown t o
science, others rare, or a t least not yet recorded from thesc waters.
.4mong t h e latter I may i11 passing mcntion Psez~dotriacismicuodon
Capello, Ccntrosc3rnznus obscz~rz~sVaillant, Somniosz~srosti.altis (Risso),
besides severa1 other Teleostean fishes.
Of the species Iiere descrihed, a single fernale example was obtained,
(C. h4. Cai. Fishes, No. 7976a). I t riiust h a r e come from a delith, in
a11 probability, oi between ahout five hundred and eight huiidred
fathoinç, for the Aphenofius fishing apparatus is forrried o l a long
line suspended vertically, with some a n e hundred and fifty liooks
fiied by sliort snoods aloiig its lower part, from aboiit five Iiundred
fatlioins belom the surface a s far a s irs end, ii~hiclireaches f a r dowii,
gcnerally t o a depth of eiglrt hundred fathoms.
I t belongs t o the genus Squaliolz's, lately described by Dr. I-Iugh
M. Smith aiid Lewis Radcliffe, from tlie Pliilippines. (Proc. U. S. S a t .
Rlt~s.X L I , 684. Feh. y, 1912.)
T h c geniis may bc t h o s defiiied:

'The articie hrrewith printed was submitted to the Editor of tiie Anrials some
time apo by Dr. Ilavid Starr Jor<iaii. I t was accompnnied by a nhotograph showing
the ventral a s w c t of the sneciirien, which is now the pmperty oi tlie Carnegie
Museuiii. 'This view has been sunpienicnlcd by a lateral irirxv anci imth air r*-
oroduccd uriuri Piate XXXV. TV. 3. HOLLAXD.
 Squaliolus Smith and Radcliffe.
Squalaid sliarks o1 very small siic, the body elongate, little coin-
&iresseti, with thick h ~ a dand slcnder caudal peduncle. Deriial
scutella ininute, not stalked, prisniatic. Mouth little archrd, a
straight oblique groove running backward froni its cammisure. Teetli
of different forins i11 each jaw, those in the lower few in iiuniber, all
sirnple, their cusl~sivith subrrctang~ilarbases, the cosps of tlie upper
teeth crect, narrow, pointed; those of the Iower jaw triangiilar,
turncd aside. their inner margins thus iorniing oblicjuc incisorial
edges: a rncdian tooth with ercct, equilateral cuçp in the symphysis
u f lolver j a u . hrostrils lateral-inierior, near the front rnargin o i
snout. No nictitating rneiubranc. Spiracles superior, behind eyes.
Ana1 fiii absent; first dorsal fin mith a sinal1 front spine hidden in
the skin;second dorsal spincleçs, with a much longcr liase than t h a t
of tlic first; caudal fin xveil deueloped.
\ler? sniall shai-kç froni deep mater, nearly black i n colour.

Squaliolus sarmenti Noronha, sp. no\-. (PI. XXXV)

Ilead 4.5 in length; depth 8 iii snout; ahout 2.75 in head; eye h iii
head; about 2 in snout: 1.9 iii width oi snout; 3.4 in preoral portion
of snoiit; space betweeri çpiracles equal to ividth of snoot.
n o d y rather clongate, soineahat robust, rouiided-irihedrai in
section, tlic upper and lower profiles dcscribing a gentle curve as f a r
as tlie ends of sccond dorsal and veirtral fins, and theiice praceeding
in a straiglit line as far as the root of the caudal fiii. The caudal
irunk short, r e r y slendrr in lirafile, flat above and below, dcpressed,
ç~ibrcctangulariii section, a11 thc lo\vcr regi011 betmrecn tlie anus aild
caudal fin beiiig flat.
Head narro>,?, thick, rounded abave and beloxi.. Snout short,
tliick, nari-oa, a little more conves below than abox~e,v-ith ai1 angiilar
froiit rnargin. Upper part of head with-at each side of the ineílian
liiie-a very well-defined raiv of pores, which is continued by the
lateral line. Eyes moderate. their anterior cdge midway bet\veen end
of snoiit aiid spiracles. Nostrils ver? Iargc, nearei- tip of çnoiit than
eye, Ihe space betwecn their iniier ends heing a little greater than
Iialf tlieir own length. Mouth sinall, very slightly curved, on Lhe
izrtical froin posterior margin of eye-slit; labial fold extending a
little way along upper niargin of niouth; lips thin.
Teetli of thc upper jaiv presenting severa1 rows in iise a t once. the
c r i s l ~ s - e r ynarrow. sharp, cunico-cornpressed; lower tceth j+ + I 8
iii number. slio\ving a single roi" in use, their triangular cusps rather
narruiv, not ver? rniich inclincd o u t n a r d or baciiward, tlic upright
rnesial tooth no{. so Iiigli as the others.
T h e last o1 the çn~allfiue brancliial op~iiings touching ~ v i t hits
inferior cncl thc front o1 thc root o1 the pectoral fin.
 Dr Xononira: S n r ~ r , r o ~SAR'~IENTI.
us 387
T h e body, hlackish broivn abovc and slaty black below, iç covcred
wiili a fiiie shagreen consisting of sniall sessile quadrangular tubercleç,
each with four ridges. T h e iop of each tiihercle has a pit iri tlie centre
a n d faur heads i n t h e 1,criphery correçponding t o tlie four ridges.
Excepting t h e caudal fin, whicli is in tlie greater pari scaly, all fins
are covered with tuhercleç only a t their bases. Tliey have their
free edges white, t h e larger p a r i of the surface of the pcctorals, ventrais,
and second dorsal, beiiig of t h a t colour.
Tlie first dorsa! f i n hax its origin nearer the pectorals than t h e
veiitrals, and hcars in its anterior border concealed in the skin a
siiiall spine, a ttiird a s high as the front margin of the fin. T h e
second dorsal unarmed, ivith a fleshy base a little çliorter than tliree
times t h a t of the first dorçal, its vertical height equal t o tiun thirds
of t h e said second dorsal. Pectorals suhrettarigular not short, alinast
naked and white, ilieir end nearly reachiiig tlie vertical froni tlie
dorsal spiiie. Ventral fins, ii-ith fleshy base, a little highcr than çecond
dorsal, tlieir length a liitle greacer than half of the same dorsal. the
dista~iceof tlieir 02-iain froin t h e iip of snoiit e q ~ i a lt o tmo thirds of
the total lengili of the fish. Caudal firi not far froin lioinocercal, the
tail critering inio it iii a straight linr and very slightly bendiiig iip-
ivards only a t its enrl; tlie two lobes triangular, bath dc\,eloped,
almost syinnretrical.
T h e species is named aiter iny ald friend, Prof. Alberto Arthur
Sarinrnto, the Madeira" naturalist, who haç becn cngaged here for
many years in the diifusion of kiiowledge of natural scicnce.
From the Piiilippine species. Sgueliolus Inlicezidus Srnith anel Rad-
cliffe, Sgualioltis siirmenti seems t o differ in thc rnorc posterior iii-
sertion of tlre first dorsal. I n Squaliolns leticnudus tlie distance irorn
snoot t o first dorsal is 2 . 1 in lengtli t o base of caudal; iii S. sernzenii
it is 2.4. T h e pectorai in .S. !nlica?~dzcsreaches well past fro2t of
first dorsnl; in S. sarmenti oiily t o the concealed spiiie. Tlie distance
froiu spiracles to iiiseriioii of firçt dorsnl is 3.6 in bocl\- i i i S. laticeudr~s;
4 iii S. sainzenli.
T h e fallox~-inga r e the cliniensioris of the exarnple olitained:
Boov: Totai iciigth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a46 mm.
Ç,icatrst height (iinder fiint ilorsal) . . . . . . 31 min.
FIright of caudal ~eduiicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 to 6 mni
HEAD: Le11gth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 m m .
Width a t spiracies . . . . . . . . . ......... 23 inm.
Leiigth of siiout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 mm.
Width OS snout (near aiiterior margili OS eyr) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 rnm
Preoral portion of anout. . . . . . . . . . . . ...... j r inm.
Uiaineter of e y e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 nim.
Interorhitul spacc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ~giiim.
 Flnsr Donsnr.: DLtance frrim snoiit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 mm
Length oi base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 m m .

Vertical height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 rnm.

1,ength of anterior margin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 m m
Lengtli of spine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q rniii.
SECOND DORSAL: Dista~icefrom end o i first dorsal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 m m
Length of base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 min.
Vertical height.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 mm.
P ~ c r o n ~ i sDistance
: froin inoiit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 rnm.
Widthoibase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 mm.
Length.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 m m .
V E N ~ R A L SDistance
: irom snoul.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 mrn
Length o i base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 m i n .
Vertical height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 mm
CAUDAL:13istance from end o1 second dorsal.. . . . . . . . . . . i 6 mm.
Distance from end of ventrais.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qo m m .
Lcngth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 rnrn
Hriglit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 m m .

Comparing this species with the Madeirari riieinbeis of the squalaid

group, we find t h a t ils dermal denticles are quite of t h e çaine model
a s Etmoplerus pzlsilllu (Lowe), only they are cornparatively larger in
the present species, for thc larger specinieils of E. pusillels of our
collection, some of them not less than 47 centimetres i11 length, bale
dernial scutella of the saine abçalute size. T h e nearly naked paired
and dorsal fins, all with white margins, are forther features commoii
t o the tii.0 çpecies considered.
Thc lower teeth, apart from their entire edges, by their reduced
number, their inclination and t h e preseriçe of a nresial tootli, approach
those of Scymnorhinz~s 1ii:Iza (Bonnaterre); but, more exactly, they
approach nearer t o those of Ccntroscymnz~sobsczlrzls, Vaillant, and of
C. crepidntei (Hocage and Capello), tliail S. licbe, in ivhich species
the lower teeth deviate little froin the i ~ p r i g h tposition. 011the other
hand, the upper teeth present a claçer reseinblance by their conical
poiiited cusps t o tliose of S . liclia arid C crepidalei. thaii t o a n y othei-
species, b u t t h e upper jaw describes a çingle arch, as i t happens gen-
erally, and not a çinuosity, as is t h e case with t h e genus Cenlvoscymnus.
e
T h e fainily place of this gerius of shai-ks is not difficult t o find. and
depends only on the way hy which systematists treat t h e sharks of
the scjualoid group. If we accept a single farnily, the Spualidic, i ~ i -
cluding not only ai1 fnriiis m-ith tiw dorçal spines, b u t alço those
urhich are spineless, this new form is eiititled t o enter there immedi-
ately, without any ohjection. Boi if the group rnust comprise more
than one family, cliaracterized eitlier by the presence of two dorsal
spines, or by the total absence of thern, in this case, a s Sqz~aliolushas
a single very çniali dorsal spirie, a nem family, the Sguoliolidre, inust
be recognized.
ADOLFOCESARDE NORONHA.

Cruces, Funchal, Madeira, NOI-einber, I923

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. XVI.
Plate X X X V .

Squaliolus savmanlz Noronlia. ? (About three-fourthsNat. siie) Caught Madeira Islands. S e ~ t2.7 , '923