I've seen many recommendations about when a formal stress analysis should be done (based on line size, temperature,

etc), however, I still haven't seen any practical recommendations about when a dynamic analysis should be included. Could any of the many experienced engineers in this forum give some guidelines, examples, criteria regarding when (or when not) to include a dynamic stress analysis, and probably elaborate a little more about the types of analyzes done for specific cases? Thanks C2it (Petroleum) 12 Jan 10 8:13

Dynamic stress analysis comes in three levels of complexity ... Modal analysis, just derives natural frequencies and shapes, without any magnitudes for loads displacements or stresses. Response Spectrum, gives loads and stresses etc., based on dynamic input in fairly simple, worst case form. Time History, gives accurate results from time based load or displacement application at one or many locations in a pipe geometry. Whether any dynamic analysis is required will depend on what the world (or a connected thing) does to the pipe, and what the pipe contents do to the pipe. For instance a compressor may cause vibration, earthquake may impose dynamic loads. Slug flow may cause flow induced vibration. It is often recommended to check out the natural frequencies of pipe systems particularly offshore and some limits are recommended in codes. Those limits cannot generally be imposed on larger refinery pipework. Response spectra analysis for earthquake is now a requirement for most nuclear pipework in the UK. Time history takes alot of effort to generate the input data but gives good results. Time history might be used to look at for example, steam pipe system response to a rapid closing turbine stop valve. It is critically important to get masses reasonably accurate and get boundary conditions exactly correct for a decent dynamic result. Remember to include things like a valve actuator mass on a long stem for instance. LSThill (Mechanical) PLEASE READ AND REVIEW DNV-RP-D101: Structural Analysis of Piping Systems Recommended Practice DNV-RP-D101, October 2008. Page 10 design codes more or less limited to linear- static and dynamic analysis. ... exchange.dnv.com/OGPI/OffshorePubs/Members/rp-d101.pdf 12 Jan 10 16:41

L S THILL garfio (Mechanical) 13 Jan 10 11:35

Thanks, that is a good document. Any other reference to the case of steam lines in power plants? LSThill (Mechanical) garfio (Mechanical) PRG Technology Webinars will begin on Tuesday, January 19 th and will follow the A08 ASME Section VIII Divison 2 release of FE/Pipe and NozzlePRO. See www.paulin.com for more details. January Webinar Topic(s) Jan 19 - A08 ASME Section VIII Div 2 and its impact on local stress analysis and B31 piping. 17 Jan 10 17:37

Reserve your January 19 Webinar seat now at: https://www2.gotomeeting.com/register/236955595 Date: Tuesday, January 19, 2010 Time: 10:00 AM - 11:00 AM CST (Houston) February Webinar Topic(s)

1) A08 ASME Section VIII impact on WRC 107/297 calculations and allowable nozzle loads.

2) Stiff vs. Flexible Piping Systems and the effect of intersection models.

Dynamic Pipe Stress Analysis( )book

Pipe Stress Engineering

Last few years we get an opportunity to explore several dynamic problems by our Clients, using advantages of dynamic applications within Caesar II software, as: Harmonic Analysis If the forces or displacements acting on the piping system take sinusoidal form a Harmonic Analysis has to be provided. The examples of Harmonic Analysis are pulsations and (forced) vibrations. We started in 2006 with these calculations on BASF Antwerp site. Time History Analysis This type of analysis can be provided for known time history profiles, such as fluid hammer load. Seismic Spectrum Analysis Since earthquakes cause random motion, response spectrum method has to be developed for this analysis. In 2009 we calculated our first piping systems disposed on earthquake loads. Force Spectrum Analysis This analysis, similar to Time History Analysis, is used for all types of impulse loadings such as slug flow or relief valve firing. Natural Frequency Analysis Natural frequency check can be provided to insure required system rigidity. This analysis is part of standard SENS calculation procedure.

STRESS ANALYSIS Pipe stress analysis is often required to evaluate the effect of pressure, thermal, seismic and other static and dynamic loads on piping. Dynaflow International Inc. highly recommend Stress Analysis for the following cases: Pipelines larger than 2" connected to air coolers or steam generators Pipes subject to dynamic/surge conditions Pipes connected to strain sensitive equipment Pipelines operating at high temperatures and/or pressures Process air duct work subject to thermal loads associated with dryers, coolers, calciners, etc. Pipelines with large thrust forces Pipelines subject to external pressure Pipelines on critical service Pressure relief systems

The need for pipe stress analysis is evaluated based on applicable codes and considering process/project requirements. Typical applications include: Static analysis of piping and structural models Analysis of wind , snow, ice, earthquake and shock load effects Evaluations of nozzle and vessel stresses in accordance with WRC 297, API 650, or BS 5500 Analysis of static and dynamic load combinations Evaluation of vibration responses for damped systems Analysis of impact loads such as water hammer, slug flow, and relief valve discharge Animation of dynamic responses A thorough pipe stress analysis also includes the design of piping supports. The design scope usually includes the pipe attachments as well as additional support steel and any modifications to the main structure. Piping Flexibility and Stress Analysis This consulting service consists of building a computer model of the piping systems, connected rotating equipment and any other process equipment connected to the piping system on CAESAR II. To this model, the static effects of temperature change, pressure, weight (pipe, contents, insulation and concentrated loads), the environment (wind, snow, ice, earthquake and shock), pipe supports and restraints are applied. The support/restraint system may include spring hangers, rigid supports, anchors, soil resistance, line stops, guides, non-linear restraints and hold down clamps. The results of all such effects are then reviewed, evaluated and compared with allowable loads set forth in industry standards as well as accepted piping codes. Analyses can be processed to check compliance with the following Piping Codes - ANSI/ASME B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, B31.8, ASME Section 3, Class 2 & 3, U.S. Navy, Norwegian, Swedish, Polish and Russian. In addition, rotating equipment allowable loads can be verified when compared with NEMA SM23, API Std. 617 and API Std. 610. In the event that the effects of seismic loadings or fluid surge/hammer is required to be considered, it can be accurately modeled, analyzed and evaluated. An accurate analysis of each piping system, including the support/restraint system, any connected equipment and the conditions/effects to be considered, is critical to the proper evaluation and operation of a piping system

Pipe Stress Analysis Piping stress analysis is an important method to make sure and set a numeric system that piping system in the engineering is safe. Expenses (Style, Moment and voltage) that occurs on the actual pipe and equipment Nozzle made such that the load does not exceed the limits set by the International Standard and Code (ASME, ANSI, API, WRC, NEMA, etc.). In the analysis that the burden is due to the influence of the treatment burden of static load and dynamic treatment. Installation support (buffer) is the most important so that the influence of loading (static and dynamic) for piping operating system

does not fail or malfunction. Static load (sustain, expansi and operating) is essentially a burden caused by the influence of internal pressure, temperature and weight of pipe material and all components in the system. Apart from the static load can also be caused by the external load, ie, earthquakes, thrust load from the relief valve, wind and wave and the ultimate burden of the land when the pipe is in the land (under ground). Burden than the static ultimate load due to land is often called the burden "occational static" or better known as the burden of "quasi dynamic", said so because the burden is considered as if the burden of dynamic but not the function of time. Limitation of voltage that occurs on the actual load dynamic quasi not exceed from 1.33Sh. Load dynamics (occasional) to consider the external load as a function of time [W = f (t)], among others, the earthquake (seismic), operation of safety valve, vibrasi (pulsation), and water hammer. In analysis of the dynamics, the amount of natural frequency can be calculated or estimated when the scale of the source frequency extraksi engine rotation frequency and time piping system can be known beforehand. Frequency extraksi engine rotation can be from the vendor data information, while the frequency piping private system can be calculated using the formula with the model based on the (routing) is piping system. Analysis of the dynamics of this can be done using several methods, namely: Capital, Spectrum, Harmonic and Time History.