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Copper

Superalloys

Copper is often resistant to corrosion and ductile and malleable inzinc its unalloyed state. Brasses Brasses are copper alloys substitutional with zinc impurities. There are two kinds of brass, each described by its primary phase constituent. brass is up to 35% zinc and dominated by the FCC phase. At higher concentrations, brass has and phases. This brass is less soft and is often hot worked. Bronze

Superalloys are alloys that maximise or minimise one or more properties. These alloys are often used in the aircraft industry. For example: superalloys that minimise density reduce centrifugal stresses in turbines. 5 Noble Metals The noble metals include silver, gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. They are all soft, ductile, and oxidation resistant. Their lack of reactivity is their defining characteristic. These metals are often strengthened with solid-solution alloying.

Bronze is copper alloyed with tin, silver, nickel, aluminium, and silicon. They have good tensile properties and are highly corrosion 6 Aluminium resistant. Aluminium and its alloys have low density, high conductivities, and corrosion resistance. Its a ductile and malleable material with 2 Steel and Ferrous Alloys an FCC crystal structure. While mechanical properties are often Ferrous alloys are primarily iron. improved through alloying and cold work, these processes reduce corrosion resistance. There are two major varieties of aluminium Low Carbon Steel alloy (cast and wrought). Aluminium is only heat-treatable when Low carbon steels have less than .25 wt % Carbon. They are alloyed. largely ferrite and pearlite strengthened by cold work. High ductility, yield strengths around 275 MPa, and tensile strengths 7 Glass Ceramics between 415 and 550 MPa. A glass ceramic is a polycrystalline ceramic. These glass-ceramics are formed when noncrystalline solids are heated to the point HLSA that they melt. Upon cooling, they can form domains with a HLSA (High strength low alloy) steel is a subset of low carbon crystalline structure. Often, a nucleating agent (such as titanium steels that combine low carbon steel with alloying elements such dioxide) is added to promote crystallisation. Glass-ceramics are as copper, vanadium, nickel, and molybdenum. They are more relatively strong, have low thermal expansion coefficients, good corrosion resistant and can be strengthened with heat resistance. thermal properties, and good dielectric properties. Glass-ceramics are easy to mass-manufacture. Medium Carbon Steel Medium carbon steels have up to 0.6 wt % Carbon. Often tempered to strengthen the martensite microstructure. Often used in high-strength structural parts. Its specified in AISI notation with a 10xx, where xx is the wt % carbon multiplied by 100. High Carbon Steel High carbon steels have a wt % carbon of up to 1.4%. Theyre almost always tempered and often contain alloying elements. Predictably, they are the strongest and hardest, but also the least ductile. 8 Clay

Clay is a naturally abundant ceramic. Its remarkably easy to form when wet. Clay can be used in structural products with great integrity. When fired, however, the clay becomes whiteware. Whiteware is largely decorative. 9 Refractory Ceramics

Refractory ceramics can withstand large amounts of heat. The heat bearing properties of refractory ceramics come from porosity. A balance must be found between the desired thermal and mechanical properties. This is controlled by the relative porosity Stainless Steel Stainless steel is steel engineered to avoid corrosion. It must of the material. Refractory ceramics are also controlled by the contain 11 wt % Chromium. They can be martensitic, ferritic, kind of particle added before firing the ceramic. Some common or austenitic based on their microstructure. Martensitic is able particles are fireclay(alumina), silica, and magnesia. to be heat treated while the other two arent. Austenitic is the 10 Polymers most corrosion resistant and not magnetic. Elastomers Cast Iron Cast iron has carbon content greater than 2.14 wt %. Cast iron is characterised by the presence of graphite. The graphite results from the dissociation of metastable cementite into alpha ferrite and graphite. Cast irons are often rather brittle and have a low melting temperature. 3 Refractory Metal Refractory metals are metals characterised by extremely high melting temperatures. Examples include Niobium, Molybdenum, Tungsten, and Tanatalum. Melting temperatures range from 2468oC to 3410oC . They have strong bonding, large elastic moduli, and high strengths. An elastomer is an elastic polymer. A particularly common example is rubber. Elastomers may be strengthened by additives or through the creation of cross-links. This will, however, stiffen the elastomer. A common method of creating cross-links is vulcanisation, which involves adding sulphur to the polymer. Fibers Fibers are polymers that have an aspect ration of at least 100:1. They are often woven into larger swaths of material or set in a matrix to form a composite. Fibers are created from drawn polymers. The strength of a fiber corresponds to its degree of crystallinity. Often, fibers will have a high tensile strength and a high modulus of elasticity.