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Matrices Tshwane University of Technology: EL Voges 13/06/11 Page 41
MATRICES
TERMINOLOGY
pp. 508 534; 541 548
- Adjoint/adjugate matrix: The transpose of the matrix of cofactors, that is, adj( )
T
A C = where C is the cofactor matrix
- Augmented matrix: A combination of the coefficient and constant matrices
- Antisymmetric/skew-symmetric matrix: A square matrix for which
T
A A =
- Coefficient matrix: The elements of the matrix are the coefficients of a system of equations
- Cofactor: A signed minor, given by cofactor of ( 1) (minor of )
i j
ij ij
a a
+
=
- Cofactor matrix C: Matrix
f
A B C
C D E F
G H I
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
is the cofactor matrix associated with matrix
a b c
P d e f
g h i
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
if A is the cofactor of a, B the
cofactor of b, C the cofactor of c, etc.
- Column vector/matrix: A matrix with only one column
- Column: The vertical line of elements in a matrix
- Columns: The vertical lines of elements in a matrix
- Constant matrix: The column vector with the constants (the right-hand side) of a system of equations
- Cramer's rule: Method to determine the solution of a system of linear equations
o
x
D
x
D
= where D is the determinant of the coefficient matrix and D
x
is the determinant where the coefficients of x are replaced by the
constants
- Diagonal matrix: A square matrix with zeros everywhere except on the principal diagonal
- Determinant det( ) A A = : A unique value associated with a square matrix
- Element/entry: A number in a matrix
- Equal matrices: Two matrices A and B are equal if and only if their corresponding elements are equal
o A B = The two matrices have
The same number of rows

The same number of columns
,
ij ij
a b i j =
- Homogeneous system of equations: The constant matrix of a system of equations is the zero matrix
- Identity matrix: A diagonal matrix
n
I with all the principal diagonal elements equal to 1
o All the other elements are 0
- Inverse A
-1
of a matrix: If A is a square matrix then
1 1
AA A A I

= =
o NB!
1 1
A
A
=
o
1
adj( ) A
A
A
= provided 0 A =
o If 0 A = matrix A has no inverse
- Matrices: more than one matrix
- Matrix (plural: matrices): a rectangular array of numbers, usually enclosed in brackets, in which not only the value of the number is important,
but also its position in the array
- Matrix addition/subtraction: Add/subtract corresponding elements
o Matrices must have the same size
- Matrix equation:
1
AX B X A B
= =
- Matrix inversion: A method used to solve a system of equations according to
1
AX B X A B
= =
o 0 A = system has an unique solution
o 0 A = system may have a solution but it will not be uniques
- Matrix multiplication: If A is a (m x p) matrix and B is a (q x n) matrix, then C AB = where
1
n
jk ji ik
i
c a b
=
=

o C exists only if p = q number of columns in A = number of rows in B
o Size of C is (m x n) (number of rows in A) x (number of columns in B)
o AB BA = except in special cases
o ( )
T T T
AB B A =
o AB AC = does not imply that B = C
o 0 AB = is possible even though neither A nor B is the zero matrix

- Minor: Choose an element in A. Cross out its row and column. The determinant of the remaining elements is called the minor determinant or
minor
- Negative (-A) of a matrix: Multiply each element of A by (-1)
- Naming
o Uppercase letter as the name of a matrix
o Lowercase letter to refer to an element
o a
12
refers to the element in row 1, column 2
- Principal/leading/main diagonal: The diagonal in a square matrix running from top left to bottom right
- Row vector/matrix: A matrix with only 1 row
- Row: A horizontal line of elements in a matrix
- Rows: The horizontal lines of elements in a matrix
- Scalar multiplication: Multiply each element of the matrix with the scalar k
o kA Ak =
o ( ) k A B kA kB + = +
- Scalar: A single number
- Secondary diagonal: The diagonal in a square matrix running from top right to bottom left
- Size /order / dimension: The number of rows and columns in the matrix.
o m x n, read as "m by n"
o First integer: The number of rows
o Second integer: The number of columns
- Singular matrix: The inverse of the matrix does not exist
- Square matrix: Number of rows = number of columns
- Symmetric matrix: A square matrix and its transpose are identical
T
A A =
- Trace: The sum of the elements in the main diagonal
- Transpose
T
A of a (mxn) matrix: A (n x m) matrix obtained from A by interchanging the rows and columns of A. The rows of A becomes the
columns of
T
A
- Trivial solution: All the variables in the system of equations equals 0
- Zero matrix: All the elements in the matrix are zero

NB! You will do pp 534 540 in Mathematics II and pp 548 563 in Mathematics III!

PRACTICE
- Singh: pp 515 516, Exercise 11(a), #1 6; pp 521 522, Exercise 11(b), #1 10; pp 533 534, Exercise 11(c), #1 7; p 545,
Exercise 11(e), #1 5; pp 563 564, Miscellaneous Exercise 11, #1, 2, 4, 5, 8
- Supplementary Exercise 2
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 2 (L Tait)
1. Given:
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 1
2 2 3
5 3 2
A
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 2 2
3 1 0
2 1 0
B
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 0
3 2
C
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
0
3
3
2
1
D
Calculate, if possible, the following.

1.1 2A 1.2 A + B 1.3 2A + 3B 1.4 2A - 3B
1.5 CD 1.6 DC 1.7 AB 1.8 BA
1.9 AD 1.10 DA
2. Determine the value of the unknowns in each of the given matrix equalities.
2.1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 0
2 5
d c
b a
2.2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ 5
2
y x
x

2.3
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
z
y
y
x
x 4
3 2
2

2.4
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

5 0
3 2
0 3
2 4
z y
x w

3. Evaluate each of the following determinants.
3.1
|
|
.
|
\
|
0 5
3 2
det 3.2
|
|
.
|
\
|

4 1
3 2
det 3.3
|
|
.
|
\
|
3 1
5 2
det 3.4
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 3
5 2
det
3.5
|
|
.
|
\
|
0 . 2 33 . 0
4 . 1 71 . 0
det 3.6
|
|
.
|
\
|
u u
u u
cos sin
sin cos
det

4. Evaluate each of the following determinants using cofactors.
4.1
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 0 1
2 2 5
1 4 2
det 4.2
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

4 1 2
2 1 3
5 1 1
det

4.3
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 2 3
0 1 2
3 4 5
det 4.4
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 4 2
1 4 2
0 3 2
det

4.5
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 1 2
2 6 1
8 1 4
det 4.6
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
5 2 4
4 1 2
0 0 3
det

4.7
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

2 1 10
3 2 2
3 1 6
det 4.8
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
7 6 3
4 5 1
8 5 2
det

5. Repeat Exercise no.4, using diagonal expansion.

6. Check your answers in Exercises no.3, 4 and 5 using your calculator.

7. Solve for x in each of the given matrix equalities.

7.1
5 3 2
det 1 2 1 24
1 1 x
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
7.2
2 3 4
det 3 5 45
1 2 1
x
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

8. Determine the inverse, if it is defined, of the following matrices:
8.1
|
|
.
|
\
|
3 2
3 1
8.2
|
|
.
|
\
|
5 10
3 6
8.3
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 0
0 1
8.4
|
|
.
|
\
|
4 1
3 2

8.5
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
4 2 1
3 3 1
3 2 1
8.6
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
3 4 1
4 3 1
3 3 1
8.7
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
6 5 3
5 4 2
3 2 1
8.8
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 1 0
3 2 1
0 9 2

8.9
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
8 . 0 0 . 0 6 . 0
0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0
6 . 0 0 . 0 8 . 0
8.10
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
7 7 1
2 5 2
1 1 1

9. Solve the following systems of equations using matrix inversion.
9.1
1
1
2
= +
=
= + +
y x
z x
z y x
9.2
1 7 3
3 2 7 4
6 3 6 5
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= +
=
= +
i i i
i i i
i i i

9.3
q r p
r q p
r q p
3 8 6 4
3 1 6 2
0 2 2
= + +
= + +
= + +
9.4
1 . 5 3 . 2 1 . 4 4 . 6
1 . 8 9 . 3 8 . 4 2 . 3
2 . 2 2 . 5 6 . 3
= + +
= +
= +
z y x
z y x
z y x

9.5
z x
z y x
z y x
+ =
=
= +
8 2
2 2 6 3
2 2
9.6
0 6 4 3
0 4 3 4
5 3 2
= + +
= +
= +
w u
w v u
w v u

10. Solve the systems of equations in Exercise no. 9 using Cramers Rule.

11. The following equations were obtained in analyzing the forces on a bell-crank mechanism:
0 10 0 . 6
0 80 . 0
80 60 . 0
3 1
3 2
3 1
=
=
=
F F
F F
F F

11.1 Determine the magnitude of the forces
2 1
, F F and
3
F using matrix inversion.
2 1
, F F and
3
F using Cramers Rule.
2 1
, F F and
3
F using your calculator.

12. The following equations were obtained by applying Kirchhoffs laws to an electric circuit:
5 . 6 2 . 8 3 . 4
0 10 2 . 8
0
=
= +
= + +
B A
C B
C B A
i i
i i
i i i

12.1. Determine the electric current
A
i ,
B
i and
C
i , using Cramers Rule.
12.2 Determine the electric current
A
i ,
B
i and
C
i using your calculator.


13. In applying Kirchhoffs laws to an electric circuit, the following equations were obtained:
80 . 9 45 . 6 62 . 2 25 . 3
45 . 6 33 . 8 25 . 3 20 . 5
0
3 2
2 1
3 2 1
=
=
= + +
i i
i i
i i i

1
i ,
2
i and
3
i using Cramers Rule.
1
i ,
2
i and
3
i using your calculator.

14. A 20 meter crane arm with a supporting cable and with a 100 kg box suspended from its end has forces acting on it. Calculate the magnitude of
the forces using the following equations:
600 0 . 4 0 . 3
0 87 . 0
280 0 . 2
2 1
3 1
2 1
=
=
= +
F F
F F
F F

14.1 Determine the magnitude of the force
3
F using matrix inversion.
2
F using Cramers Rule.
1
F using your calculator.

15. The following equations were obtained by applying Kirchhoffs laws to an electric circuit:

6 5 4
3 3 2
6 2 3
= +
= +
= +
C B A
C A
C B A
I I I
I I
I I I

15.1. Determine the electric current
A
I using matrix inversion.
B
I using Cramers Rule..
C
I using your calculator.

ANSWERS 2
1.1
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

2 0 2
4 4 6
10 6 4
1.2
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 2 3
5 3 3
7 2 2
1.3
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

4 6 8
13 7 6
16 3 4

1.4
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

8 6 4
5 1 6
4 9 4

1.5 Not possible 1.6
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
11
6
9
6
4
2

1.7
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

0 1 2
16 9 4
5 9 10
1.8
5 2 0
6 2 1
12 2 12
| |
|
|
|
\ .

1.9
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
11
11
2
5
23

1.10 Not possible 2.1 1 , 0 , 2 , 5 = = = = d c b a 2.2 3 , 2 = = y x

2.3 9 , 6 , 4 = = = z y x 2.4 5 , 3 , 1 , 2 = = = = z y x w

3.1 15
3.2 -11 3.3 1 3.4 -17 3.5 -0.958
3.6 u 2 cos

4.1 -30 4.2 5 4.3 27
4.4 -16 4.5 -115 4.6 39 4.7 50
4.8 141 5. & 6. See no.4 7.1 4 = x 7.2 0 = x
8.1
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
1
3
2
1 1
8.2 No inverse 8.3
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 0
0 1

8.4
|
.
|
\
|

5
2
5
1
5
3
5
4

8.5
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

1 0 1
0 1 1
3 2 6
8.6
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

0 1 1
1 0 1
3 3 7

8.7
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

0 1 2
1 3 3
2 3 1
8.8
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

5 2 1
6 2 1
27 9 5

8.9
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
8 . 0 0 . 0 6 . 0
0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0
6 . 0 0 . 0 8 . 0

8.10 No inverse 9.1 1 , 1 , 2 = = = z y x 9.2
6
1
3 3
2
2 2
1
1
, , = = = i i i
9.3
3
1
3
2
, , 2 = = = r q p 9.4 41 . 2 , 16 . 0 , 17 . 0 = = = z y x

9.5 2 , , 3
2
1
= = = z y x

9.6 4 . 3 , 16 . 1 , 53 . 2 = = = w v u

10. See no.9
11. N 75 , N 60 , N 125
3 2 1
= = = F F F

12. A 333 . 0 , A 406 . 0 , A 735 . 0 = = =
C B A
i i i
13. A 569 . 0 , A 572 . 0 , A 004 . 0
3 2 1
= = = i i i

14.1 N 202
3
= F 14.2 N 24
2
= F
14.3 N 232
1
= F

15.1 A 3 =
A
I 15.2 A 1 =
B
I 15.3 A 1 =
C
I

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Matrices Tshwane University of Technology: EL Voges 13/06/11 Page 41

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