Principle of Growth and Development Heredity (Biology) - is the transmission of genetics characters from parents to offspring.

Genetics the branch of biology dealing with the scientific investigation of the mechanism of heredity. Ones genetic make-up for any characteristics comprise ones genotype Traits observable from the outside, for instance, certain traits have greater biochemical activity than others; these are called DOMINANT TRAIT The trait that will not be produced when paired with the dominant gene is the RECESSIVE TRAIT

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growing complex phenomenon of a structure or whole GROWTH Increase in physical size of a structure or whole Quantitative 2 parameters o Weight Most sensitive measurement for growth Weight gain: 2x = 5 6 mos.

3x = 1 year
HEIGHT ESTROGEN responsible for increase in height in female years for the increase in height in male TESTOSTERONE responsible Stoppage of height coincide with the eruption of the wisdom teeth - 1/ mo 1 6 mos - 1.5/ mo 7 12 mos

DOMINANT TRAITS Brown Eye Curly Hair Normal Hair Normal sight Normal color vision Normal coloring Extra fingers or toes Dwarfed limbs

RECESSIVE TRAITS Blue Eye Straight Hair Baldness Night Blindness Color Blindness Albinism (lack of pigment) Normal number Normally-proportional limbs

4x = 2 2

Basic Knowledge on Genetics and Obstetrics 1. DNA carries genetic code 2. Chromosomes threadlike strands composed of hereditary material DNA 3. Normal amount of ejaculated sperm 3 5 cc., one tsp 4. Ovum is capable of being fertilized with in 24 36 hrs after ovulation 5. Sperm is viable within 48 72 hrs, 2-3 days 6. Reproductive cells divides by the process of meiosis (haploid) Spermatogenesis maturation of sperm Oogenesis process - maturation of ovum Gematogenesis formation of 2 haploid into diploid 23 + 23 = 46 or diploid

- 50 % - 1 Year
st

HEIGHT COMPARISON 9 y/o male = female 12 y/o Male < Female

DEVELOPMENT

13 y/o Male > Female

Result of chromosomal anomalies CONDITION Normal Male Normal Female Down syndrome Turners syndrome Kinefelter syndrome CHROMOSOMES 2x22 +xy 2X22+xx 2x22+1 +xx or xy 2x22+ x 2x22 +xxy TOTAL 46 46 47 45 47

Mongoloid idiocy or Downs syndrome may be the result of nondisjunction. It is characterized by severe mental retardation and a peculiarity in the folds of the eyelids suggesting eyes of mongoloid peoples Turners syndrome or sexual infantilism is characterized by retarded growth and sexual development. This results in individuals with 45 chromosomes. These are unable to bear offspring and are often mentally retarded. Incidence at birth among females is one for 2500. Klinefelters syndrome occurs in apparent males and characterized by consistently small testes hence sterility, sparse body hair, female-like breast development and mental retardation. It is present in individuals having 2 or more x chromosomes. Normal males with an extra Y chromosomes (XXY) have been found.

Increase in the skills or capacity to function Qualitatively How to measure development o By simply observing the child doing simple task o By noting parents description of the childs progress o Measure by DENVER DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING TEST (DDST) MMDST o Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test o Philippine Based exam Main Rated Categories o LANGUAGE ability to communicate o PERSONAL/ SOCIAL ability to interact o FINE MOTOR ADAPTIVE ability to use hand movements o GROSS MOTOR SKILLS ability to use large body movements

MATURATION Synonymous with development Readiness/ learning is effortless

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Ability to learn and understand from experiences, to acquire and retain knowledge, to respond to a new situation and to solve problems

LEARNING change of behavior

IQ= [Mental Age/ Chronological Age] x 100 Normal IQ = 90 - 110 GIFTED CHILD > 130 IQ level BASIC DIVISIONS OF LIFE Prenatal o Conception to birth Infancy o Neonatal first 28 days o Formal Infancy 29th 1 year Early Childhood o Toddler 1 3 y/o o Preschool 4 6 y/o Middle Childhood o School Age 7 12 y/o Late Childhood o Pre adolescent 11 13 y/o o Adolescent 12 13 y/o to 21

Lymphatic System (Lymph Nodes) o Grows rapidly during infancy and childhood o Provide protection against infection o TONSIL reach its adult proportion @ 5 years Reproductive o Grows rapidly during puberty

PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth and development is a continuous process (WOMB TO TOMB PRINCIPLE) begins from conception and ends with death Not all parts of the body grows at the same time or at the same rate (ASSYCHRONOUS GROWTH) Each child is unique Growth and development occurs in a regular direction reflecting definite and predictable patterns or trends Directional Terms Cephalocaudal/ Head to Tail - It occurs along bodies long axis in which control over head, mouth and eye movemens and precedes control over upper body torso and legs Proximo Distal/ Centro Distal- Progressing from center of the body to the extremities Symmetrical/ Each side of the Body- Develop at the same direction at the same time and at the same rate Mass Specific - Differentiation SIMPLE TO COMPLEX; BROAD TO REFINED Sequential Trend -Involves a predictable sequence of growth and development to which the child normally passes Locomotion Creeps Stands Walks Run Language and Social Skills Cry coo Secular Trend- Refers to the worldwide tend of maturing earlier and growing larger as compared to succeeding generation BEHAVIOR most comprehensive indicator of developmental stages act @ your age PLAY universal language A great deal of skills is learned by practice There is optimum time for initiation of experience or learning Neonatal reflexes must be lost first before development can proceed persistent primitive infantile reflexes is a possible case of cerebral palsy PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Renal digestive circulatory musculoskeletal o childhood Brain CNS Neurologic Tissue rapidly grows with in 1 2 years o Brain achieves its adult proportion @ 5 years o Rapid growth and development of brain from1 2 years o Malnutrition may result to Mild Mental Retardation

RATES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Fetal and Infancy o Period of most rapid growth and development o Prone to develop anemia Toddler o Period of slow growth and development Toddler and preschool o Period of alternating rapid and slow growth and development School Aged o Slower growth and development o Least to develop anemia Adolescent o Period of rapid growth o Secondary prone to anemia

Two Primary Factors Affecting Growth and Development Heredity o Race o Sex o Intelligence o Nationality Environment o Quality of Nutrition o Socio Economic Status o Health o Ordinal Position in the family o Parent Child Relationship

THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT Developmental Task A skill or growth responsibility arising at a particular time in the individuals life. The successful achievement of which will provide a foundation for the accomplishments of the future tasks

SIGMUND FREUDS PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY 1856 1939 An Austrian Neurologist Founder of Psychoanalysis 1st to introduce Personality Development Age Phase Oral Phase 0 18 mos. Site of Gratification Mouth Activities Task

Anal Phase (stage where OC are developed)

19 mos. 3 yrs.

Anus

Biting Crying Sucking (enjoyment and release of tension) Elimination Retention/ Defecation of Feces

Provide oral stimulation even if baby is place NPO (use pacifier)CBQ Never discourage thumb sucking Help the child achieve bowel and bladder control even if the child is hospitalized Principle of holding on and letting go Mother wins or child wins Child Wins o Holding on o Child turns to be hardheaded, antisocial, stubborn, unreliable, irresponsible Mother Wins o Letting go o Child turns to be kind, obedient, perfectionist o Meticulous, OCs, reliable, responsible

Phallic Phase

4 6 yrs.

Genital

Latent Phase

7 12 yrs.

School aged

Genital Phase

12 18 yrs

Genitalia

May show exhibitionism Have or increase knowledge of 2 sexes Period of suppression No obvious development, slower growth Childs energy or Libido is diverted into more concrete type of thinking Achieve sexual maturity and learn to establish satisfactory relationship with the opposite sex

Accept the child fondling his own genetalia as normal area of exploration Divert attention from masturbation Answer the childs question directly Human sexuality Help the child achieve (+) experiences so that hell be ready to face the conflicts of adolescents

Give opportunity to relate to opposite sex

ERIK ERICKSONS STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY Former student of Freud Stresses the importance of culture and society to the development of ones personality environment

1.

Trust vs. Mistrust 0 18 months TRUST is the foundation of all psychosocial tasks Theme: Give and Receive Trust is developed via

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

Satisfying needs of infants on time Care must be consistent and adequate Give experiences that will add security Hugs, kisses, touch, eye to eye contact, soft music Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 18 mos. to 3 years Theme: independence and self government Give opportunity for decision making, offer choices Encourage the child to make decision rather than judge Parents has a moral obligations to set limits Initiative vs. Guilt 4 6 years old Learns how to do BASIC things Give opportunity exploring new places and events Right time for amusement park and zoos Activity recommended: modeling clay and finger painting Enhances creativity and imagination and facilitates fine motor development Industry vs. Inferiority 7 12 years old Learns how to do things well Give appropriate short assignments and projects Unfinished project will develop inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion 12 18 or 20 years old Learns who he is or what kind of person he will become by adjusting to new body image and seeking EMANCIPATION/ freedom from parents Intimacy vs. Isolation 18 25 or 30 years old Career focus Looking for a lifetime partner Generativity vs. Stagnation 30 45 years old Ego Integrity vs. Despair 45 years old and above o o o

JEAN PIAGETS STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Reasoning powers Swiss Psychologist Genetic Epistemologist 1. Sensorimotor 0 2 years old Also called Practical Intelligence o words and symbols are not yet available o communication through senses 1. Schema 1: Neonatal Reflex o 1 month o Early reflexes 2. Schema 2: Primary Circular Reaction o 1 4 months o Activities related to body; repetition of behavior Example: thumbsucking 3. Schema 3: Secondary Circular Behavior o 4 8 months o Activities not related to the body o Discover person and objects permanence o Memory traces are present and anticipate familiar events 4. Schema 4: Coordination of Secondary Reaction o 8 12 months o Exhibit goal directed behavior o sense of permanence and separateness o Play activities: Throw and retrieve 5. Schema 5: Tertiary Circular Reaction o 12 18 months o use trial and error to discover characteristic of places and events o Invention of new means o capable of space and time perception 6. Schema 6: Invention of New Means thru Mental Coordination o 18 24 months o Symbolic representation o Transitional phase to the pre-operational thought period 2. Pre-operational Thought 1. Pre conceptual Thought o 2 4 years old o Concrete, literal, static thinking o CBQ EGOCENTRIC unable to view anothers viewpoint

2.

o CBQ (-) REVERSIBILITY in every action there is opposite reaction; cause and effect o Concept of time is only now and concept of distance is only as far as they can see o CBQ ANIMISM consider inanimate object as alive Intuitive Thought o Beginning of causation

3.

Concrete Operational o 7 12 years old o SYSTEMATIC REASONING as solution to problems o Concept of (+) reversibility o Concept of Conservation constancy despite of transformation o Activity recommended: Collecting and Classifying

4.

Formal Operational o 12 years old and above o Period when cognition achieve its final form o Can solve hypothetical problem with SCIENTIFIC REASONING o Can deal with past, present and future o Capable of ABSTRACT, mature thought and formal reasoning o Activity recommended: talk time; focus on opinions and current events

KOHLBERGS THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Stages of Moral Development o Infancy o Premoral o Amoral o Pre-religious

Age Stage

Descritption PRECONVENTIONAL (Level I)

0 3 yrs 4 7 yrs.

1 2

PUNISHMENT/ OBEDIENCE/ ORIENTATION o Heteronomous morality o Child does right because PARENT tells him to and to avoid punishment INDIVIDUALISM o Instrumental purpose and exchange o Carries out action to satisfy own needs rather than society o Will do something for another if that person does something for the child CONVENTIONAL (Level II) ORIENTATION TO INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS OF MUTUALITY o Child follows rules because of need to be a good person in own eyes and eyes of others MAINTAINANCE OF SOCIAL ORDER, FIXED RULES AND AUTHORITY o Child finds following rules satisfying o Following rules of authority figures as well as parents in an effort to keep the system working

4 10 yrs. 10 12 yrs.

3 4

POST CONVENTIONAL (Level III) Older than 12 5 SOCIAL CONTRACT, UTILITARIAN LAW MAKING PERSPECTIVE o Follows standards of society for the good of the people 6 UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE ORIENTATION o Follows internalized standards of conduct o Only few people achieved this level o Only saints and holy

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES Major marker of growth and development Determines developmental delays

Grasp and tonic neck reflexes are fading Reaches for familiar people or object Anticipates feeding 4 months Head control complete Turns front to back; needs space to turn Laughs aloud; Babbling sound Babinski Reflex disappears 5 months Turn both ways (roll over) Teething rings, handles rattle well Moro reflex disappears (5 6 months) Enjoys looking around environment 6 months Reaches out in the anticipation of being picked- up Sits with support Puts feet in mouth in supine position Eruption of first temporary teeth ( Lower 2 central incisors) Vowel sounds ah, eh Uses palmar grasp; handless bottle well Recognizes strangers 7 months Transfer objects from hand to hand (6 7 months) Likes objects that are good sized for transferring 8 months Sits without support Peak of stranger anxiety Plantar reflex disappear (6-8 months) 9 months Creeps or crawls; need space for creeping Neat pincer grasp reflex, probes with forefinger Finger feeds, combine 2 syllables mama & dada 10 months Pulls self to stand Understand the word no Respond to name Peek a boo, pat a cake, since they can clap 11months Cruising, stand with assistance Walking while holding to his cribs handle One word other than mama and dada 12 months Stands alone Walk with assistance Drink from cup, cooperates in dressing Says two words other than mama and dada Pots & pans, pull toys and nursery rhymes Imitates actions, comes when called Follows one step command and gesture Uses mature pincer graps, throws objects Toddlerhood Parallel Play 2 toddlers playing separately Provide 2 similar toys for 2 toddlers Toys o Squeaky frogs to squeeze o Waddling ducks to pull o Trucks to push o Building blocks o Pounding peg Fear: Separation Anxiety o Begins: 9 months o Peaks: 18 months o 3 stages

TEETH QUESTIONS 6 mos. Eruption of first temporary teeth 2 LOWER CENTRAL INCISORS 30 mos. Temporary teeth complete 20 decidous teeth POSTERIOR MOLAR --> last to appear Time to go to Dentist Begins to brush teeth 3 years 6 years Tooth brushing with minimal supervision Tooth brushing alone Temporary teeth begins to fail 1st permanent teeth 1st MOLAR Last to appear WISDOM TOOTH BOWEL/ BLADDER CONTROL Bowel Control Day Time Bladder Control Night Time Bladder Control

18 months / 1 years 2 years 3 years

MILESTONES Infancy Solitary play o Consider when choosing a play Safety Age appropriateness Hygiene Fear: Stranger Anxiety o Begins: 6 7 months o Peaks: 8 months o Diminishes: 9 months Neonate Complete head lag Largely reflex visual fixation for human face Hands fisted with thumbs in Cries without tears because lacrimal glands are not fully developed 1 month Dance reflex disappears Looks at mobile; follows midline Alert to sound, regards face 2 months Holds head up when in prone Social smile, cries with tears, cooing sound Closure of posterior fontanel (2-3 months) Head lag when pulled to sitting position No longer clinches fist tightly Follows object past midline Recognizes parents 3 months Holds head and chest up when in prone Holds hands open at rest Hand regard, follows object past midline

Prevent:

Protest Despair Denial Do not prolong goodbye Say goodbye firmly Say when youre back

Toddler Characteristic Traits Negativistic: says no most of the time Saying no way of developing independence Limit questions, offer choices Rigid, ritualistic and stereotyped Ritualistic way to gain mastery Temper Tantrums o Stomping of feet o Holding breath o Screaming o Head banging o NC: Ignore the behavior Scaphoid abdomen underveloped abdominal muscle Physiologic Anorexia food fad, food jag that last for a short period of time due to the preoccupation to environment 15 Months Plateau stage CBQ WALKS ALONE lateness in walking is a sign of mild mental retardation Puts small pellets into small bottle Creep upstairs 4 6 words Scribbles voluntarily with pencil, holds spoon well, seat self in a chair 18 Months Height of POSSESIVENESS favorite word MINE Bowel control achieved No longer rotates a spoon Can run and jump in place Walks up and downstairs holding on to a persons hand or railing, typically places both feet on one step before advancing Names one body part 24 months TERRIBLE TWOS Turns pages one at a time, removes shoes, pants, etc Can open doors by turning door knobs, unscrew lids 50 200 words (2 word sentences), knows 5 body parts Walk upstairs alone, still using feet on the same step at same time Daytime Bladder Control CBQ best time to bring the child to dentist: 2 3 years or when temporary teeth is complete 30 months Makes simple lines or stroke or crosses with pencil Can jump down from chair Knows full name, holds up finger to show age Copy a circle CBQ Temporary teeth complete (posterior molar: last to erupt) CBQ 20 deciduous teeth CBQ tooth brushing: 2 3 years 36 months TRUSTING THREES Tooth brushing with little supervision Unbutton buttons Draws a cross, learns how to share Knows full name and sex Speaks fluently, 200 900 words NIGHTIME BLADDER CONTROL achieved Rides tricycle

Preschoolers Cooperative play playhouse Role playing is usual Fears: o Castration/ Body Mutilation o Dark places and witches o Thunder and lightning o Ghost Curious, creative, imaginative and imitative

Preschoolers Characteristic Traits Telling tall tales Imaginary friend way of relieving tension and anxiety Sibling rivalry jealousy to a newly delivered baby Regression o Signs: bedwetting o Thumbsucking o Baby talk o Fetal position Masturbation o Sign of boredom o Divert attention o Offering toy 4 years old FURIOUS FOUR Noisy, aggressive and stormy Buttons button Copy square Catches ball, jumps, skips Alternates feet going downstairs CBQ LACES SHOES Vocabulary of 1500, knows the basic color Says song or poem from memory 5 years old FRUSTRATING FIVES Jumps over low obstacles Spreads with a knife Draws 6 part man, copy triangle Imaginary playmates 2100 words Identification with same sex Attachment to opposite sex School Aged Competitive Play: Tug of war Fears o School Phobia orienting child to his new environment o Displacement from school o Death Significant Person o Teacher o Peer of same sex Stoppage of height coincide with the eruption of wisdom tooth Prone to fracture: Common Green stick Mature vision o 20/200 legal blindness Theyll Cheat cant afford to lose