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Particle Diameter, mm
0.1
.01
.1
10 20 30
50
70 80 90 95
99
99.9 99.99
PROPERTY Effective Size, ES Uniformity Coefficient, UC UNIT mm GARNET 0.2 - 0.4 LLMENITE 0.2 - 0.4 SAND 0.4 - 0.8 ANTHRACITE 0.8 - 2.0 GAC 0.8 - 2.0
UC
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 1.7
1.3 - 2.4
Density, Porosity,
g/mL
3.6 - 4.2
4.5 - 5.0
2.65
1.4 - 1.8
45 - 58
Not available
40 - 43
47 - 52
Hardness
Moh
6.5 -7.5
5.6
2-3
Low
* = Not Available
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 882.
MEDIA Curve Representing Increase in Depth to Clean Sand with Time Head Curves - as Filter Becomes Dirty Head Curve Clean Filter D
5 D 0
Lines 1 to 5 represent the changes in pressure through the filter as the media becomes blinded. Line 5 results in the development of negative pressures within the media.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
100
10-1
Sum 1
10-2
Transport Efficiency
Sum 2
10-3
Interception
10-4
Diffusion
10-5
Sedimentation = 1050 kg/m3
10-6 10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
Particle Diameter, m Influence of Particle Size and Density on Filtration Transport Efficiency (dc = 0.5 mm, v = 5 m/h, and T = 25oC)
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 912.
10-1
10-2
Experimental Data
10-3
Theoretical Model
10-4 10-2
10-1
10
102
100
80 Experimental Data 60
40
20 0 10-2
Theoretical Model
10-1
10
102
0.5
10
10
20
20
Anthracite
Depth (cm)
30
30 = 1.0
40
40
= 0.1
50
50
60
Sand
60
70 0 0.5 1
70
30 in. max
8 to 16 in.
Underdrain
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
Source: JSIM, 2001. Database on Japanese Advanced Environmental Equipment, The Underdrain System for Rapid Filter and GAC Adsorption Filter. Japan Society of Industrial Machinery Manufacturers. http://nett21.gec.jp/JSIM_DATA/WATER/WATER_6/html/Doc_307.html. Accessed February 21, 2005.
Typical Pipe Lateral Underdrain Installation
Wash Trough
Filter Media
Waste Gullet
Slit plates
Manifold
Source: F.B. Leopold Company, 2003. Filtration, The Process, Underdrain Types. http://www.fbleopold.com/water/filtration/underdrain.htm. Accessed February 21, 2005.
Source: F.B. Leopold Company, 2003. Filtration, The Process, Underdrain Types. http://www.fbleopold.com/water/filtration/underdrain.htm. Accessed February 21, 2005.