National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

Department of Chemical Engineering

Answer Key to CPC Test Paper on Thermodynamics
Date: 08/03/2011 Duration: 45 min Max. Marks: 25
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1. Differentiate between the following: i) System and control volume

System refers to the part of the universe or a fixed region of space of fixed mass that is under consideration. Control volume on the other hand refers to a volume through which there is flow of mass (and energy) across a control surface. ii) Fugacity coefficient and Activity coefficient Fugacity coefficient is the ratio between fugacity and pressure of a gas ( = f/P). Activity coefficient is the ratio of actual fugacity of a solution to the fugacity of an ideal solution at the same temperature and pressure (a=f/fo = fi /xfio) where x is mole fraction. 2. What is meant by thermodynamic equilibrium? Give the conditions. (2)

Thermodynamic equilibrium refers to the condition when there is no change of the macroscopic variables or properties of the system such as temperature, pressure, volume, etc. The conditions are (i) Mechanical Equilibrium (ii) Thermal Equilibrium and (iii) Chemical Equilibrium. 3. What is Kelvin Plancks statement about PMM1? (2)

PMM1 is Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind and Kelvin Plancks statement of 2nd law of Thermodynamics states that such a machine cannot exist because a machine working on a thermodynamic cycle having no other effect other than work transfer while exchanging heat with a single thermal reservoir is impossible. In other words, a machine has to reject heat to a low temperature reservoir and that all heat energy cannot be converted into work. 4. Briefly write something about Clausius statement of 2nd law of Thermodynamics. (1)

Clausius statement of 2nd law of Thermodynamics states that a machine working on a thermodynamic cycle cannot spontaneously transfer heat from a low temperature body to a high temperature body. Work has to be done for the transfer. It is the principle behind refrigerator and heat pump. 5. Fugacity has dimensions similar to pressure. The residual Gibbs energy for a fluid at ideal gas state is equal to zero. (1)

6. What is COP? Give expressions of COP for refrigerator and for heat pump. Also give the relationship between the two. (2)

Coefficient of Performance is defined as the ratio of the desired effect to the work input. The desired effect for a refrigerator is to maintain a space which is colder than the surroundings thus heat needs to be removed from the cold space to the warmer surroundings. For a heat pump a space must be maintained at a higher temperature than the surroundings and thus heat from the colder space must be supplied to the warmer space. COP of refrigerator is the ratio of the heat removed from the cold space to the work done while COP of heat pump is the ratio of the heat supplied to the hotter body to the work done.

[COP]heat pump = [COP]refrigerator + 1

7. What is Joule Thompson coefficient? It is the ratio of change in temperature to the change in pressure at constant enthalpy. 8. A heat engine receives heat from a source at a temperature of 527o C and rejects heat to a sink at a temperature of -73 o C. The heat engine supplies the work done by a refrigerator with a COP of 5. What is the heat input to the heat engine for each mega Joule of heat removed the cold body by the refrigerator? 9. What is the change in Entropy when 1 g of ice at 0 o C is converted into steam at 100o C? Latent heat of fusion of ice= 80cal/g, latent heat of vaporization = 540cal/g, mean specific heat of water between 0 and 100 o C = 1cal/g. 10. Prove that the total entropy change for the universe is always positive for an irreversible process. 11. Give the temperature-entropy plot for an adiabatic process followed by an isothermal process. 12. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes: Process 1 to 2: Isobaric process with P= 1.4 bar, V1=0.028 m3, W1-2= 10.5 kJ Process 2 to 3: Isothermal process with U2=U3. Process 3 to 1: Isochoric process with U1-U3= -26.4 kJ. Sketch the cycle on a PV plot. Calculate the net work for the cycle. Show that heat transfer =work done over the cycle. (4) (1) (3) (3) (3) (1)