The current international system is basicly takes shapes in front of a bakcground or environment. Relations btw.

States under different circumstances and conjustures, you cannot seperate the structure from environment. What is the environment of current national system? The first and the foremost environmental factor shaping the structure is physical environment. The pyhsical environment will be there. Territorially based politacal organizations. Territoriality is important. Most of the wars for territory. Borders of terriories treaties. The physical element of territory is : the size & location. States distribution is very vast range extending from very small state w/ very small territory(Morocca, Singapur). To very large states such as Canada, Russia, China you see a Canada 2nd biggest territorial large state w/ about 30-35 million population , USA 300 million, china 1.3 billion population. You can see how varied the physical environment can be. This is a size. How about location? They are island, they are takmada ?(Endonezya, Malta)..they are landlocked-no have coastline-..very different governing. They govern according to what they have. If you have landlocked state in the dessert, you have different governing.dubbly landlockk state=all the neighbours are landlock states. The pyhsical environment&location&size is directly related to one thing that determing the wealth of the state=its resources. You may live in very large state w/ large population w/o natural resorcersyou ll poor. Different sense of international relations. Everything is timebound as well. ln ortasnda fakir bir lke olabilirsin, daha sonra oil kefedebilir ve zengin olabilirsin.-->situation of United Arab Emirates.(1974 in Dubai)., There are other factors related to geographical position&physical characteristic about state. Why switzerland wasnt invaveded in history?-DALIK, who cares ALPs?the Access to natural resources, the distribution of them etc.. britain(Briatin became an empire by controlling the seas, worldtrade-controlling the access to resources, became overseas empire having a very popular political power in 19th cc) *When did the Ottoman Empire became an Empire?-when konstantinople was captured.! What is the reltionship?- when it was captured, stanbul was nothing. There was nothing around, no very much population BUT they controlled silkroad, spiceroad, traderoads. You can live w/o silk and space but it is more Money. If you control this road, you get this share. You PROTECT the market place. The Ottoman was succesfull doing this.You MONOPOLIZE Europe-Asia trade, they profited a lot. Venicians lost.France, some Italian city states except Venice was included to the game. Spain, Portugal, ,Britain was excluced. Austria-russia-Ottomans fighted constantly and every of them collapsed!.Maritime control Britain, Landtime control-Ottomans. Technology has an impact on physical situation. Steel engine, oil engine..which makes human civilization universal.Innovation. Cvilization is not past. It is what you created, what you have NOW!.n Americans, the local population is able to have civilization but they did not know how to use ???. today, since nobody in isolation, we ended up in a one civilization.as soon as you learned from another culture, you awared your possibillititeshomogenity. The third important element of environment shaping IR is Economic Environment. All of these are related. Economy in itself is important because eventually states wish to preserve thmeselves and they wat to prosper. Prosperity sometimes self-preservation. You have to create value in order to develop means to self-protection&increase wealth and prosperity. Trade is very important(exchange of goods and services). Market forces regulate everything-economist says. Politic saysGovernement, politics regulate everything. Do you have a market in your family?. exploitation is not only economic problem. It is also political.Money, what is Money?-t is a piece of power. Why does this piece of paper have(Money) power to change everything?-because it is GOVERMENTs. We trust the government or we fear the government so we value the piece of paper as Money. It is not

only requirement that government define the value of power. How do you decide the power of Money?-purchasing power. If I put a 0 on 10TL, can I make it 100TL.NO, I can jailed for it. Very simple historical example: the provison of world currency. State guarentee a medium of exchange???????.devlet parann karlnn ne kadar altn olduunu garanti ediyor.71 e kadar en ok kullanlan ey US Dollar.what is World currency today?-US Dollar +Euro+swiss Franq. Certain currencies emerged as state bank currencies. If You trade w/ mongolia, do you accep its currency? No. Because nobody wants it. But you can accept dollar. It makes USA privilidged. In the old days of classical Empire,pre-nation state what was the symbolic action to be a state?--> para bastrmak.put their name on the coins. What happens when Sultan die?-gold coins remelted, go to new Sultan(Murat altn, fatih altn)-symbol of sovereignty-this is the medium of exchange that I guaranetee, this is my country..Political and economic power usually go hand in hand. Expected Economic gains are the reason for wars. Territory economicly means somethins so you go to war. All peace treaties includes lots of articles directly linked economy beside territories and borders etc.(ex. Lozan which is the last treaty of Ottoman Empire,not Republics treaty but Ottoman Empire was represented by Ankara, is the long treaty beginning part is about the terriories, boundaries of Turkey and the rest was about taxes.Kuzu postu, kuru barsak ihracatnda ithalatnda ne kadar vergi alacaklar bile var) There is also another factor. One particular area of human politcial activity, govermanetal political activity which carries political importance is law making. How do you govern?-making rules, applying rules,sanctioning with no compliance with rules(kurala uymayanlara yaptrm uygulamak). Be careful about the term law?(kanun/yasa veya hukuk olarak kullanlr.ceza kanunu veya insan haklar hukuku). When government systematicly apply on the basis of impartiality and equality/balance.(gz bal kzn elinde terazi vardr. Karmda kim var bilmeden eit ve adil yarg). Basis of law is justice. You can be lawest but can be injustice. The principle oj justice is that law should be applied by impartially and equally. The rel. Btw state and-justice. How does it work within in a domestic system of a state?who makes the rues? Who is reponsible for breaking rules?-The legislature, the law makers. They are given the task of making the rules.whoever giving the task to make law is legislator(it could be a person or parlament). Who implemets?-the executive.Who deicdes whether the rules made by legislature and applied by executives and abied, judged by the judiciary. If you put all these functions together- you have the fusion of power,f you seperate them- you have the seperation of power. How does it happen among states? Is there international law?-there is such a thing that international law. Who is the international legislature?, Who is the international executive, judiciary?.- United Nations. We assume that there is social contract. I give the right to force upon me. So the domestic law is binding upon everyone and you are on indirectly take part in this lefting the legislature. All indiviaduals are bound by legislative. Who executes the judiciary?-the executive(go executive-go judiciary-go executive again).. united Nations have no rules to be a member of it, If you want to join, you can. The domestic law prevents people to attack on one another. What makes international environemnt from domestic?-n the international system, there is no centrol authority above and beyond the states, no hierarchy.all states are equal in power, in their sovereignty, right to exist, legisitimacy.--> there is no instrument who has the power to legislate, to executi, to djndjs. In this non hierarchial organization, individual states bind by certain rules by consent. Internatol law exist by the consent of the states, domestic law exist by definition, structure, you dont need the consent. Is there international body of executive body-the state themselves. Who is the judiciary-the united nations have the system nternatonal court of justice(ISJ). How can I take Irak to the court?-

by the consent of Iraq government.consent vermezlerse hibir World polisi gelip onlar alamaz. Actors of the system are the only authorities. It is the strange thing to see that actors agree to constrained their action. One pecularity is in which we live in an anarchic system, not in the sense of chaos but in terms of there is no power above us like in ancient definition-, who apply the rules???????????. the evnvironment in which there are important rules. If you break the law, be ready to face w/ the consequences. these are the main background of determinants. There are 3 different optics that we can looks at these environemnt and the rlt. Within these environments. The first optic gives us the first level of analysis.-The level of ACTORS. International relations go with action by actors. The very first level is these actors. Only referred to one kind of actor which is STATE. Is the state is the only actor? But is the state the main actor?-who are the actor, how can we define, why the actor act the way they do, what are the chracterictiscs(they are the firsl level of analysis).1st level=individuals actors level(you have so many states).what is a state, what exist constitutes political phiosopy, political science. What are the similarities&differences constitute the realm of comperative politics as a subdicipline.2nd level=structural level.what do the actors do among themselves-they interact. 2nd level is the interaction level. 3rd level=systematic level.Subjection to certain rules. Actor level: State+the pattern of interaction+the system: (currently)nation-state system which is based on equal sovereingn of states, no imposing Why do actors act the way they do?-Foreign Policy. Analysis.states are the main actors. We have already defined states in political sciences. It is very difficult to have single definition. Simplest reason is: in time everything changes. We attempt to come up with an explanation of a concept in a way if we are able to do in the least smallest sentence in a possible. It is difficult to bind everyting in a one sentence. States are soveregin(free to make and apply rules in their territory) and independent(no one have to impose stg on them). Actors pursue their own interest as we define them . states have interest. What is the ultimate interest of a state?-to survive. Otherwise, you dont be a state. States have interest and the foremost interest of the state is survive, self-preserve. No state intentionally destroy itself. So, how are you going to make sure that your ultimate interest is served?-you pursue your own interest, as you see fit, there is not one way because every state has different interest in various reasons. Who is gong to tell me how i going to defend my interence?Is there an authority?NO. you can decide!. The interaction of all these actions having interest constitutes international relations. The elements of the second level is what they act?-the interact. What do the actors do among themselves-they interact. 2nd level is the interaction level. If I interested in who does what and why, I am international relatist. Is this interaction chaotic or is there a visible pattern in state interaction?all states are free to act in the way whatever they want.Can I find the patterns in the interaction?YES. Although they act in what they wish, their acts are structural. Constraint the acts and choatic behaviour and there is a pattern&structure in their action. Ekonomiciler gibi invisible hand diyebiliriz ama biz baka bir adan bakyoruz. 3rd one is system.2 things make a system together:structure which is designed to serve a purpose+functon. A pile of elements : functional ordering of its components. Eer paralar dzgn bir hale getitirsen; btn, paralarn toplamndan daha fazla bir ey ifade etmeye balyor.

Justice & state is basicly philosophy of state.In Mukaddime, bn-i Haldun says: The king ruled by army. Army by Money. Money comes from taxes. Taxes come from cultvaton, production. Cultivation comes from justice. Justice as a medum of order. If there is no just order, there is no environment for productive forces to produce suprlus.justice comes from away of governing that aims a just order rather than self enrichment of the monarch.(ratious governing??) and the king can check up conditions. Siaysetname:advice to the Sultan. 16th cc. Ahlak- Alayi of Knalzade Ali who actually uses the same idea but takes further than bn-i Haldun.Daire-i Adliye. Justice is the path of a reason. Continuity&similarity of these should be observable. Justice is requirement for the peace of the World. The World is an orcher, its Wall is the state. State is regulated by law. Law can be guarded by no one but the sovereign.the sovereign cannot control land w/o soldiers. Soldiers cannot be gathered w/o wealth. Wealth is accumulated by the subjects of the state. Subjescts are subjugated to the ruler by justice?.--> justification of the state.(Adalet mlkn temelidir) f you no justice, you dont need a state. This is usually consider Eastern .Justice is the foundation of sovereign. - Justification of state is an ACTOR. Everyone tries to protect its interest the rest ?? . between cooperation&conflict (peace&war) there is constant tension.this interaction patterns acc. to the logic of the sysem that nation state is based on no hierarchy. Dier devletlerin eitliini kabul etmelisizn(recognition of other countrys equal right of sovereign-eit egemenlik ilkesi)-bu bir hiyerari kurulursa ortadan kalkar..not impose its own will upon others. Unless you cannot obey the rules that mentioned in United Nation chart it will be punished(Saddam Hseyin).--> that was the first time to UN to protect the sovereign of other country. What would be an anti-systemic force?-war related to damn w/ being powerful. We believe in the system.When we would cliam that the system is changed?Perfect hierarchy.f we can imagine a situation we totally discard the territorial state. Family(household)(2 billion) The rest depends on your choice(i.e. blue-eyed people). government(1)

Religion, language.. When you consider parts, you come up with juristiction of TERRITORY. (no divide up acc. to eye color, language etc.) territory is the basis of the current nation state system. Territory &historical acquistion of terriyory has shaped the system. Anything that creates problem can be solved. In WWII Germans claim that the Euroean Terriorites should be cleaned from Jews. All the Jews would send away & they suggest Turkish gov. To carry them on the other side. They created a problem and solved acc. to the logic of the criteria. Solution of the problem actually bigger than the problem. By observationi we know that state territory is changed(there was a Soviet Uniaon, there is Russia; there was an ottoman Empire w/ 44 state..)-you based your system on territory but you see that is changes so, the demand&obligation should be based on consensus rather than force. The World changes but there is no higher authority to control this change. Change has to occur. Tha natural scienses have control over time because ayn kimyasal bileenler ayn tepkimeyi ayn artlarda verir.-it doesnt change but in human affairs evertything can change tomorrow.(we only know that what wad done in yesterday and what is doing now?,how state will behave tomorrow-we have to guess.)

Non-prleferation treaty w/ Iran. If you dont obey, you face w/ consaequences like Iran. Iran dont play the rule acc. to the rules. What if we dont have a UN?..Limited benefit is still benefit, think relative. On the one hand we assume the soveregn equality in units which has different levels of power but not w/ equality. So how the system goes?-by BALANCE OF POWER. By mutual acceptence of certain ruels&principles(article 1&2) and functioning by possible politics. State decision makers are not judges, they should do self-preservation. Morality, solidaity, friendship 03.04.2013 3 level approach where we have actors, interacting among themselves, system(help self system evolved as a result of historical process).a domestic sysem hierachial organizedmonarcy or unitaryor less hierachical domestic systemconfederatitom.193 the least or up may be states exist. Who control territory wants to be a state. There is no heterogeneouty in the system. All system have functionally the same states. Currently the space covers to all the states.structure level analyss The system is based upon functinally similar units but there is a tension because they are not equal in terms of power. (structure level anly) A tension is how the sysetm self help, you can live under the sysem functional system, sovereign equality. Theoroticly guarantees their existance but eliminates the small powers exist by through the structural levelbalance of power:individual states come together and join, threaten the existence of other. Combining power cannot actually impose their will upon others. In order words. n this self help system, every actor is responisse for own survival and it requires more and more power but it reveals a SECURITY DILEMMA. I have to acquire enough power to say the message: I am so powewrful, so you cannot touch me!-the problem is: the more power I am, the more insecure others and The more threatened others feel. They do either individually or coming coming together, they have to acquire power. When everybody does that what happen? This equilibrium is not do to any formal process, it is a poltitical process and nature, shape of balance of powewr. Hence, since the number of actors change in time, the nature of this politics cahnge in time(structual level-pattern of relation: structure of balance of power). Before WWI, power based upon armament and turned into arms race (very important characteristic of balance of power-5 big Powers do it by individually or by alliances, trying to balance of power) security dilemma. The alliances could shift. (like Italy based on its calculations rather than ideologic). Secon characteritic was that there was arms race in multipolarity and bipolarity, and the arms race was conventional arms race, second is nuclear arms race. When you intrdouce nuclear component, the nature the ultimate catastrophy in int. Rltsns, the nature of war changes.Imposing your will upon others and how this was achieved? Armed forces-kara&hava&deniz kuvvetleri. An army is the land forces. You have to defeat the armed forces of others. And then if they resist, you have to impose yourself, have to be there physicly. How you achieve that,?-by sending your army. This nuclear threat in the bipolar system has another consequences-even f you have nuclear weapons, you still have conventional arm forces( simply hitting) constitute of nuclear biological &chemical. Conventional weapons are everything explodable&chemical. Even if you have nuclear weapons, you have to built conventional weapons.nuclear weapons cannot be used but you still acquire it because ESCALATION(trmandrma) which is psychological and political process. w/ the machine gun, you can kill 5 people. Morter is

closer to the vertical drop thing from the top, artilery is horizontal, hit things in front.Morter has 2 explosions. If you hold armed forces and about the loose this war, wouldnt send the threathenng bottom??-this is the escalation hypothesis. This theorotically impossible control escalation. The main function of nuclear weapon of DETERRENCE.deterent capacity, ability.. deterence is a part of balancing policy. Try to balance nuclear, conventional weapons.. The other concept is threat.Threat is a different concept to define it. Shoukd threat that is totally subjective or you can be paranoiac. Threat is equals capability+will. If your opponent have capability but not will, you dont have to feel threatned or vice versa. You encounter threat by deterrence. A problem of escalation & security dilemma. Can the most powerful deter everything?-you have witnessed stg when totally against tiutive approcah.power is not equal to arm forces(story of Soviet Union). Napoleonic wars ended bby Vienna congress in 1950. Aim of Napoleon was conquer the Europe and turn it into Republicanism based on the values of French Rev.It was a challengeto the nation state system which is being created from Wesphalia. By defeating Napoleaon and imposing the order by clear cut rules by Europe-post Napoleonic order-concert of Europe(basis of this is restoration &territorial integrity of the monarchies-) Ottoman zamannda nation state kurulmaya calsld bunun sonucu da Tanzimat oldu.1878 constitution-any person who have the the tie of subjectives is Osmanl-Trk devletine ba ile bal herkes trktr.( Mahmut 2.)-equality in foront of law, security w/o distinction by government, and power controlled by written rules(Tanzimat-constitution-Republic). You have a regime change.91.5% public support of constitution will be change and put the new const. n referandum and gets 50%. The previous is ugly, military based and got 91.5, your real cons. After gets 50%.. The ottomans fully became a nation state system under the most absolut sultan, Abdlhamid.(state aparatus, system)-totally recast the judiciary, executive,legislative court system, mecelle.. League of Nations(1919)-cemiyet-i akvam which try to bypass the problems created by internal tension in multipolar states.through democratic means(not full democracy), international control they can solve the differences through means that do not involve the use of forces.(n Chart it was about in 1&2 articles- preserve the balance, forthfight measue and ensure security &stabily by security council which has more power than general court)balance of power & multipolarity failed after ww1. After 1939 we had new balance of power+bipolar+nuclear weaponsthe permanent member of security council would be apply the nuclear weapons wtf??!.everthing was presented to prevent hierarchy.(Napoleon da hitlerin hierachy sine kar gelmiti). The very basic element is we have to ask the purpose of power: the influence of others. Influence is the ability of getting what you want from your others. If you not nteract w anyone, you have no influence. The more power we have, the more influence. However power has limits. Noy only physical limits but also influence that it generates. Look at historical processes: n 20th cc, power does not serve all the needs. When you look at uk, france, germany, us and compare w the past. Constant decline. They become more more powerful but influence is declining. The balance of power is inevitable. When power is not checked, it create discomfort.multipolarity-bipolarity(after 2-1 Ww)unipolarity(after cold war-US the only power).unipolar movement ended w/ the military interventiom to Iraq. eer Us tm sistemdeki en gl olan ise bu coercive olmamal, threat yaratmamal. So you would expect the US would have been impose on Saddam by simply saying that. US used force and failed. Power and influence go together but they are notsame things. German & Japan are influental but not neceesaarily most powerful. Japan more influential than Russia but not

more powerful than Russia. Another thing is : power is concerned, if the system sovereign nation state, nobody can impose power. Power has limited consequences. If power was the main determinent of change in the politics, you wouldnt have decolonizatin(in decolaniazion weak is powerful against the powerful after the conflict-as Vietnam) There is no sigle polcy of US of using force. How do you assume what they do?-it is impossible.selfinterets calculation.when you in market, you have responbility. Build all your inst. Acc to this.1) you can do it is your power 2)are you kidding me? Iam paying you for this and you are hurting be to stop the oil flow (i.e) Power is addictive&power corupts therefore you need cycles&check the power. Its true for both domestc&international power. Centeralization of power (the smaller the decision makers, the more centeral power, easliy used, in the Sviet Union-a centeralized system in which decison making monopolized like Todays China and those are the ultimate power dispensers and they can do whatever they want. )is limited. State survival is not achieved by centeralization of power. Everybody uses every opp. To acquire power. Tendency to abuse the power is conctant an done way to chech the abuse of others is balance of power. Non state actors can also acquire power-international regimes??. Power relations are there but not enough to explain all the synamics of politics. What have we done?.. shape of balance of power can chane(multpolarity->bipolarity) You have to play a role in inetnational relation you have recognition which is a act in political community w/ legal consequences. What are differences subject to international law? -individual, sovereign nation states:these are true international Persons and full members of international community. Usually thehir domestic form is unitary.turkey, France.. Decisions made at the top bindging by every citizen. -unions: composit. One unit under the law. You have 4 different kinds of unions.1)personal unions:two or more state come together under the person of the sovereign. Current ex: British commonwealth.Elizabeth II. On the backside of Canadian Dollar even Canada not part of UK. 2)true/real unions : 2 or more states come together and decide to be one. From then ownwards, 2 state became one state under one name, one person, one government. Lots of ex. n history: 1960s, 1970s, the Arab World(but they had short live). If EU eventually centeralize power in ways, that would leave less power in states and more power in center it would be real union. 3)confederations : is when 2 or more states sign a treaty to bring them together under one legal personality however, keeping the constituent parts legal personality alive. Basicly, in conf. We are talking about 1 unit, within it there are constituting, legal existence, their representatives make up the governing body of the all but the governing body can impose it will upon in individual units. Has power over confederal units but not citizens wihin the unit.there are no confederal law binding the individuals.. 4)federation: as opposed to confederation 2 or more state come together sign a tretay under one government and individuals loose its identity and living within federal unit. .e. polie federal polie and local polie. .e.USA, Germany, Switzerland(Cantons). Basicly two layers of government. These are the basicly the full members of international community. The next group: qualified full members. International community of naton satates. They are not fully sovereign in th sense so qualified. We have various examples. 1)Neutral states: uniletarlly not become a part of alliance. A survival of a stateis an ablity of alliance to achieve balance of power. This type is Leaving its existence

to the benevelanet of others. I am not threaten anyone so please do not threaten me-that is why not participate in alliances. i.e. Switzerland, Sweden, turkey in the 2. WW 2)neutralized states: loose a war and winners say prevent to make forign policy&security decisions. You cannot enter any alliance if we cannot give you any permission(germany to Japan, Austria..after 1992 germany gave permisson to Austria and she joined EU) 3) divided states : you loose a war and face to consequences and acc. To requires and neccesity of conjuncture somethings imposes on you. Germany was a divided state under occupation, supposed to be forezones and Berlin was also divided in 4 zones(East(GDR)West).(British zone, French zone, Us zone, USSR zone-1948/49-combined zones and issued common currency-German united,in turn reaction to this the Soviet declared German Democratic Republic??).Coldwar ended w the unification of 2 Germanies and collapse of Berlin war.1973 both federal rep.&dem.rep became members of UNs and both recognized each other. Of course Korea is divided state(North&South), Vietnam(North wanted to take over South French resist in it, Americans moved in eventually tehy failed and communist North took non comm. South and united) . THE HOLY SCE: no territory, no population, have government so what makes it is a state?RECOGNOTION !. t has embessadors. 10.04.2013 Dependent satets:Vassal states-procterotes-free cities-ministate-condominium-mandate Our sovereignty formulated&implemented.state should have territory& population. How sovereignty and jurisdiction can be seen from different optics. Although normally a gov. Which doesnt have control over territory, shoukd never establish a state; if others recognize, it does. Government exercises authority. Vassal states which involve territory, population, government, jurisdiction over population. But externallt it depens on a suzeren state.Protectorate state imposed by suzeren state. Many of the former Ott. Units was suzeren states. Sultan has a hierarchy top but them.Eflak Bodani Serbia etc were vassal state-certain level domestic autonomy.Bulgaria,Crotia, Egypt (?) after 1878. Diplomatic&defence points there are interest in India. Another category is the free cities. Where in int. Arrangements, have created these entitites in 1919 Danzig which was considered German city was taken from Germany after loose of war and proclaimed a free city under the protection of League of Nations. Its foreign affair was conducted by foreigner. In 1939, Germany annexed Danzig. 2nd example:after 2.ww peace treaty w/ Trieste(Todays the city in Italy-slovenya). It was taken from Italy but wasnt given to Yugoslavia. Its independence guaranteed by security council by LofNations and divided into 2 zones.(urban area incorparated in Italy&rural area incorporated w/ Yugoslavia). Another city is stabul after Sevr. But it didnt recognized by Ankara and cancelled. But it COULD be a free city under League of Nations. Ankara gov. was the first revisionist.Ott. gov. n Ankara signed the Lozan and was succesfully change 1919 Paris imposition of post World war 1 system. City is Lozan, Treaty is Lozan.1938-Montr. Lozan Treaty-Sevr -Montr Szlemesi veya convensiyonu(stanbul boaz, Marmara Denizi, Canakkale Boaz-3 together int. Maritime passage). It deals w/ the regulation of them. Lozan treaty of 1923 consists of a number of seperate documents. 1st one the Lozan Peace Treaty(borders of Turkey etc.-renounce positition like Cyprus etc.)2nd one in Lozan treaty the regulation of maritime.3rd Demilitarized the strait zone and plced the administiration in traffic in the hand of the international comission and Turkish army cannot come to 5-10 km to the cost.

Ministates not loly dependent but de facto is .. some of them historical. Feudal system in Europe.Decolonization movemenet was hold, the former colonies decided to leave from dependent. Given territory by agreemnet by other states. How is it possible. You have aterritory and you govern by 2 government but not by your government. This istuation is called CONDOMINIUM. Finally, the category of mandates and trust territories this is also a historical category, no anymore but it is ainteresting legal situation. When WWI ,structured various kind of solutions. Territoires of Germany and Ott. Were subject to same thing but also teher were other forms of solution in the shape of ??. certain territories of German had colonies, Ott. had no.3 kind of mandates: Class A, Class B, Class C mandates. Baka bir devletin ynetimine braklm. Class a: Ott. territoires in the middle east which was distributed by the LofN. 2)britain&France decided which bounds .orda yaayan insanlarn ve governmentn fkrlerne baklmyor. Iraq-Germanyafter became independent;syria-FranceFR decided to seperate the mostly Christian and other smaller Muslim groups which live in the mountins of Lobnan and 2 different states: Syria-proper&Lubnan.the government in Domascus rejected solution and accepted FR mandate territories-Lubnan became independent;..Class B-German colonies of Africa except German South West of Africa,Kamelun,Tanzaya and C-German South West africa became Namibya. What happened to those who didnt become independent?-the former mandates have been placed under new administrive. The common denominatior: they are not fully fledged states.. Beligerent Communities and Insurgents When do they start to play an important role in int. Relations? All states are formed w/ confliict, before establishing the state they were insurgents. Ehn the rebels controlled territory, they took syrian rebels serious and consider the consequences. states recognize beligerent community, when they cant sovereignty on their territories. Arcipalero states-consist of only islands like Endonezya(indo nisos-hint adalar), Malezya. How do you calculate territory. Landlock-desert states. Hence lets talk territory.Devlet lkesi=state territory=o devletin sahip olduu topraklar. What happens is this?Lets start w/ simple island states. Malta. What are the borders of that state?-the shoreline. The state has jurisdictional land which is called territorial water. Knotical miles=bordering seas. Above and beyond the shoreline up to 3 miles. That was range to reach artileries. Today the possibility of controlling is up to 12 miles, not beyond.(1852 m=1 Knotical mile).full jurisdiction over your land and in the sea. You have full jursidiction+airspace above your land to bottom of the sea+under your lands+water surface+airspace above your territories until where the atmosphere ends. There was an Un convention codified and determined to territorial bounds up to 12 miles, defines non jurisdiction area on the 3 categories. 1)contiental shelf 2)exclusive economic zone extends economics beyond territories, (200hundred miles)i.e. you have fishing zone. 3)?? UNCLOS(UN concention on the law of the sea). Continental shalf beyond is also yours, and you have exclusive economic zone can the bottom beyond your territory, but you cant impose law at that point. Land neighbours;f there is a lake on the border(it is not included w/ law of the sea) Ada, adack ve kayalar.. 11.04.2013 In order to be a state, recognition is required. It is political act(because it is not obligation, you decide it depends on your domestic calculations) w/ legal consequences(once you recognize you cannot go back and have some responsibilities-KKTC is only recognized by turkey: Turkey has made a political decision, as a result it creats legal obligations for Turkey). Can you annex KKTC?-no. Sovereignty, independence,territorial integrity to be respectful. Where does conflict lead to a war. Not all conflicts are resolved but exist&kept under control-whole Egean issue is such a conflict-legitimate conflictboth sides have reason to ask stg. ..then do we go to war w/ Greece?Our aim, objective is to create the condition to find peaceful solitions. We shouldnt fail&leave our place. What is the best solution that we can hope for?-the best possible logical extreme whatever you want, do it peacefully. If we

dont get smtg we want, fight and get it-the another ekstreme.the cost of violance is so hight that if we loose. Existential threat. We try to develop other peaceful means: recognition, full jurisdiction.. the government deals w/ the other government to solve problems. Another very important principle is the existance of states are factua(if there is central government,if you extend recognition to de facto state, it continues to be a state. you are legally bound creates obligations for you; Turkey dont recognize Taiwan does that change stg.?), recognition is legal. The existence by law-de jure; the existence by fact-de facto. Non recognition may not have any effects on the de facto existence states. Serbia does not recognize the independence of Kosova. Does it mean that Kosova is not a state? Unless Serbia agrees Kosova cannot be a member of Council of Europe. Unless Russia recognize, it cannot be a member of League og Nations. But it is still state. you dont have the formal channels of communcation to defend your interest(??). recognition of government. When you recognize a state, what is a state?when you deal w/ a state what is it?-Its government. When you recognize a state w/ a government and that government changes what do you do? Sometimes a state can be in a position to recog. Or not to rec. f there is suspicion that government actually represent that state.(signing of the Lozan-the Ankara government of the Ottoman Empire and then the Ankara parlamentry government (no seperation of Powers) and this parlamnet decided to a establish a Republic. Most of the states have w/ the est. Of the republic they have seen the change and comer of a successor of a state. state succession(devletlerin ardlll-bir devletin yerine baka bir devlet geiyorsa devletler ya da ardllar tannmaldr).First Afganistan recognized Turkey in Moskow. The us didnot recognized the new regime until 1927 because it has political act consequenses.some recognition came left one of the main reason: Ankara was the capital and they didnt want to come to hell Ankara. In 1990s several disintegrations&unifications. North and South Yemen unified. Yugoslavia and Checkoslovakia divorced. USSR-very tense but w/o blood.very bloody, messy,civil war,-yugoslavia disintegration. If there is a civil war, what will you recognize?Secession-ayrlma; to seceedeayrlmak. We do not recognized the seceeded state the legitimzte. For Turkey, it doesnt matter, you are equal w 6 parts-but it is little bit strange bec. Bosna-Herz. Did not declared their independence yet at this time. The Us has come up w/ a different solution and they said we do not have recognize Serbia-montenogro, we still recognize them as a core .legally speaking there were secessions from yugoslavia acc. to US. The klie that Turkey did nor recognize Cyprus. Turkey has 35.000 troups in Cyprus as garantors and now how can you not recognize? What actually happens if turkey not recognize?n the domestic gov. The president of Cyprus, secretly selected by Greek community,PM was Turkish community??1964 when the decision was given by UN security council and decided to deploy, government consent is required. What is that be recognizing?-rigts of duties of a state. to become a state and accepted as a state among others means to accept that every ind. Have rights and oblisigation within the community&toward to community. What is the firs&foremost rule?-the right to exist. What does it mean in practical term?-right to defence. You give your consent to defend itself against threats to its existence by building arms forces, humanity baka bir zm bulamad henz define the threat.encountring force by force-put together a number of people able and unfortunatelt teach them how to kill one another.threathening by killing, so they wont kill you. Its not simple.t is stg to avoid all cost but the survival, not dead.2nd rigt-right of independence and territorial integrity. 3) the right of sovereign equality. ((All of that in article 2)).n order to put these rights into practice, you have to have certain immunities(devletlerin baklklar) what are state imm?-1)personal immunity (representatives)of a foreign sovereign.2) the state immunity: government cannot be taken to domestic or international court w/o explicit consent. This is also requirement of equality. 3) public property. You cannot take over the property of an another state if it is in your territory. -devlete ait mallara baka devletler tarafndan el koyulamaz. Konulursa conflict olur. Part of the immunities of states: general category of the act-of-state: to respect to the validity of publics act of other states.

This creates not legall but political frcitions. The most imp. Problem btw turkey and Saudi Arabia historicly has been the execuiton of Turkish citizens in Saudi arabia.