Algebra of Complex Variables

Complex variable A is made of two real numbers: A = ar + jai ar and aj are both real and j = 1

Since a complex number A is constructed of two real numbers (ar and ai ), it can be viewed as a point in a two-dimensional plane, called the complex plane as is shown. ar and ai denote the Cartesian coordinates of the point. In a 2-D plane, points can also be represented by polar coordinates (r and ) or |A| and A for the complex number A. Magnitude of A: Phase of A: Real part of A: Imaginary part of A Rectangular form of A Polar form of A From the diagram, we get:

2 a2 r + ai ai A = tan1 ar

|A| A ar = Re{A} ai = Im{A} A = ar + jai A = |A|

Im a A
i

|A| A ar Re

|A| =

or

ar = |A| cos(A ) ai = |A| sin(A )

Note that A angle ranges from -180 to 180 (or from zero to 360 ) while tan1 values range from -90 to 90 . Value of A depends on the signs of both ar and ai and not the sign of ai /ar only. For example, if ar = ai = +1 as well as ar = ai = 1, tan1 (ai /ar ) = 45 , while the correct values are A = 45 for the rst case and A = 135 for the second case. The following table helps nd the correct value of A (It assumes that the calculator gives tan1 values from 90 to 90 .) ar > 0 ai > 0 ar > 0 ai < 0 ar < 0 ai > 0 ar < 0 ai < 0 0 < A < 90 90 < A < 0 90 < A < 180 tan1 value is correct tan1 value is correct Add 180 to tan1 value

180 < A < 90 Add 180 to tan1 value

ECE60L Notes (Math Summaries), Spring 2001

Eulers Formula relates the rectangular and polar form of complex numbers: Eulers Formula: ej = cos + j sin A = ar + jai = |A| cos + j |A| sin = |A|ej = |A| Algebra of Complex Variables: Consider two complex variables, A = ar + jai = |A|
A

and B = br + jbi = |B |

. Then,

A + B = (ar + jai ) + (br + jbi ) = (ar + br ) + j (ai + bi ) Note: |A + B | = |A| + |B |

A+B

A B = (ar + jai ) (br + jbi ) = (ar br ai bi ) + j (ar bi + ai br ) A B = |A|ejA |B | ejB = |A||B |ej (A+B ) Note: |A.B | = |A|.|B |
A.B A B

|A| ejA A |A| j (A B ) = e = j B B |B | e |B | Note: A |A| = B |B |

A/B

Complex Conjugate: A = ar + jai = |A| A = ar jai = |A|

A A

Complex Conjugate of A

A + A = (ar + jai ) + (ar jai ) = 2ar A A = (ar + jai ) (ar jai ) = j 2ai A.A = (|A|
A

) (|A|

) = |A|2

A real number

To nd the ratio of two complex number, we multiply the both nominator and denominator with the complex conjugate of the denominator: A.B 1 A = = (A.B ) B B.B |B |2 ar + jai (ar br + ai bi ) + j (ar bi + ai br ) (ar + jai )(br jbi ) A = = = 2 B br + jbi (br + jbi )(br jbi ) b2 r + bi
ECE60L Notes (Math Summaries), Spring 2001