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HISTORICAL REVIEW
In the pre-industrial area (< XVII century) wood was a major source of primary energy. In early industrial area it used for the following applications: in steam engines, in ships, in locomotives, in metallurgy (woodchar).
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
WOOD COMBUSTION
Wood burning
T.J. Shields, G.W.H. Silcock, Buldings and Fir, Longman Scientfic and Technical, New York,1987
oxidation of char
pyrolysis of wood
pyrolysis of v. m.
combustion of v. m.
gas phase
Flame
Glow
Thermal decomposition of wood depending on the combustion process COMBUSTION AND FUELS
Oat straw
Soma owsiana
Barley straw
Soma jczm.
Alder wood
Drewno olchy
Beech wood
Drewno buku
Pine wood
Drewno sosny
85.9
83.7
85.1
85.2
86.1
85.7
FURNACE TYPES
Common in use are following furnace types for wood firing: - fixed bed - stoker-firing system (firing on grate) - fluidized beds (bubble, circulating), - cyclone.
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
Logs Fire-wood
RETORT FURNACE
RETORT BOILER
Retort furnace
STOKER-FIRING BOILER
flue gas
Sloping grate
exhaust fan
pre-combustion chamber
secondary air
boiler
Advantages of grate combustion system: - different size of biomass, fire tube - high content of water 60%, - low emission of fly ash. Disadvantages of grate combustion system: - high emission of: NOx i CO
gasification
drying
ignition
combustion
Advantages: - high content of water 60%, - variable load, - variable fuel features, - low emission of NOx Disadvantages: - limited sizes, - bed de-fluidization.
smaller pieces of bark secondary air bark bigger pieces of bark secondary air
sand bubbles
fluidizing air
AND FUELS
Technical parameters: - power: - LCV: COMBUSTION AND FUELS 10-150 MWt 3-20 MJ/kg
Cyclone
Cyclone
STRAW COMBUSTION
GENERAL CONSTRICTIONS
Problems with straw burning: - difficult sizing (require cutting), - low density high cost of compression, - high moisture requirement of drying, - high content of chlorine and alkali metals (K and Na)
STRAW as a FUEL
Straw can be burnt in following forms: in bales (low- and high degree of compression), as fibres (5-10 cm long), as a chaff (sieczka), as pellets and briquettes.
3 1
35-40%
Deduster
Thermal power: 1.0 MWth Yearly cons.: 700-1200 t/a COMBUSTION AND FUELS
grate
Dust
NOx SO2
PROBLEMS RISED BY FIRING AND CO-FIRING OF BIOMASS AND COAL IN BOILER FURNACES Origins of the problems: - high content of chlorine (Cl) in biomass, - high content of alkali metals (mostly K, less Na) in biomass.
Gas phase
Reaction of potassium chloride sulfuration (with SO2 from the flue gas) causes the release of chlorine gas, which attacks the iron and chromium in steel: 2KCl(s) + SO2(g) + O2 + H2O K2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g)
Quartz Melt of K-silikate Sinter (Ca, P) Quartz sand (SiO2): melting temperature - 1450 C, bed temperature: 800900 C, however, in ash from burning of biomass there are oxides and salts of alkali metals which form eutectics with SiO2 2SiO2 + Na2CO3 Na2O.2SiO2 + CO2 4SiO2 + K2CO3 K2O.4SiO2 + CO2
Eutectics
GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS
PRINCIPLE OF GASIFICATION
Temperature
Gas
Pressure
Gasifying medium
TYPES OF GASIFIERS
FIXED-BED GASIFIERS
biomass
FLUIDEZED-BED GASIFIERS
Bituminous coal
9.60 11.7 9.37 0.74 0.0 16.2 1360 25 430 25 52.3 65 1.15 2.7 FUELS AND
Straw
8.9 15.6 7.4 5.2 1.1 24.0 3390 NA 145 10 37.2 8480 1.15 4.9
COMBUSTION
Processing
boliler
fly ash