International Journal of Civil Engineering and (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTechnology CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

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A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO GROUND WATER RECHARGE BY RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN PUDUKKOTTAI DIST, TAMILNADU
R.Greesan Dept. of Civil Engg. Chendhuran College of Engg & Tech.,Pudukkottai,TN

ABSTRACT The world was surrounded by water. Even though we are in the planet of earth which has 97% of water, we are facing our maximum of trouble regarding water. Some of the sources are saying that, Water scarcity will be the major reason to cause third world war. This case study was done in the district of Pudukkottai, which is not having any perennial resource of water and the dist was mostly depends on rain water for domestic and agri purposes. In this project we are tried to give better solution to the ground water and ground water recharge. This paper prescribed the technique of Roof Top Harvesting for storing and utilizing the rainwater and also for recharging the ground water. In the trend of urbanisation, the roof top harvesting is the effective, trouble-free system to implement with less expense. This will result in effective utilisation of water, ground water recharge, sustain our natural resources and automatically the environment will come under the greenish envelope without any doubt and drought. Thats the solution was very near to us to build a green city. WATER Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset, which is one of the most critical elements in Development Planning according to Indian National Water Policy. Planning and Development of Water Resources and their Use need to be governed by National Interest. It has been estimated that out of the Total precipitation around 4000 billion cubic metre in the country, Surface Water availability is about 1780 billion cubic metre. Out of this, only about 50% can be put to beneficial use because of topographical and other constraints. In addition, there is a Ground Water Potential of about 420 billion cubic metre. The availability of water is highly uneven in space and time. Precipitation is confined to only about 3 to 4 months with 20 40 significant Rainy days within a year. Hence, there is an
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME imperative need for effective collection of Rain Water for storing in appropriate places like Reservoir, Lakhs, Tanks, Ponds and Aquifers etc. In order to use the stored water efficiently for Economical and Social Purposes. Current Water Usage Usage (%) Agriculture Industry Domestic Future Water Usage Year India 2000 2050 China 2000 2050 USA 2000 2050 Agriculture 1658 1745 1024 1151 542 315 Industry Billion Lit/Day 115 441 392 822 605 665 Domestic 93 227 105 219 166 187 Total 1866 2413 1521 2192 1313 1167 Per Capita Lit/Day 88.9 167.0 82.7 155.4 582.7 484.6 World 69 23 8 Europe 33 54 13 Africa 88 5 7 India 83 12 5

Agriculture is the dominant section in Indian Economy. Tamil Nadu has poor ground water potential, depends mainly on the Surface Water Irrigation, as well as Ground Water Irrigation. The Surface Water Potential largely depends on the storage of water in Reservoirs, Dams and Tanks only. The state has used the Surface and Ground Water Potentials to maximum limit and hence the future development and expansion depends only on the efficient and economical use of Water Potential and Resources. To achieve the Water Use Efficiency, it is necessary to improve and upgrade the existing Conveyance and Storage System and also to introduce Modern Irrigation methods. Per Capita Water Use Continents Africa Asia North and C. America South America Europe USSR (Former) Per Capita Water Use (m3/yr) 245 519 1861 478 1280 713

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME
Per capita water availability in India Year 1951 1955 1991 2001 2025 2050 Study Area Pudukkottai district area profile PUDUKKOTTAI Pudukkottai district is bound on the North and North West by Trichirapalli district, Sivagangai district on the West and South West, on the East and North East by Thanjavur district and on the South East by Bay of Bengal. The district is formed in January 1974 out of certain pockets of the then Trichy and Thanjavur districts, has an area of 4663 sq.km with a coastal line of 39 km. Pudukkottai district is divided into two revenue divisions with 9 taluks. There are 7 Agricultural Divisions which is headed by the respective Assistant Director of Agriculture and 13 blocks headed by Agricultural Development Officer. Moreover, there are two municipalities and 8 town panchayats covering 757 revenue villages and 498 village panchayats. The average rainfall of the district is 923 mm per year. The frequency of rainfall is also uncertain. Even though the district has more number of tanks, most of the tanks are silted in nature. So the water holding capacity of the tanks is very poor. This often leads to water scarcity for irrigation during the critical stages of the crop, especially during maturity. The major crops of Pudukkottai district are Paddy, Groundnut, Cashew, Sugarcane, Pulses, Fruits,Coconut. Geology The district is mainly covered with crystalline metamorphic rock period predominantly occupying the western part of the district ; the sedimentary formations comprising cretaceous, tertiary and quaternary periods occupy the eastern and south-eastern part of the district. The stage of ground water development in all the thirteen blocks is less than 65% of utilizable recharge. Genocide Pudukkottai District is a coastal covered district and lies between 9 51 0 & 10 45, 0 North latitude and 78 25 30 and 79 16 30 East longitude covering a geographical area of about 4661 sq.km in the South Eastern part of Tamil Nadu. Agro Ecological Region Generally Hot and dry with moderate moisture availability, but the coastal plain including Cauvery delta has moderately large moisture availability. Population (Million) 361 395 846 1027 1394 1640 Per capita water availability (m3/year) 5177 4732 2209 1820 1341 1140

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME Agro climatic zone: Cauvery delta zone and southern zone. Physiographic and Drainage Pudukkottai district has an undulating topography with a general general genital slope towards Southeast. Small hillocks are seen in the Northern, Western and Southern part of the district. Alluvial plains of Agniar, Ambuliar and coastal plains occupy the Aranthangi, Avudaiyarkoil and Manamelkudi blocks in the Southeastern part of the district. Rainfall Details Climate of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is largely dependent on the monsoon rains, the failing of which sometimes leads to droughts in the country. The climate Tamil Nadu varies from dry sub subhumid to semi-arid. d. There are 3 distinct times of rainfall in Tamil Nadu, namely the South West monsoon from the months of June to September characterized by heavy southwest winds; the North East monsoons from the months of October to December, characterized by northeast winds; inds; and the dry season from the months of January to May. The annual rainfall of the state is approximately 945 mm (37.2 in), of which 32% is the South West monsoon and 48% is the North East monsoon. The state can be divided into 7 agroagro climatic zones: northwest, north-east, east, southern, west, high altitude hilly, high rainfall, and Cauvery Delta. Rainfall Details On Pudukkottai Dist Climate and Rainfall Climate is mainly tropical in nature with a cooler period from December to February. Maximum average temperature emperature is 24C- 43C. Rainfall is variable both annually and seasonally. The annual rainfall ranges from 496.4mm to 1032 mm in the last 10 years period. 1. 2. 3. 4. The season wise rainfall pattern of the district is as below: Winter period 52.2 mm Summer period 123.6 mm South West monsoon period 350.0 mm Northeast monsoon period 392.1 mm

52.2 392.1 350

123.6 WINTER SUMMER SW MONSOON NW MONSOON

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME Rainwater Harvesting A Glance of RWH

Figure shows the State wise Rainwater Harvesting The principle of collecting and using precipitation from a catchments surface. An old technology is gaining popularity in a new way. Rain water harvesting is enjoying a renaissance of sorts in the world, but it traces its history to biblical times. Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement the mains supply. Rainwater harvesting systems are appealing as they are easy to understand, install and operate. They are effective in 'green droughts' as water is captured from rainfall where runoff is insufficient to flow into dam storages. The quality of captured rainwater is usually sufficient for most household needs, reducing the need for detergents because rainwater is soft. Financial benefits to the users include that rain is 'renewable' at acceptable volumes despite climate change forecasts, and rainwater harvesting systems generally have low running costs, providing water at the point of consumption. History In ancient Tamil Nadu (India), rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings. Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple was collected in Sivaganga tank. During the later Chola period, the Vrnam tank was built (1011 to 1037 CE) in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vrnam is a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cubic feet (41,500,000 m3). At Present India In India, rain water harvesting was first introduced by Andhra Pradesh ex-Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu. He made a rule that every house which is going to built in cities of that state must have a percolation pit/rainwater harvesting system. This rule increased the ground water level in good phase.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

In the state of Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting was made compulsory for every building to avoid ground water depletion. It proved excellent results within five years, and every other state took it as role model. Since its implementation, Chennai saw a 50 percent rise in water level in five years and the water quality significantly improved. In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people of the Thar Desert. There are many ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan, which have now been revived

Need Of Rwh Rain water harvesting is essential because: Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished. Rainwater Harvesting Techniques The two main techniques of rainwater harvesting are: Storage of Rainwater on surface for future use. Recharge of Ground water The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and structures used were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc. Components Of A Rainwater Harvesting System A rainwater harvesting system comprises components of various stages transporting rainwater through pipes or drains, filtration, and storage in tanks for reuse or recharge. The common components of a rainwater harvesting system involved in these stages are illustrated here. 1.Catchments The catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to the system. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof made of reinforced cement concrete (RCC), galvanised iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting. 2.Coarse mesh at the roof to prevent the passage of debris 3.Gutters Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and could be made using 4.Conduits Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area to the harvesting system. Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron (GI), materials that are commonly available. 5.First-flushing A first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the first spell of rain is flushed out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since the first spell of rain carries a relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air and catchment surface.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME 6.Filter The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or recharges structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration. In a simple sand filter that can be constructed domestically, the top layer comprises coarse sand followed by a 5-10 mm layer of gravel followed by another 5-25 cm layer of gravel and boulders. i) Charcoal water filter A simple charcoal filter can be made in a drum or an earthen pot. The filter is made of gravel, sand and charcoal, all of which are easily available.

(ii)Sand Filters Sand filters have commonly available sand as filter media. Sand filters are easy and inexpensive to construct. These filters can be employed for treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity (suspended particles like silt and clay), colour and microorganisms. In a simple sand filter that can be constructed domestically, the top layer comprises coarse sand followed by a 5-10 mm layer of gravel followed by another 5-25 cm layer of gravel and boulders.

Source: A water harvesting manual for urban areas

Artificial Recharge To Ground Water Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is augmented at a rate exceeding that obtaining under natural conditions or replenishment. At man-made scheme or facility that adds water to an aquifer may be considered to be an artificial recharge system.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

Urbanisation Effects On Groundwater Hydrology Increase in water r demand More dependence on ground water use Over exploitation of ground water Increase in run-off, off, decline in well yields and fall in water levels Reduction in open soil surface area Reduction in infiltration and deterioration in water quality Methods Of Artificial Recharge In Urban Areas Water spreading Recharge through pits,trenches,wells,shafts Roof top collection of rainwater Roadtop collection of rainwater Induced recharge from surface water bodies Artificial recharge methods can be classified into two tw broad groups (i) direct methods, and (ii) indirect methods. Direct Methods (a) Surface Spreading Techniques The most widely practised methods of artificial recharge of groundwater employ different techniques of increasing the contact area and resident time of surface-water water with the soil so that maximum quantity of water can infiltrate and augment the groundwater storage. Areas with gently sloping land without gullies or ridges are most suited for surface-water surface spreading techniques. Flooding The technique que of flooding is very useful in selected areas where a favourable hydro hydrogeological situation exists for recharging the unconfined aquifer by spreading the surplus surface-water water from canals / streams over large area for sufficiently long period so that it recharges the groundwater body. This technique can be used for gently sloping land with slope around 1 to 3 percentage points without gullies and ridges.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME Ditches and Furrows In areas with irregular topography, shallow, flat-bottomed and closely spaced ditches and furrows provide maximum water contact area for recharging water from the source stream or canal. This technique requires less soil preparation than the recharge basin technique and is less sensitive to silting. Recharge Basins Artificial recharge basins are either excavated or enclosed by dykes or levees. They are commonly built parallel to ephemeral or intermittent stream-channels. The water contact area in this method is quite high which typically ranges from 75 to 90 percentage points of the total recharge area. In this method, efficient use of space is made and the shape of basins can be adjusted to suite the terrain condition and the available space. (b) Sub-Surface Techniques When impervious layers overlie deeper aquifers, the infiltration from surface cannot recharge the sub-surface aquifer under natural conditions. The techniques adopted to recharge the confined aquifers directly from surface-water source are grouped under sub-surface recharge techniques. Injection Wells Injection wells are structures similar to a tube well but with the purpose of augmenting the groundwater storage of a confined aquifer by pumping in treated surfacewater under pressure. The aquifer to be replenished is generally one that is already over exploited by tube well pumping and the declining trend of water levels in the aquifer has set in. Gravity-Head Recharge Wells In addition to specially designed injection wells, ordinary bore wells and dug wells used for pumping may also be alternatively used as recharge wells, whenever source water becomes available. In certain situations, such wells may also be constructed for effecting recharge by gravity inflow. In areas where water levels are currently declining due to overdevelopment, using available structures for inducing recharge may be the immediately available economic option. Connector Wells Connector wells are special type of recharge wells where, due to difference in potentiometer head in different aquifers, water can be made to flow from one aquifer to other without any pumping. The aquifer horizons having higher heads start recharging aquifer having lower heads. Recharge pits Recharge pits are structures that overcome the difficulty of artificial recharge of phreatic aquifer from surface-water sources. Recharge pits are excavated of variable dimensions that are sufficiently deep to penetrate less permeable strata. A canal trench is a special case of recharge pit dug across a canal bed. An ideal site for canal trench is influent stretch of a stream that shows up as dry patch. One variation of recharge pit is a contour trench extending over long distances across the slope and following topographical contour. This measure is more suitable in piedmont regions and in areas with higher surface gradients. Recharge Shafts In case, poorly permeable strata overlie the water table aquifer located deep below land surface, a shaft is used for causing artificial recharge. A recharge shaft is similar to a recharge pit but much smaller in cross-section.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME Indirect Methods (a) Induced Recharge It is an indirect method of artificial recharge involving pumping from aquifer hydraulically connected with surface water, to induce recharge to the groundwater reservoir. In hard rock areas, the abandoned channels often provide good sites for induced recharge. The greatest advantage of this method is that under favourable hydro-geological situations, the quality of surface-water generally improves due to its path through the aquifer materials before it is discharged from the pumping well. Pumping Wells Induced recharge system is installed near perennial streams that are hydraulically connected to an aquifer through the permeable rock material of the stream-channel. The outer edge of a bend in the stream is favourable for location of well site. The chemical quality of surface-water source is one of the most important considerations during induced recharge. Collector Wells For obtaining very large water supplies from river-bed, lake-bed deposits or waterlogged areas, collector wells are constructed. The large discharges and lower lift heads make these wells economical even if initial capital cost is higher as compared to tube well. In areas where the phreatic aquifer adjacent to the river is of limited thickness, horizontal wells may be more appropriate than vertical wells. Collector well with horizontal laterals and infiltration galleries can get more induced recharge from the stream. Infiltration Gallery Infiltration galleries are other structures used for tapping groundwater reservoir below river-bed strata. The gallery is a horizontal perforated or porous structure (pipe) with open joints, surrounded by a gravel filter envelope laid in permeable saturated strata having shallow water table and a perennial source of recharge. The galleries are usually laid at depths between 3 to 6 metres to collect water under gravity flow. The galleries can also be constructed across the river-bed if the river-bed is not too wide. The collector well is more sophisticated and expensive but has higher capacities than the infiltration gallery. Hence, choice should be made by the required yield followed by economic aspects. (b) Aquifer Modification These techniques modify the aquifer characteristics to increase its capacity to store and transmit water. With such modifications, the aquifer, at least locally, becomes capable of receiving more natural as well as artificial recharge. Hence, in a sense these techniques are artificial yield augmentation measures rather than artificial recharge measures. (c) Groundwater Conservation Structures The water artificially recharged into an aquifer is immediately governed by natural groundwater flow regime. It is necessary to adopt groundwater conservation measures so that the recharged water remains available when needed. Groundwater Dams / Underground Barriers A groundwater dam is a sub-surface barrier across stream that retards the natural groundwater flow of the system and stores water below ground surface to meet the demands during the period of greatest need. The main purpose of groundwater dam is to arrest the flow
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME of groundwater out of the sub-basin basin and increase the storage within the aquifer. The sub subsurface barriers need not be only across the canal bed. In some micro watersheds, sub-surface sub dykes can be put to conserve erve the groundwater flow in larger area in a valley. Sites have to be located in areas where there is a great scarcity of water during the summer months or there is a need for additional water for irrigation. Data Collection And Analysis To study about the rainwater harvesting system and ground water recharge the following datas are collected from the respective department in the district of pudukkottai. Annual Rainfall Details
Month January FEBRAURY WINTER March APRIL MAY SUMMER June JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER S.W.MONSOON OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER N.E.MONSOON NORMAL 3.95 32.3 36.25 24.7 29.1 69.9 123.7 39.2 46 102.3 98.2 285.7 192.3 239.8 96.1 528.2 2005 1 23 24 6.9 76.6 61.5 145 14.8 66.6 85.3 112.9 279.6 197.2 453.9 161.1 812.2 2006 5.3 0 5.3 42 39.2 32.3 113.5 74.1 10.5 74.8 66 225.4 213.4 239.8 24.2 477.4 2007 1.25 1.95 3.2 0 19.7 21.2 40.9 46.6 50.6 167.6 49.8 314.6 195.3 51.8 284.7 531.8 2008 6.2 38 44.2 185.3 19 15.7 220 23.2 58.2 158.5 27.8 267.7 196.5 343.7 63.8 604 2009 9.9 0 9.9 3.9 46.6 36.3 86.8 32 27.1 54.2 113.7 227 36.9 324.9 163.9 525.7 2010 1.4 0 1.4 0 6.6 103.2 109.8 52.4 44.9 106.3 171.5 375.1 123.2 257.4 131.3 511.9 2011 14.36 7.14 21.5 3.66 54.05 37.2 94.91 35.7 56.5 116.08 109.6 317.88 213.2 283.7 37.7 534.6 2012 2.01 0 2.01 0 22.12 28.94 51.06 9.44 29.51 95.98 128.1 263.03 262.2 51.6 9.8 323.6

Seasonal Rainfall

3000 2000 1000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Grand Total N.E.Monsoon S.W.Monsoon Summer Winter

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

Annual Rainfall Details SL.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 YEAR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 RAINFALL IN MM 1260.8 821.6 890.5 1135.9 849.4 998.2 969.1 639.7

RAIN FALL
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1260.8 1135.9 998.2 821.6 890.5 849.4 639.7 969.1

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

COMPUTATION OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE BY ROOFTOP HARVESTING

The computation was carried out in Individual Buildings and Multistoried Buildings as follows: 1. Average Roof Top Area for Individual Buildings Buildings:100Sqm 2. Average Rainfall of Pudukkottai Dist: Dist 923mm 3. Effective Annual Rainfall contributing to Recharge :70% 4. Considering Losses:30% 5. Total rainfall collected in the year = 0.923 x 100 = 92.3 cum 6. Quantity available for recharge per Annum : 92.3 x 0.7 = 64.6cum/yr 7. Average family ly size:4Nos 8. Zone: Residential Zone 9. Per capita stipulated for domestic use :135lpcd 10. Per capita availability of rainwater:64.6/4 = 16.15cum/yr
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME
SL.NO

DESCRIPTION Roof top area Total Quantity available for recharge per Annum Per Capita Demand per Annum

INDIVIDUAL HOUSES 100 sq.m 200 sq.m 129.2 cu.m

MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS 500 Sq.m 1000Sq.m

01

02

64.6 cu.m

323.05

646.1

03

16.15 cu.m

32.30 cu.m

80.76

161.525

The computation was carried out in Multistoried Buildings as follows: 1. Average Roof Top Area for Individual In Buildings:500Sqm 2. Average Rainfall of Pudukkottai Dist: 923mm 3. Effective Annual Rainfall contributing to Recharge :70% 4. Considering Losses:30% 5. Total rainfall collected in the year = 0.923 x 500 = 461.5cum/year 6. Quantity available for recharge per Annu Annum m : 461.5 x 0.7 = 323.05cum/yr 7. Average family size:4Nos 8. Zone: Residential Zone 9. Per capita stipulated for domestic use :135lpcd 10. Per capita availability lity of rainwater:323.05/4 = 80.76cum/yr 80.76

Qty of Water for Recharge

300 200 100 64.6 0 100 200 300 129.2 193.8 258.4 Qty of Water for Recharge

400

Figure shows the Quantity of Harvested Water for Recharging Ground d water
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 500 80.76 323.05 161.52 1000 646.1 242.28 323.04 969.15 Ground Water Recharge Qty Per Capita Availability 1292.2

1500

2000

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME Benefits Of Artificial Recharge In Urban Areas

Improvement in infiltration and reduction in run-off. run Improvement in groundwater levels and yields. Reduces strain on Special Village Panchayats/ Municipal / Municipal Corporation water supply Improvement in groundwater quality Estimated quantity of additional recharge from 100 sq. m. and 500sq.m roof top area is64.600 and 323.050 litres. ROOF TOP AREA(Sq.m) VS ANNUAL RAINFALL(mm)

Roof Top Area/ Annual Year 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1000

2005 (1260.8) 44.13 88.26 132.38 176.51 220.64 264.77 308.90 353.02 397.15 441.28 882.56

2006 (821.6) 28.76 57.51 86.27 115.02 143.78 172.54 201.29 230.05 258.80 287.56 575.12

2007 (8 (890.5) 31.17 62.34 93.50 124.67 155.84 187.01 218.17 249.34 280.51 311.68 623.35

2008 (1135.9) 39.76 79.51 119.27 159.03 198.78 238.54 278.30 318.05 357.81 397.57 795.13

2009 (849.4) 29.73 59.46 89.19 118.92 148.65 178.37 208.10 237.83 267.56 297.29 594.58

2010 (998.2 ) 34.94 69.87 104.81 139.75 174.69 209.62 244.56 279.50 314.43 349.37 698.74

2011 (969.02) 33.92 67.83 101.75 135.66 169.58 203.49 237.41 271.33 305.24 339.16 678.31

2012 (639.65) 22.39 44.78 67.16 89.55 111.94 134.33 156.71 179.10 201.49 223.88 447.76

Roof Top Area/ Annual Year (i)

132.38 150 100 50 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 86.27 93.5 119.27 89.19

104.81101.75 67.16 50 100 150

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Roof Top Area/ Annual Year (ii)

300 150 200 250 300 100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0

Avg. Rainfall
700 646.1 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 323.05 290.754 258.44 226.135 193.83 161.525 129.22 96.915 64.61 1 32.305 1000 400 450 500 Series 1

For Avg. Rainfall of 923mm 50 32.305 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1000 64.61 96.915 129.22 161.525 193.83 226.135 258.44 290.745 323.05 646.1

100

150

200

250

300

Cost Analysis Typical investment cost for rooftop harvesting systems are in range of Rs.4000/ Rs.4000/- to Rs.8000/- A completely new structure exclusively for rainwater harvesting would have a cost involvement as follows:

350

50

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME Abstract Estimate S.NO 01 QTY 12.60 DESCRI PTION OF WORK Earth work excavation for foundation in all soils including initial lead and lift etc., and refilling the sides of foundation in the excavated earth etc., complete. Filling the foundation and basement in the clean river sand watering and ramming to consolidation etc., complete. Cement concrete 1:5:10, using 40mm ISS HBG metal for foundation and flooring concrete etc., Brick work in cement mortar 1:5, using chamber bricks size is standard etc., including materials and labour charges etc., complete. Plastering in cm 1:5, 12mm thick etc., including materials and labour charges etc., complete. Sand layer Pebbles & charcoal Water supply arrangements Contingencies & other unforeseen items. RATE 200.00 UNIT M3 AMOUNT 2520.00

02

0.62

1000

M3

700.00

03

0.62

1800

M3 M3

1200.00

04

5.78

3700

21300.00

05

23.00

150

M2

3450.00

06 07 08 09 TOTAL

L.S L.S L.S L.S

1000.00 4000.00 1000.00 530.00 37000.00

CONCLUSION From the Project we can conclude that Rainwater Harvesting plays a vital role in urbanisation to prevail over the demand of water. Ground water recharge is the major result of Rainwater harvesting In the Dist of Pudukkottai which was not having any perennial resource of river, the storage of rainwater is the only backbone for agriculture and production. The sample of study shows that , For 100Sq.m we can recharge ground water with 64.6cu.m of rainfall per year Without having any demand, up to 100days we can utilise the harvested rainwater for our own use. The cost of instalment is also worthable to implement such valuable system. With the rain harvesting and optimum usage of water, we can able to rebuild our environment as green city.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME REFERENCES Kawsal Kishore (2004) Rain Water Harvesting . Journal of Civil Engineering & Construction Review ,may 2004,P42-P48. 2. Hand book for planning water shed management works Govt of India, Ministry of Water Resource CWC, December 2008. 3. WRO _ Pudukkottai. 4. Kumar, M. Dinesh. 2003. Paper: Roof Water Harvesting for Domestic Water Security: Who gains and who loses? 5. Michael Nicklas, Rainwater, High Performance Buildings, Summer 2008. 6. Gawai A.A. and Aswar D.S (2006) Towards Self Reliance for Water Needs through Rain Water Harvesting. 7. Rain Water Harvesting Technology Dr.K.A.Patil & G.K.Patil National Seminar on 8. Rain Water harvesting & Management 11-12, November 2006. 9. IS 10500:1991 :Drinking Water Standards 10. Rain water Harvesting & Ground Water Recharge Madharao Bhajirao Deshmukh. 11. Nadia Khelif, Imed Ben Slimne and M.Moncef Chalbaoui, Intrinsic Vulnerability Analysis to Nitrate Contamination: Implications From Recharge in Fate and Transport in Shallow Groundwater (Case of Moulares-Redayef Mining Basin), International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 465 - 476, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316. 12. Neeraj D. Sharma and Dr. J. N. Patel, Experimental Study of Groundwater Quality Improvement by Recharging With Rainwater, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 2, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 10 - 16, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316. 1.

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