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BIOMASS COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

HISTORICAL REVIEW
In the pre-industrial area (< XVII century) wood was a major source of primary energy. In early industrial area it used for the following applications: in steam engines, in ships, in locomotives, in metallurgy (woodchar).
COMBUSTION AND FUELS

THE USE OF BIOMASSAS A PRIMARY ENERGY CARRIER IN MODERN ECONOMY


Biomass can be utilized as an energy carrier applying the following technologies: firing and co-firing, gasification/pyrolysis, fermentation, manufacture of other fuels.
COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SOME DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS AS FUEL


- multiple sorts of biomass, - different size and shapes of biomass, - high content of moisture, - low density of biomass, - distribution of biomass.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PARTICULAR FEATURES OF FURNACES FOR BIOMASS BURNING


The diverted features of biomass caused that several types of furnaces were developed: furnaces for straw combustion, furnaces for combustion of wood in form of: wood chips, bark, craps, slices, sawdust, dust furnaces for burning of other agriculture residues (hulks, shells and bagasse).

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

DIFFERENCES OF BIOMASS AND COAL THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

WOOD COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BURNING WOOD vs. COAL


The process of wood combustion is similar to the process of combustion of young coals, especially to burning of lignite.

Phases of wood combustion


I. Heating and drying. II. Thermal decomposition. III. Volatile matter combustion. IV. Char combustion.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PHASES OF WOOD PARTICLE BURNING

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

MECHANISM OF WOOD COMBUSTION


wood pyrolysis zone char

Wood burning
T.J. Shields, G.W.H. Silcock, Buldings and Fir, Longman Scientfic and Technical, New York,1987

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

MECHANISM OF WOOD COMBUSTION


heat flow volatile matter O2 products of combustion

heating and drying

oxidation of char

pyrolysis of wood

solid phase (wood)

pyrolysis of v. m.

combustion of v. m.

gas phase

Flame structure COMBUSTION AND FUELS

TWO WAYS OF WOOD BURNING


Fuel Pyrolysis products Combustion process

Volatile matter Biomass Tar Char

Flame

Glow

Thermal decomposition of wood depending on the combustion process COMBUSTION AND FUELS

TEMPERATURE OF THERMAL DECOMPOSTION OF WOOD


The temperature of decomposition of woods components: hemicellulose cellulose lignin 500600 K, 600650 K, 500773 K

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Volatile matter (v.m.) content in wood (and straw)


Type of biomass
Wheat straw
Soma pszena

Oat straw
Soma owsiana

Barley straw
Soma jczm.

Alder wood
Drewno olchy

Beech wood
Drewno buku

Pine wood
Drewno sosny

Volatile matter content, %

85.9

83.7

85.1

85.2

86.1

85.7

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PRODUCTS OF THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF WOOD


gaseous (CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6 i H2) liquid (water, methanol, acetic acid, acetic aldehyde and tar), solid carbonate (char, wood char)
Acetic - octowy COMBUSTION AND FUELS

MECHANISM OF COMBUSTION OF GAS AND LIQUID COMPONETS


I. Thermal decomposition of large molecules: CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 CH3CHO CH4 + CO II. Combustion zone (radical generation): C2H6 + M 2CH3 + M C2H6 + H C2H5 + H2 CH3 + O2 + M CH3O2 + M CH3O2 CH2O + OH III. Post-combustion zone (recombination of radicals) HCO + OH CO + H2O CO + OH CO2 + H2 H + OH H2O + M

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

MECHANISM OF CHAR COMBUSTION


Wood char: - very porous (200 m2/g), - reactive. Temperature of char ignition: Temperature of burning in layer: Temperature of combustion in flame: 200-250 oC 800-1000 oC 1200 1700 oC

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SOURCES OF WOOD AS A FUEL


- wood residue (furniture and cellulose industry), - parks and gardens, - forests, - energy cropping.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SIZE AND SHAPE OF WOOD AS A FUEL


Source: - chopper: wood chips - residues: bark, craps, slices, sawdust, dust, - from parks and gardens: long size, - from wood processing: pellets and briquette. Storage of wood: moisture content: 12-14%
COMBUSTION AND FUELS

THE MOST OFTEN USED FORMS OF WOOD AS A FUEL


Yesterday Today

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

COMBUSTION SYSTEMS OF WOOD BURNING


The choice of furnace depends on: - shape and size of wood (wood chips, bark, craps, slices, sawdust, dust). - system of energy production (electricity, heat, combined system CHP), - thermal power of a boiler.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

FURNACE TYPES
Common in use are following furnace types for wood firing: - fixed bed - stoker-firing system (firing on grate) - fluidized beds (bubble, circulating), - cyclone.
COMBUSTION AND FUELS

FIXED-BED COMBUSTION SYSTEM

Logs Fire-wood

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RETORT FURNACE

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RETORT BOILER

Retort furnace

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

STOKER-FIRING BOILER

flue gas

fuel feeding drying

Sloping grate

gasyfication ignition combustion remowal of ash

exhaust fan

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PRE-COMBUSTION CHAMBER WITH SLOPINGGRATE INTEGRATED WITH A WATER TUBE BOILER


wood chips

pre-combustion chamber
secondary air

boiler

Advantages of grate combustion system: - different size of biomass, fire tube - high content of water 60%, - low emission of fly ash. Disadvantages of grate combustion system: - high emission of: NOx i CO

grate primary air ash

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PRE-COMBUSTION CHAMBERS FOR BIOMASS BURNING


Pre-combustion chamber for burning of biomass are necessary if: - high content of moisture and necessary zone of drying of biomass, - high content of volatile matter and resulted long flame, - low caloric value of biomass and require adiabatisation of the combustion process. COMBUSTION AND FUELS

EXAMPLE OF SLOPING-GRATE COMBUSTION SYSTEMS

gasification

drying

Sloping grate 2 MWt Boiler COMBUSTION AND FUELS

ignition

combustion

BURNING OF PELLETS ON MOVING GRATE

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION SYSTEMS


flue

Advantages: - high content of water 60%, - variable load, - variable fuel features, - low emission of NOx Disadvantages: - limited sizes, - bed de-fluidization.

smaller pieces of bark secondary air bark bigger pieces of bark secondary air

sand bubbles

fluidizing air

COMBUSTION Fluidized bed boiler with bubbling bed

AND FUELS

EXAMPLE OF CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED BOILER

Circulating fluidized bed boiler designed for biomass burning (Babcock)

Technical parameters: - power: - LCV: COMBUSTION AND FUELS 10-150 MWt 3-20 MJ/kg

CYCLON PRE-COMBUSTION CHAMBER


Destination of pre-combustion cyclonic chamber: - burning of sawdust, - burning of wood dusts form furniture manufacturing.

Cyclone

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

A BOILER FURNACE WITH CYCLONE PRECOMBUSTION CHAMBER


A boiler with fixed bed furnace and pre-combustion chamber for burning of wood dusts.

Fixed bed furnace

Cyclone

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

STRAW COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

GENERAL CONSTRICTIONS
Problems with straw burning: - difficult sizing (require cutting), - low density high cost of compression, - high moisture requirement of drying, - high content of chlorine and alkali metals (K and Na)

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

STRAW as a FUEL
Straw can be burnt in following forms: in bales (low- and high degree of compression), as fibres (5-10 cm long), as a chaff (sieczka), as pellets and briquettes.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BOILER FURNACES FOR STRAW BURNING


Basic systems of combustion of straw as arrived: fixed-bed furnace for nonstationary firing of straw ballots (20 500 kW), cigar furnaces for burning of straw bales (<30 MW), stroker boilers for burning of straw chaff.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Fixed-bed combustion systems

3 1

Co-current combustion system


1 bale of straw, 2 primary air, 3 secondary air, 4 chimney
1

Counterflow combustion system


1 bale of straw, 2 chimney, 3 fan

FIXED-BED FURNACE FOR BALES BURNING (DENMARK)

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Fixed-bed boiler EKOPAL RM 20

Characteristic of fixed-bed boilers


Co-current-flow boilers efficiency: Counter-flow boilers efficiency: CO emission:
air excess:

35-40%

high emission of dust and CO

70-75% 1000-4000 mg/m3 25-50%

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

CIGAR SYSTEM OF STRAW BALES BURNING (DENMARK)

System of continuous burning of bales: boilers of 30 MW of thermal power.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Boilers fired with dispersed straw mechanical feeding systems


Basic installations:
1. System of supply with bales 2. System of straw dispersion 3. Transportationsystem of dispersed straw (mechanic or pneumatic) 4. Fire protecting system (mechanical sluice separating the transportation system from the feeder) 5. Straw feeder 6. Grate-boiler(stoker)

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

STOKER BOILER FOR FIRING STRAW CHAFF ON MOVING GRATE

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SMALL STOKER BOILER FOR BURNING OF STRAW FIBRES ON GRATE Chimney


Boiler Bales Cutter
Screw feeders

Deduster

PEC Luba l. Type of boiler: WCO 80S

LCV: 12-14.5 MJ/kg Firing rate: 300 kg/h

Thermal power: 1.0 MWth Yearly cons.: 700-1200 t/a COMBUSTION AND FUELS

STRAW BURNING in THE STOKER BOILER (Luba l.)

grate

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Characteristic of pollutant emissions during burning of straw

Dust

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

INFLUENCE OF CO-COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS WITH COAL ON SO2 AND NOX EMISSION


600 NOx - [ ppm, 3% O2 ] 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 12 20 27 47 100 straw [ % ] 1000 500 0 2500 2000 1500 SO2-[ ppm, 3% O2 ]

NOx SO2

An influence of straw co-firing with coal on pollutant emission

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

CO-FIRING OF BIOMASS AND COAL

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

EU AND POLISH LEGISLATION SUPPORTING ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM BIOMASS


1.Dyrektywa 2001/77/WE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 27 wrzenia 2001 r. w sprawie wspierania produkcji na rynku wewntrznym energii elektrycznej wytwarzanej ze rde odnawialnych. 2. Rozporzdzenie ministra gospodarki i polityki spoecznej z dnia 30 maja 2003 r. w sprawie szczegowego obowizku zakupu energii elektrycznej i ciepa z odnawialnych rdeenergii oraz energii elektrycznej wytwarzanej w skojarzeniu z wytwarzaniem ciepa (Dz. U. Nr 104, poz. 971).

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RESULTS OF GOVERMENT SUPPORT TO THE USE OF RENOWABLE FUELS


1. Cofiring of biomass in power plants became highly profitable. 2. Cofiring of biomass with coal in PF boilers is possible without negative consequences, but under certain restrictions. 3. Poland wants to produce 7.5% of heat and electricity with RES (OZE) until 2010 and 14% until 2020. COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SYSTEMS OF BIOMASS AND COAL CO-FIRING


1. Integration of co-firing grate for biomass into the bottom of PF boiler furnace. 2. Grinding of biomass with coal in mills and subsequent injection into the boiler. 3. Injection of suspension of fine biomass dust in water or oil (slurry) into the furnace by oil burners. 4. Burning of biomass in separate pre-combustor and injection the flue gas into the boiler furnace. 5. Gasification of biomass and burning of product gas as additional fuel.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

CO-COMBUSTION OF STRAW CHAFF WITH COAL IN PULVERIZED FUEL FIRED BOILER

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

WOOD PROCESSING FOR BURNING IN BOILER FURNACE

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF BIOMASS COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PROBLEMS RISED BY FIRING AND CO-FIRING OF BIOMASS AND COAL IN BOILER FURNACES Origins of the problems: - high content of chlorine (Cl) in biomass, - high content of alkali metals (mostly K, less Na) in biomass.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

CHANGING OF FLY ASH PROPERTIES DUE TO CO-FIRING OF BIOMASS AND COAL


Content of K2O, % 40.3 2.2 Temperature softening, C 730800 10501200 flow, C 1283 1427

Fuel Barley straw Bituminous coal

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

CHLORINE CORROSION DURING BIOMASS BURNING


Metal Fe Slag Cl2 FeCl2 CrCl2 Cr Cl2 FeO 2 3 O2 CrO 2 3
Chemical mechanism of chlorine corrosion boiler tubes

Gas phase

Reaction of potassium chloride sulfuration (with SO2 from the flue gas) causes the release of chlorine gas, which attacks the iron and chromium in steel: 2KCl(s) + SO2(g) + O2 + H2O K2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g)

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

DEFLUIDISATION OF FLUIDIZED BED


Quartz
Aglomeration of fluidized bed material due to the presence of ash from burning of biomass

Quartz Melt of K-silikate Sinter (Ca, P) Quartz sand (SiO2): melting temperature - 1450 C, bed temperature: 800900 C, however, in ash from burning of biomass there are oxides and salts of alkali metals which form eutectics with SiO2 2SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2O.2SiO2 + CO2 4SiO2 + K2CO3 K2O.4SiO2 + CO2

Eutectics

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SINTERING OF A FLUIDIZED BED MATERIAL

Co-combustion of rape straw with lignite

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PRINCIPLE OF GASIFICATION
Temperature

Gas

Pressure

Organic matter Char

Gasifying medium

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

TYPES OF GASIFIERS

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

FIXED-BED GASIFIERS
biomass

gas drying pyrolysis gasification burning ash

Updraft (or co-current) fixed-bed COMBUSTION AND FUELS gasifier


air

FLUIDEZED-BED GASIFIERS

bed gasifier COMBUSTION AND Fluidized FUELS

PARAMETERS OF PRODUCT GAS FROM WOOD GASIFICATION IN A FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER


Parameter Wood supply Air supply Unit kg/s m3/s

Value 1,6 1,8 0,3 415 800900 16,6 4,8 2

Air temperature Gas temperature LCV LCV

C C MJ/kg (daf) MJ/m3

3/kg Gas production m wood COMBUSTION AND FUELS

COMPARISON OF PRODUCT GAS FROM GASIFICATION OF STRAW AND COAL


Parameter
CO, % CO2, % H2, %% CH4, % C2Hx, % H2O, % NH3, ppm HCN, ppm H2S, ppm COS, ppm N2, % Tar, mg/m3 Density, kg/m3 UCV, MJ/m3

Bituminous coal
9.60 11.7 9.37 0.74 0.0 16.2 1360 25 430 25 52.3 65 1.15 2.7 FUELS AND

Straw
8.9 15.6 7.4 5.2 1.1 24.0 3390 NA 145 10 37.2 8480 1.15 4.9

COMBUSTION

GASIFICATION OF WOOD IN SMALL SCALE: domestic heating installation


Main components 1 control unit 2 upper doors 3 lever for chimney damper 4 gasification chamber 5 primary air flow 7 air fan 8 nozzle (fireproof concrete) 10 secondary air diaphragm 12 ceramic pan 13 lower doors 14 flue 18 heating water outlet 22 smoke tubes heat exchanger 23 fireproof concrete layer 24 secondary air flow 26 flue gas flow 27 heating water outlet

GASIFICATION OF WOOD RESIDUES in CFB


350 MW 540 C 17 MPa
Biomass

Processing

boliler

flidized bed gasifier

pulverized coal ash gas flame COMBUSTION AND FUELS

fly ash

YUGO RUNS BY WOOD-GAS

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