Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMP3702/COMP7702
Course Coordinator
Janet Wiles
Lecturers
Shoaib Sehgal
Ruth Schulz
Tutor
Suren Rathnayake
Aims and Objectives
¾ Handouts
At www.itee.uq.edu.au/~comp3702 you will find
Slides used in lectures
Tutorials
Assignments
Readings and handouts
Links and resources
Times and Venues
1 Chapters
Introduction to artificial 1, 2 and
1 21 July intelligence, an agent-based 26: pp. No tutorial
2 perspective (6pp, 2pp) 947-949,
958-960.
3 The definition
Solving problems by Assignment 1
2 28 July Chapter 3 of artificial
4 searching (6pp, 2pp) available
intelligence
5 Chapter 4 Problem
Informed search and (except Representatio
3 4 August
6 exploration (6pp, 2pp) 4.4 and n (Comments,
4.5) hints)
7 Informed
Adversarial search, game Search
4 11 August Chapter 6
8 playing (6pp, 2pp) (Comments,
hints)
9 Adversarial
Applications of AI
search
5 18 August i- Bioinformatics(Shoaib)
10 (Comments,
ii- TBA - External Speaker
hints)
Mid-semester exam; Mid-semester
Assignment 1
6 25 August 11 Discussion of assignment 1, exam
preparation
related theory (6pp, 2pp) (optional)
Part 2 Ruth Schulz
13
Assignment 1
Chapter 13
Probabilistic reasoning deadline
7 1 Sep. + 7.1-
14 (6pp, 2pp, example) (Monday 1st
7.2
Sep., 5pm)
15 Principles of machine
Chapters
learning, decision
18 Probabilistic Assignment 2
8 8 Sep. trees (6pp, 2pp,
16 and reasoning (Comments) available
examples with
19
decision tree learning)
17 Chapter 20
Statistical machine Machine learning
9 15 Sep. (20.1-
18 learning (6pp, 2pp) basics (Comments)
20.2)
19 Neural networks (6pp, 2pp Chapter 20
Current best learning and
(corrected 31/10/07), (20.5-
10 22 Sep. decision trees
20 more material on NNs, onwar
(Comments)
NetTalk audio (8MB)) ds)
Final Exam
¾ Assignments (30%)
2 assignments
Assignment 1 (10%): Search – game playing
Assignment 2 (20%): Machine learning – pattern recognition
¾ Tutorials (10%)
Active participation mark (1% per tutorial)
¾ Final Examination (60%)
During final examination period
Details
2 hours
Closed-book
Primarily short answer / short essay
Important Assessment Information
Intel AMD
Assignments
¾ Two assignments – Two problems/applications which
require intelligence (artificial or natural)
Problem-solving/optimisation
Approach: clever search algorithms
Pattern recognition
Approach: learning-by-example/machine learning
¾ Aims
to provide examples of potential examination
questions
to enable and encourage peer-tutoring
to provide an opportunity for questions
to explore the theoretical concepts
to apply the theoretical concepts
Tutorials
¾ You’ll receive 1% for participating in a tutorial
¾ Students will work in teams during tutorials
¾ Each week one person in the team will submit one tutorial
solution
¾ Each student will submit approximately three tutorial solutions
during the semester
¾ Participation marks will be allocated for active participation
Working through problems
Participating in discussions
Answering questions
¾ Feedback
Tutors will provide some feedback on submitted work
¾ Aims
to outline theories, methods and applications of
the field of AI
to explain difficult concepts from the
recommended text and other sources
to illustrate concepts in AI with diagrams and
examples
to provide a forum for general discussion and
questions about the subject matter
Some tips…
¾ Discussion questions
may have been addressed in lectures
not necessarily explicit in the readings
assessed on insight / justifications
Artificial intelligence:
An introduction
¾ What is intelligence?
¾ One Answer
Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to
achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees
of intelligence occur in people, many animals and
some machines.
¾ Answer.
Not yet. The problem is that we cannot yet
characterise in general what kinds of computational
procedures we want to call intelligent. We understand
some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not
others.
Definitions of Artificial Intelligence
Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally
“The exciting new effort to make “The study of mental faculties through the
computers think … machines with minds, use of computational models” [Charniak &
in the full and literal sense” [Haugeland: McDermott: 1985]
1985] “The study of the computations that make it
“[The automation of] activities that we possible to perceive, reason, and act”
associate with human thinking, activities [Winston: 1992]
such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning …” [Bellman, 1978]
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
“The act of creating machines that “Computational Intelligence is the study of
perform functions that require intelligence the design of intelligent agents” [Poole et al:
when performed by people” [Kurzweil: 1998]
1990] “AI … is concerned with intelligent
“The study of how to make computers do behaviour in artefacts” [Nilsson: 1998]
things at which, at the moment, people are
better” [Rich and Knight, 1991]
Science of AI
The Turing Test
¾ Turing proposed a definition of Artificial
Intelligence independent of the inner
mechanisms of the machine
¾ http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm
different room
¾ Positive
“standard” test
bypasses the true nature of intelligence
removes bias
¾ Negative
focus on symbolic tasks
compares machine with ‘human’ intelligence
far too restrictive
difficult to do in practice
Let’s play: “Spot the Intelligence!”
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Average Rank (from 2000)
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Results of Intelligence Ranking
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Rank
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Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
(Simon and Newell, 1976)
A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent
action.
¾ A system:
Consists of a set of entities, called symbols,
“A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for
intelligent action.”
¾ Strong AI
duplication of intelligence
aims to understand intelligence
¾ Weak AI
simulation of intelligence
aims to make computers more ‘useful’
History of AI - Early 20th Century
¾ 1943
McCulloch and Pitts lay the foundations for neural
networks.
The term “cybernetics” is coined
¾ 1950
Turing publishes “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”.
Introduction of the Turing Test as a test for intelligent
behaviour.
Claude Shannon publishes a detailed analysis of chess
playing as search.
Modern History
¾ 1956
John McCarthy coined the term “artificial intelligence” as
the topic of the Dartmouth Conference.
Demonstration of AI program - the Logic Theorist (LT) -
written by Newell, Shaw and Simon (CMU).
¾ 1952-62
Samuel (IBM) wrote the first game-playing program that
learns.
¾ 1962
First industrial robot company, Unimation, is founded.
Modern History
¾ 1965
Weizenbaum (MIT) built ELIZA, an interactive program
that carries on a dialogue in English on any topic. It
became a popular toy at AI centres.
See http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza-cgi-bin/eliza_script
Or http://www.manifestation.com/neurotoys/eliza.php3
¾ 1967
Dendral program (Feigenbaum, Lederberg, Buchanan and
Sutherland) is the first successful knowledge-based
program for scientific reasoning.
¾ 1968
Minsky and Papert publish “Perceptrons”, demonstrating
the limits of simple neural nets.
Modern History
¾ 1969
SRI robot, Shakey, demonstrates combining
locomotion, perception and problem solving.
¾ 1974
The first expert system - MYCIN (Stanford) -
demonstrates the power of rule-based systems for
knowledge representation and inference in the
domain of medical diagnosis and therapy.
Modern History
¾ 1969-1979
Knowledge-based (expert) systems
¾ 1980-1988
Expert systems industry booms
¾ 1988-1993
Expert systems industry busts – “AI winter”
1966 US Military report on machine translation: “The spirit is willing but the
flesh is weak” was re-translated (English-Russian-English) into
“the vodka is good but the meat is rotten”. Prospects seemed poor and
funding was cut.
2008 version (Babel fish): “Spirit is willingly ready but flesh it is weak”
Modern History
¾ Mid-1980’s-present
The return of Neural Networks
¾ 1985
Brooks (MIT) develops the concept of behaviour based robots
¾ 1988-present
Resurgence of probability: general increase in technical depth
Computational Intelligence / soft computing (Evolutionary
computing, Swarm Intelligence, Fuzzy systems, NNs)
¾ 1995-present
Agents, agents everywhere …
Agents
Environment ? Agent
Actions
The agent takes Effectors
sensory input from the
An agent consists of
environment and Rationality depends on
produces as outputs •an architecture, and •performance, degree of success,
actions that affect it. •a program. •perceptual history,
Agents include humans, •knowledge of environment, and
•actions available for deployment
robots, softbots,
thermostats, etc Let’s look at these aspects in terms
of different agent designs…
Agent Types
Agent Sensors
Environment
is like now
What action I
Condition-action rules
should do now
Actuators
Model-based reflex agents
Agent Sensors
State
What the world is
Environment
How the world evolves like now
What my actions do
What action I
Condition-action rules
Should do now
Actuators
Goal-based agents
Agent Sensors
State
What the world is
Environment
How the world evolves like now
What action I
Goals
should do now
Actuators
Utility-based agents
Agent Sensors
Environment
How the world evolves
What it will be like
What my actions do if I do action A
What action I
should do now
Actuators
Questions ?
Office Hours
Tuesday 10-12 AM
Room 308, Axon building ITEE
Acknowledgements:
http://domus.usherbrooke.ca
www.ironbot.com
for some of the images used in making of these slides.