Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2007-06-14
State Key Lab of CAD&CG, ZJU
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
y
y=y(x)
z
z
z
z
(0,0)(a,b)
y = y(x)
2
d
y
ds 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 ds = 1 + dx
dx
s = (1 + y '2 )1/ 2 dx
0
sy(x)
s(y)
y(x)
a
(constraint
condition)
y (0) = 0 x = 0
y (a) = b x = a
(brachistochrone)
z
z
310
ABAB
AB
AB o
x
A
z
z
P(x,y)
v
y
(brachistochrone)
z
AB(a,b)A
P(x,y)v
mg
AP
z
z
z
mgy
mv2/2
o
A
P(x,y)
v = 2 gy
v
y
(brachistochrone)
z
sAP
ds
v 2 gy
dt
dt
ds
2 gy
1 dy
1 +
2 gy dx
dx
AB
a
T = dt =
1 dy
1 +
2 gy dx
P(x,y)
2
dx
v
y
(brachistochrone)
z
AB
a
T = dt =
z
z
1 dy
1 +
2 gy dx
Ty(x), y
y (0) = 0, y (a) = b
dx
o
A
P(x,y)
v
y
(I)
z
z
z
y(x)y(0)=0,
y(a)=b.
(geodesic line)
z
(x, y, z) = 0(x, y, z) = 0
AB
(geodesic line)
z
A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) B( x2 , y2 , z2 )
L=
x2
x1
y(x), z(x)
z
z
dy dz
1 + + dx
dx dx
(x, y, z) = 0
L
(II)
z
z
z
(constrained
variation), (conditional
variation)
(II)
z
z
z
z y(x)
( y ) = F ( x, y, y ')dx
z y(x)z(x)
z (x, y, z) = 0
z
z y(x) z(x)
( y, z ) = F ( x, y, y ', z , z ')dx
(III)
z
f(x)xx
f(x)
(y)y(x)
y(x)(y)
y(x)(y)
y(x)
y(x)
(III)
z
y(x)
z
z
z
z
(y)
x
y(x)
x
z xdx ydy
z dyy(x)dx
x
z dy0
z
z
y
(y)
y
z (y + y) - (y)
(y
+ y)
y
z 0
y(x)y(x)+y(x)
x y(x)y1(x)
z
z
z y(x)y1(x) y(x)-y1(x)
z y(x)y1(x) y(x)-y1(x)
z y(x)-y1(x)
F(x, y, y)y
yy
F(x, y, y,y)y
yy y
y(x)
( y ) = F ( x, y, y ')dx
y(x)+y(x)
z
y ( ) = y1 , y ( ) = y2
y ( ) = y ( ) = 0
= ( y + y ) ( y )
=
z
z
z
z
y(x)y(x)+y(x)
y '
F = F ( x, y, y '), Fy =
F ( x, y, y '), Fy ' =
F ( x, y, y ')
y
y '
F = Fy y + Fy ' y '
y(x)y(x)
y ' = ( y ) '
y ' = ( y ) '
z
z
HintG
C
d
y + y + ( y + y )dx = y + y + y 'dx + ( y ) 'dx
dx
y'
( y ) 'dx =
d
( Fy ' ) ydx + Fy ' y |
dx
= Fy Fy ' ydx
dx
F(x)(x1, x2)
y(x)
x2
x1
F ( x) y ( x)dx = 0
(x1, x2)
F ( x) = 0
z
y(x)
z
z
z
(x1, x2)
| y(x)|<| y(x) || y(x) |<0
F(x) x = x
x = x [ x1 , x2 ]
F(x)
y(x)
y ( x) = 0, x1 x x1 ; x2 x x2
2n
2n
y
(
x
)
k
(
x
x
)
(
x
x
)
, x1 x x2
=
1
2
x2
x1
x2
F y ( x)dx = F ( x)k ( x x1 ) ( x2 x) dx 0
x1
F ( x) 0
z
2n
2n
()
z
F(x, y)sz(x, y)
s|z(x, y)|<|zx|
<|zy|<
F ( x, y) z ( x, y)dxdy = 0
s
s F ( x, y ) = 0
d
Fy Fy ' = 0, x
dx
dFy '
dx
2 F
2 F
2 F
Fy
y '
y '' = 0
xy yy '
y ' x
F(x,y,y)y(x)
(1)
y
=
y '+ y '
2 1/2
1 + y '
2 1/2
dx = 0
y(0)0 y(a)0
=
d
y'
ydx = 0
dx (1 + y '2 )1/2
(1)
d
y'
=0
dx (1 + y '2 )1/2
y'
(1 + y ' )
2 1/2
const
y ' const
b
y= x
a
(2)
T =
1 + ( y '+ y ') dx
0
2 g ( y + y)
2 1/2
1+y' dx
2 gy
yy
1/2
1 + ( y '+ y ')
+
y
y
1/ 2
1+ y '
=
y'
y'
+
2 1/ 2
[ y (1 + y ' ]
1/ 2
1 1 + y '
2y y
2
2 1/2
y + O( 2 )
(2)
T =
1
2g
2 1/ 2
y'
1 1 + y '
y '
y dx = 0
1/ 2
2
2y y
y (1 + y ' )
T =
1
2g
1 1 + y '2 d
y'
ydx = 0
+
2
y
dx y (1 + y ' )
2 y
(2)
1 1 + y '2 d
y'
=0
+
2
2y
y
dx y (1 + y ' )
d
1 + y '2
y '2
2
dx y (1 + y ' )
y
d
1
=0
2
dx y (1 + y ' )
=0
(2)
y (1 + y '2 ) = C
ycot t
C
C
2
y=
= C sin t = (1 cos 2t )
2
2
1+ y '
dy 2C sin t cos tdt
dx =
=
= 2C sin 2 tdt = C (1 cos 2t )dt
y'
cot t
C
x = (2t sin 2t ) + C1
2
(2)
z
z
z
y(0)=0 x(0)=0C1=0.
= 2t
x = 2 ( sin )
y = C (1 cos )
2
C/2
CP(x1,x2)
1.
2.
3.
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
(natural boundary
condition)
(0, 0)
x=ay(a)
x=a
y ( ) = y1
x=y(x)
y(x)
( y ) = F ( x, y, y ')dx
= Fy y + Fy ' y ' dx
F y 'dx =
y'
dFy '
dx
Fy ' ( , y ( ), y '( ) ) y ( )
y ( ) = y1 y ( ) = 0
F y 'dx =
y'
dFy '
dx
dFy '
= [ Fy
] ydx + Fy ' ( , y ( ), y '( ) ) y ( )
dx
=0
y()
0
Fy Fy ' = 0, x <
dx
Fy ' ( , y ( ), y '( )) = 0
1/ 2
1 + y '
F =
2
gy
Fy ' = [ 2 gy ]
y'
1/ 2
(1 + y ' )
2
1/ 2
y '(a ) = 0
y ' = cot t = 2t =
2
2
C=
=
sin
( sin )
0
a
y = (1 cos )
x=
F ( , y ( ), y '( )) = 0
y'
Fy ' ( , y ( ), y '( )) = 0
z
z
z
z
177619
f(x)x=x0
f(x) x = x0
f(x)x=x0
f ( x) f ( x0 ) 0, and a < x, x0 < b
z
f(x) [a, b ]
f(x0)0x=x0
f(x0)0f(x0)
0 f(x0)>0
f(x0)0f(x0)
0 f(x0)<0
z
z
(extremum)
(stationary points)
z
f(x1,x2)(x1,x2)
g(x1,x2)0
z
f(x1,x2) g(x1,x2)
0
f(x1,x2)(x1,x2)
g(x1,x2)0
z
z
g(x1,x2)0x1x2x1=h(x2)
f = f(h(x2), x2)
f dx1 f
df
=
+
=0
dx2 x1 dx2 x2
g(x1,x2)0
g dx1 g
+
=0
x1 dx2 x2
dx1
dx2
g
f x2 g
g
=0
0
x1 g x2
x1
x
1
g ( x1 , x2 ) = 0
g
f x2
x1 g
x
1
g
+
=0
x2
g
0
x1
g(x1,x2)0 f Q
f=C1PPg(x1,x2)0 f
f=C1Pg(x1,x2)0P
f P
f
P
(x )
(x )
x1
x2
=
=
g P
g P
(x )
(x )
x1
x2
z
g(x1,x2)0
x1P x2P
F ( x1 , x2 , ) = f ( x1 , x2 ) + ( g )
g 0, ( g ) 0 ( g )
1
( g ) = g ( x1 , x2 ) + 1 g 2 +"
( g ) g ( x1 , x2 )
2
g ( x1 , x2 )g ( x1 , x2 ) = 0
F ( x1 , x2 , ) = f ( x1 , x2 ) + g ( x1 , x2 )
F
F
F
= 0,
= 0,
=0
x1
x2