Lecture Notes

SMK4532 Ship Design II Ver.
J ULY 2009
KOH Kho King, Yahya Samian, Omar Yaakob
0

SMK4532
Ship Design II

Lecture Notes
(Version J ULY 2009)

Prepared by
KOH Kho King, Yahya Samian & Omar Yaakob

Department of Marine Technology
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Skudai
J ohor
Malaysia

SMK4532 Ship Design II Ver. J ULY 2009
1
Chapter 1 Introduction

To carry out various activities at sea, rivers and lakes, man uses various types of marine
structures, fixed and floating. The structures must be designed and built in various sizes,
shapes and sophistication. Some of them are small and simple such as a canoe or a raft
while others are large and complicated such as an aircraft carrier or a semi-submersible oil
drilling platform.

Naval architecture is an engineering field covering the technology in design of ships and
floating structures. The persons having this expertise are called naval architects. To build
these structures, shipbuilders require design plans and guidelines prepared by naval
architects. Knowledge in naval architecture is used to carry out design calculation and to
produce plans which can be used by the shipyards.

Although man has been using marine transport for a long time, not all these vehicles are
designed and constructed using naval architecture knowledge. In fact the discipline of
knowledge on ship design and naval architecture only appeared in the seventeenth century.
Prior to that, shipbuilding is not based on science and technology but rather on the skills of
the master craftsmen.

This dependence on master craftsmen for shipbuilding can be traced back to the earliest
civilization of Egypt, Greek and China. Similarly the war ships and exploration vessels built
by the Romans, Muslims as well as the European colonial powers were not built using
scientific methods.

By the seventeenth century a number of scientists and engineers tried to apply science and
mathematical methods in ship design. Among the earliest was sir Anthony Deane who wrote
Doctrine of Naval Architecture in 1670. Among others, he put forward a method to determine
the draught of the ship before it was built. Since then, a number of scientists and engineers
continued to study and document various fields of naval architecture. In 1860, a professional
body comprising of naval architects was formed under the name Institution of Naval
Architects. A hundred years later the name was changed to Royal Institution of Naval
Architects.

A naval architects works to determine the size and shape of a ship tailored to its intended
use. In addition, he estimates its stability, propulsive power as well as calculates the size
and strength of its structure and the impact of waves on the vessel. The types of machinery
and equipment to be installed, materials to be used and layout of ship are also determined
based on naval architectural knowledge.

An essential tool for transmission of information about ships is ship drawing. Using the
drawings, designers, engineers and builders can share information about the ship to be built.
Calculations can be made and plans for construction can be made.

In this course, participants will learn about ship drawings in particular the lines plan; being the
most important drawing in any ship design process.

2
Chapter 2 Basic Term, Terminologies
and Symbols

After
perpendicular(AP)
This is represented by a line which is perpendicular to the intersection of the
after edge of the rudder-post with the designed load water-line. This is the case
for both single- and twin-screw merchant ships. For some classes of warships,
and for merchant ships having no rudder-post, the after perpendicular is taken
as the centre-line of the rudder stock.
Amidships ( ) This is the point midway between the forward and after perpendiculars.
Breadth moulded
(B
mld
)
This is the maximum beam, or breadth, of the ship measured inside the inner
shell strakes of plating, and usually occurs amidships.
Breadth extreme (B
Ext
) This is the maximum breadth including all side plating, straps, etc.
Block coefficient (C
B
) This is a measure of the fullness of the form of the ship and is the ratio of the
volume of displacement to a given water-line, and the volume of the
circumscribing solid of constant rectangular cross-section having the same
length, breadth and draught as the ship.
ie: C
B
= (L x B x T)
The L
PP
is normally used in calculating the value of C
B
which varies with the
type of ship.

Fast ships
0.50-0.65 (fine form)

Ordinary ships
0.65-0.75 (moderate form)

Slow ships
0.75-0.85 (full form)
Camber or round of
beam
This is the transverse curvature given to the decks, and is measured by the
difference between the heights of the deck at side and centre. The amount of
camber amidships is often one-fiftieth of the beam of the ship.
Coefficients of form Form is used as a general term to describe the shape of the ship's hull; and
when comparing one ship's form with another, the naval architect makes use of
a number of coefficients. These coefficients are of great use in power, stability,
strength and design calculations.
Centre of flotation (F) This is the centre of the area, or centroid, of the water-plane of a ship. For small
angles of trim consecutive water-lines pass through F. The location is normally
on the centerline and longitudinally the distance from AP or amidships is
referred to as LCF
Centre of buoyancy
(B)
This is the centroid of the underwater form of a ship, and is the point through
which the total force of buoyancy may be assumed to act. Its position is defined
by:
(a) KB the vertical distance above the base, sometimes referred to as VCB
(b) LCB the longitudinal distance measured either from amidships or AP or FP.
3
Centre of gravity (G) This is the point through which the total weight of the ship may be assumed to
act. It also is defined by:
(a) KG the vertical distance above the base
(b) LCG the longitudinal distance measured either from amidships or AP or FP
Depth moulded (D
mld
) This is the vertical distance between the moulded base line and the top of the
beams of the uppermost continuous deck measured at the side amidships.
Draught moulded
(T
mld
)
This is the draught measured to any water-line, either forward or aft, using the
moulded base line as a datum.
Draught extreme (T
Ext
) This is obtained by adding to the draught moulded the distance between the
moulded base line and a line touching the lowest point of the underside of the
keel. This line is continued to the FP and AP, where it is used as the datum for
the sets of draught marks.
Displacement This equals the volume ( m
3
) , weight ( tonnes), or mass of water displaced
by the hull.
Displacement as a
volume ( )
This is the size of the hole in the water occupied by the ship measured in cubic
metres. There is no density correction.
Displacement as a
weight ( )
This is the weight of water displaced by the ship and equals the volume
displaced multiplied by a constant representing the density of water, ie:
In fresh water = x 1000 kg/m
In sea water = x 1025 kg/m
The displacement weight of a ship can vary according to circumstances and
position in the world, although displacement weight and ship weight are equal
when the ship is at rest in equilibrium in still water.
Displacement
moulded
This is the mass of water which would be displaced by the moulded lines of the
ship when floating at the designed loadwater-line.
Deadweight This is the difference between the extreme displacement at any draught and the
lightship displacement, and is sometimes known as the burden.
This is the measure of a ship's capacity to carry cargo, fuel, passengers, stores,
etc, expressed in tonnes. It is the difference in displacement in tonnes between
the light and loaded conditions.
= Lightship weight +Deadweight
The size of tankers is often given in terms of deadweight tonnage. Ships are
usually chartered on the deadweight tonnage basis.
Forward
perpendicular (FP)
This is represented by a line which is perpendicular to the intersection of the
designed load water-line with the forward side of the stem.
Flat of keel This is the amount of flat bottom plating on each side of the centre girder.
Flare This is the outward curvature of the hull surface above the water-line and is the
opposite of tumble-home.
Freeboard
This may be considered to be the height amidships, of the freeboard deck at
side above the normal summer load water-line.
Tonnage The weight of the cargo of a merchant ship.
GM
L
Longitudinal metacentric height measured from centre of gravity
GM
T
Transverse metacentric height measured from centre of gravity
Gross tonnage (GRT) This represents the total cubic capacity of a ship available for the carriage of
cargo. It has no relationship to weight although 1.13 m are taken as 1 ton. This
is a measure of the under-deck tonnage with the addition of 'tween-deck
4
spaces and enclosed spaces above the upper deck. Certain spaces are
exempted from measurement. The size of most ordinary merchant ships is
quoted in terms of gross tonnage.
Heel () This is the amount of inclination of the ship in the transverse direction, and is
usually measured in degrees.
Length between
perpendiculars (LBP
or L
PP
)
This is the horizontal distance between the forward and after perpendiculars.
Length on the
designed load water-
line (L
WL
)
This is the length, as measured on the water-line of the ship when floating in
still water in the loaded, or designed, condition.
Length overall (L
OA
) This is the length measured from the extreme point forward to the extreme point
aft.
Lightship
displacement
This equals the extreme displacement of the ship when fully equipped and
ready to proceed to sea, but with no crew, passengers, stores, fuel, water, or
cargo on board.
MCT
1CM
Moment to change trim 1 cm, MCT
1CM
= GM
L
BM
L
100 L 100L
Midship section This is the transverse section of the ship amidships. For a warship, amidships
may be midway between the ends of the L
WL
.
Moulded base line This represents the lowest extremity of the moulded surface of the ship. At the
point where this line cuts the midship section a horizontal line is drawn, and it is
this line which acts as the datum, or base line, for all hydrostatic calculations.
This line may, or may not, be parallel to the L
WL
depending on the type of ship.
Midship section area
coefficient(C
M
)
This is the ratio of the immersed area of the midship section to the area of the
circumscribing rectangle having a breadth equal to the breadth of the ship and
a depth equal to the draught.
ie: C
M
=A
M
(B x T)
C
M
values range from about 0.85 for fast ships to 0.99 for slow ships.
Net or register
tonnage
This represents the volume obtained after deductions of nonfreight earning
spaces have been made from GRT.
Prismatic coefficient
(C
P
)
This is the ratio of the volume of displacement of the ship to the volume of the
circumscribing solid having a constant section equal to the immersed midship
section area A
M
, and a length equal to the L
PP

ie C
P
= (A
M
x L)
The Cp is a measure of the longitudinal distribution of displacement of the ship,
and its value ranges from about 0.55 for fine ships to 0.85 for full ships.
Rise of floor This is the amount by which the line of the outer bottom plating amidships rises
above the base line, when continued to the moulded breadth lines at each side.
Sheer This is the curvature given to the decks in the longitudinal direction, and is
measured at any point by the difference between the height at side at that point
and the height at side amidships. The amount of sheer forward is often twice
the sheer aft.
Trim
This is the difference between the draughts forward and aft. If the draught
forward is greater than the draught aft it is called trim by the head, or bow. If the
draught aft is greater, it is called trim by the stern.
5
Tumble-home
This is the amount by which the midship section falls in from the half-breadth
line at any particular depth.
Tonnes per centimetre
(TPC)
This is the mass which must be added to, or deducted from, a ship in order to
change its mean draught by 1 cm.
Water-plane area
coefficient(C
WP
)
This is the ratio of the area of the water-plane to the area of the circumscribing
rectangle having a length equal to the L
PP
and a breadth equal to B.
ie: C
WP
=A
W
(L x B)
The range of values is from about 0.70 for a fine ship to 0.90 for a full ship.

6

Source: http://www.dynagen.co.za/eugene/hulls/terms.html

7
Chapter 3 Introduction to Ship Drawing

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Drawing is a communication language that uses graphics to represent an object, idea,
design etc. The use of drawing as a means of communication can be traced back since the
ancient Egypt. As in old saying A single picture saved thousand words has made drawing
as one of the most important entity and plays important roles in engineering fields. Ship is
one of the engineering products that require a lot of drawings to represent its unique shape,
function, components, structures, construction process etc. Therefore it is essential for those
who are involved in shipbuilding industry to understand the various types of ship drawing and
know how to draw them.

The session of this short course begins with the introduction on various types of ship
drawing, its importance, and the basic concept of orthographic views applied in ship drawing.
However its main focus is on the step by step procedure of preparing a lines plan drawing
that represents the shape of the ships hull. Its aim is to provide hands on experience to the
reader on how ship lines plan is prepared from scratch.

3.2 TYPES OF SHIP DRAWINGS

In general, drawings that associates with ship buildings can be divided into the following
categories:

i) Lines Plan Drawing
ii) General Arrangement Drawing
iii) Shell Expansion Drawing
iv) Schematic Systems Drawing
v) Detail / Production Drawing
vi) 3-D Product Drawing

These are the general drawings that might appear in the ship drawings, but not all naval
architects presented their designs with all the above. Some naval architects presented only
lines plan, general arrangement, shell expansion, and production drawings. With the advance
of computer technology, naval architects are moving towards presenting their design in the 3-
dimensions product drawing.

The following sections will give some intro and example on the lines plan drawing, general
arrangement drawing, shell expansion drawing and detail/production drawing.

8
3.2.1 Lines Plan

The exterior form of a ships hull is a curved surface defined by the lines plan drawing, or
simply the lines. Precise and unambiguous means are needed to describe this surface, in
as much as the ships form must be configured to accommodate all internals, must meet
constraints of buoyancy, stability, speed and power, and seakeeping, and must be build
able. Hence, the lines consist of orthographic projections of the intersections of the hull form
with three mutually perpendicular sets of planes, drawn to a suitable scale.

Figure 3.1 shows an example of lines drawing.

Figure 3.1: Example of lines plan

9
3.2.2 General Arrangement

The general arrangement of a ship can be defined as the assignment of spaces for all the
required functions and equipment, properly coordinated for location and access. The efficient
operation of a ship depends upon the proper arrangement of each separate space and the
most effective interrelationships among all spaces. It is important that the general
arrangement be functionally and economically developed with respect to factors that affect
both the construction and operation cost, especially the manpower required to operate the
ship. Figure 3.2 shows an example of general arrangement.

Figure 3.2: Example of general arrangement

10
3.2.3 Scantling Drawing

Scantling drawing is meant for the construction of the structures and plating of a ship during
construction. The structures dimensions and the plate thickness is determined to withstand
the load that is going to apply to the vessel during operation. Three locations of the structures
are generally shown in the scantling drawing are midship, location of 25% from forward of
perpendicular and location of 25% from aftward of perpendicular. An example of the scantling
drawing is shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Sample of scantling drawing

3.2.4 Detail / Production Drawing

Production drawing shows the details of the system onboard, the fabrication and assembly
process of the system. An example of production drawing is shown in Figure 3.4.

11

Figure 3.4: Production drawing

3.3 IMPORTANCE OF SHIP DRAWINGS

Ship drawings are important because they represent the unique hull shape of a ship. Every
ship has its own design and hull shape. Ship drawings of a particular hull cannot be
interchanged or share with another hull. Without ship drawings, modification, repair and
maintenance work is hard to carry out.

Ship drawings are used in all the design calculation and analysis. Without ship drawings,
initial calculation and prediction of powering and performance of a vessel cannot be done.

Ship drawings also considered as the basic data are to be used for the production process.
Previous old shipyard build vessel based on experience, but when a new design of hull is
being introduced, ship drawings are essential to make sure that the accuracy and
requirement fulfilled for a vessel.

Ship drawing is part of the contractual matters. Without ship drawing, a vessel cannot be
classed. No classification society will approve and class a ship without the proper ship
drawing.

Among the various drawings in ship drawing, the most important and basic ship data is Lines
Plan Drawing. Lines plan drawing represents the basic outer shape of a ship. Without lines
plan drawing, all the other drawings cannot be drawn. In this short course, concentration and
hands-on on lines plan drawing will be stressed.

12
Chapter 4 Introduction to Lines Plan

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Ship has a complex and unique hull shape due to its double curvature and non-
homogeneous cross sections. Unlike simple object like cylinder, box, and cone which can be
represented in simple orthographic drawing, ship hull require special way of representing its
unique and complex shape. Not only it require to be shown in three different orthogonal
views, more lines are also needed in order to represents its shape at different cross sections
or planes. For this reason, the ship hull drawing is always called as Lines Plan Drawing.

Lines Plan is a lines drawing that represent the shape of the ship hull looking from three
orthogonal (perpendicular to each other) views i.e. front, side and top views. The front view is
termed as Body Plan, the side view is the Sheer Plan and the top view is the Half Breadth
Plan. Since all of these views represent the same hull, they are interrelated to each other,
thus the preparation of lines plan drawing must follow certain standard procedure.

Lines plan drawing has always regarded by the naval architects as the most important piece
of information about the ship. This is due to two reasons i.e. the ship performance and ship
design process. On the performance of the ship, the shape of the hull form determines the
power required to drive the ship, thus reflect the ship speed, its also determine the amount of
pay load (capacity), comfort, habitability, etc. On the ship design process, lines plan drawing
is the first information that needs to be made available. Without lines plan drawing, no
calculation, design and analysis works can be performed. Construction process also can only
be commenced after the lines plan drawing is completed.

4.2 TYPES OF HULL FORMS

There are various types of hull form in ship design. Generally, it can be categorized into the
following:

Displacement hull (round bilge)
Planning Hull (Vee Hull with Hard Chine)
M hull
Catamaran
Yacht
Other Hull Types

Some samples of the various hull forms are shown in Figure 4.1 to 4.5.

13

Figure 4.1: Body plan of a displacement hull (Container Ship)

Figure 4.2: Body plan of a planning hull (Vee hull with hard chine)
14

Figure 4.3: Body plan of a catamaran

Figure 4.4: Body plan of a swath

15

Figure 4.5: Body plan of a yatch

16
4.3 BODY PLAN

Body Plan represents the shape of the ship hull when viewing from the front or rear of the
ship at every ship stations as shown in Figure 4.6. Station is a transverse cross-section
along the ship length which normally equally spaced. The body plan concept can be better
understood by referring to Figure 4.7. A ship is normally divided into 11 or 21 stations from
after perpendicular, AP (Sometimes noted as station 0) until forward perpendicular, FP (or
noted as station 10 0r 20). Half or even quarter station may also be used especially at the
region with high curvature. Body plan is normally placed at the top right hand side of the
drawing although it can also be placed at the middle or on top of the sheer plan drawing
depending on the size and type of ship.

Since most ships have symmetrical shape for both port (left side looking from rear) and
starboard (right) sides, only one side is shown in the drawing. Therefore, it is almost a
standard practice to show the stations of the rear region of the ship at the left side of body
plan while the right hand side of the body plan represents the stations at the forward region of
the ship. The curve on the body plan is also call station curve. The centre line of the body
plan represents the centre line of the ship.

Apart from showing the station curves, the body plan also shows the waterlines and the
buttock lines grid. These grid lines are essential not only for reference lines but also used for
transferring and checking data from one plan to another.

Figure 4.6: Body plan

17

Figure 4.7: 3-Dimensional body plan

4.4 HALF BREADTH PLAN

The same hull form if it is viewed from top will produce the plan view of the ship. However
since the hull shape is complex and unique, the plan view must be made at several waterline
planes. Thus Half Breadth Plan is a lines drawing that represents the shape of the ship hull
looking from top view at every waterlines of the ship. Waterline is the horizontal plane that
cut the ship along its vertical axis, thus creating the waterlines curves as shown in Figure
4.8. Waterline is normally equally spaced, although half waterline may also be used at the
lower region of the ship. Since the hull is symmetry about its centre line, only half of the hull
is shown in this plan as shown in Figure 4.9

Apart from waterline curves, the deck line curve needs to be drawn on this plan. If the ship
has bulwark, chines or / and knuckles lines, these curves have also to be shown in the
drawing. In this plan, the grid lines shown are the stations and buttock lines of the ship.

18

Figure 4.8: 3-Dimensional half-breadth plan

Figure 4.9: Half breadth plan

19
4.5 PROFILE / SHEER PLAN

Sheer Plan which is usually placed at the top left hand side of the lines plan drawing
represent the shape of the ship hull looking from the side of ship at several buttock lines.
Buttock line is the vertical plane that cuts the ship along its length, creating the buttock line
curves as indicated in Figure 4.10. The middle buttock line (normally labeled as BL 0) is the
plane that cuts the ship along its centre line which creates the profile curve of the ship.
Other buttock lines are drawn outward (offsets) of ships centre line and normally at equally
spaced distance. The stations and waterlines grids are shown in this sheer plan drawing. A
typical sheer plan drawing is shown in Figure 4.11.

Figure 4.10: 3-Dimensional sheer plan

Plan B =Plan C
20

Figure 4.11: Profile / Sheer Plan

4.6 OFFSETS DATA

Offsets data is the data that is extracted (measured) from the lines plan drawing and
considered the most important data for the design, calculation, analysis and construction of
the ship. As the name implied, Offset Data is the distance measured from the centre line of
the ship to the specific point on the curves (station or waterline curves). The offset data must
be measured at every intersection points on each stations and waterlines including deck line,
chines, knuckles and bulwarks (if any). Offset data also called as half breadth data, because
it represents the half breadth of the ship at every station and waterlines. A typical example of
offsets data is shown in Table 4.1 and the measurement of offsets data is illustrated in Figure
4.12.

In the offsets Table, it is also a standard practice to indicate the data of height above based
for deck, chine, bulwark, and knuckles lines. The height above base of buttock lines may also
be included whenever necessary.

A sample of the complete lines plan drawing containing the body plan, profile, half-breadth
plan and offset are shown in Figure 4.12.

Table 4.1: Offsets table

21
`e
-+ `V
-` ^ +

Figure 4.12: Offset data relation to lines plan

22
4.7 DRAWING QUALITY

The quality of the ship lines plan drawing is judged based on the following criteria;

Completeness The drawing must include all plans (body plan, half breadth plan and sheer
plan) and necessary information such as Title block, Main dimension and Ship Particulars,
and Offsets Table. A complete drawing means that the user can find all the necessary
information from the drawing without the need to seek from other sources.

Accuracy The drawing must accurately represent the ship hull form. Thus the main
dimensions and the offset data must be accurately represented by the lines plan drawing.
Cross checking on every plan is often necessary in order to check the accuracy of the hull
being drawn.

Smooth and Fair All lines or curves drawn must be smooth and fair. Smoothness is
defined as no sudden or abrupt changes of the curve slope (gradient) unless it is meant for
(knuckles, chine lines). Fairness can be interpreted in various ways. The simplest definition
of fairness is curve with no unnecessary inflexion points or waviness. Drawing and judging
smoothness and fairness of ship curves required skill and experience but it is an essential
criteria for a good drawing, hence good ship geometry.

Labeling All curves and important information on the drawing must be labeled clearly and
appropriately. These should include, plans title, station no, waterlines no and buttock lines
no. The size and location of the labeling must also suitable with the drawing size.

Ship Main Dimensions and Particulars The main dimension of the ship including Length
Overall, Length Between Perpendiculars, Breadth Moulded, Depth Moulded and Draft must
be shown in the drawing. Other ship particulars such ship name, type, capacity, speed may
also be included. This information should be written in a box, normally placed above the title
block.

Title Block Information regarding companys name, ship name, project title, drawing title,
drawing number, date, scale, designers and draftsmans name, date of latest modification
and other relevant information should be shown in the title block. Title block should be
located at the bottom right hand corner of the drawing paper. An example of a title block is
shown in Figure 4.13.

Drawing Layout Margin lines / border lines of a 20 30mm distant from the drawing paper
edges should be drawn first. All plans, main dimensions block, title block and offsets table
should be arrange properly as to occupy the entire area of the drawing paper. Thus proper
scaling and clearance must be decided first before starting the drawing works.

23

Figure 4.13: Example of a title block
24

Chapter 5 Lines Plan Drawing
Hands-On

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Drawing lines plan normally begins with the reading of the data from the offset tables. This is
followed by drawing the grid lines that form the body plan, sheer plan and half-breadth plan.

Lines that represent the shape of the vessel must be smooth and fair. Beside smoothness
and fairness, accuracy is also very important, that is measurements at every line must match
in all the three different views.

Choosing the right scale is also essential task in the drawing of lines plan. Scale that is too
small will lead to larger error on the mistake and inaccurate on the lines that were drawn. On
the other hand scale that is too large requires large drawing paper and may beyond the size
of the drawing equipments.

5.2 UNDERSTANDING OFFSET TABLE

Offset table and lines plan has the same purpose of existence: give the correct perspective of
a vessel to viewer. However, both work in a different manner. Offset table shows the
measurement of a vessel for calculation purposes as well as preparation of lines plan,
whereby lines plan makes sure that the measurement from the offset table are able to
produce a smooth and fair hull form.

In the offset table, measurements are for outlining the shape of a vessel like deck, keel, water
lines, and buttock lines. The location of stations, base line and centre line are often used for
the references of the measurement that is being taken.

The recorded measurements are in two formats: height and half-breadth. Height is normally
referring to the baseline of the ship and half-breadth is referring to centre line of the ship.

25
5.3 LINES PLAN DRAWING PROCEDURES

Each participant will be given the ship main particulars and offset data. The Lines
Plan Drawing shall be drawn from the existing offsets data. Following are the steps to
be taken as a guideline for the drawing hands on task.

STEP TASK
1
Preparation of Data and Drawing Equipment
Main Dimension and Offsets Data must be made available
Drawing equipment :-
- Drawing Table (with rotating and adjustable arms)
- Drawing Paper (A0 or A1 size of good quality paper / tracing paper)
- Ship Curves (sets of various shapes and sizes)
- Battern / Spline
- Weight Duck
- Scale Ruler (with Metric Scale)
- Eraser and Soft cloth
- Mechanical Pencils (0.5mm, 0.3mm, H, HB and 2B) or Pen (0.35mm,0.5mm)
2
Determination of Drawing Scale and Layout
Based on the main dimension and the drawing paper determine appropriate drawing scale.
These values have to be determined based on ship length and the distance / clearance
between plans. Use appropriate scale and size. The space for title block, main dimension and
offsets table must be given consideration as to ensure the effective use of the drawing paper.
3
Drawing of Main Boxes and Grid Lines
Draw the main boxes and grid lines for all three plans (i.e. station, waterlines and buttock
lines grid). The grid lines must be drawn based on the station and waterline spacing. Arrange
these boxes such that clearance between them is balance. Label these lines accordingly.
4
Draw Body Plan
Select one station (it is good practice to start from midship station). For this station mark the
offset data on each waterline on the body plan grid. Using ship curve draw a station curve
by connecting these offsets mark. Make sure the curve drawn is smooth and fair. Repeat
this step for other stations. Label the station number accordingly. Now your body plan is
almost completed.
5
Draw Profile Curve
On the sheer plan grid, draw the profile of the ship based on the profile of the basis ship.
The profile coordinates is to be measured from the basis ship profile. Make sure that the
measurement is taken using the appropriate scale.
6 Draw Half Breadth Plan
26
To draw the half breadth plan, you need to use a clean sheet of white paper A4 size. Mark
the offsets data from body plan at a selected waterline on the edge of this paper. Bring the
offsets mark on to the half breadth plan grid and mark it on appropriate stations. The
point at both end (fwd and aft) shall be determined by projecting the intersection points
between waterline and profile at sheer plan drawing (as in step 5) to the half breadth plan
at centre line. Draw a smooth and fair waterline curve by connecting all the marked points
using weight and batten. Repeat this step for other waterlines. Special care must be taken
for the transom station (if any). Label the waterlines number accordingly. Your half breadth
plan is almost completed.
7
Draw Sheer Plan
The sheer plan shall be drawn based on the completed body plan and half breadth plan
drawings. First, draw buttock lines (at least 3 buttock lines) on both body plan (both sides)
and half breadth plan. On the body plan drawing, mark the intersection points between the
selected buttock line grid and the station curves. Draw a horizontal line from these
points to the corresponding stations grid on the sheer plan and mark the intersection
points accordingly. Next, on the half breadth plan, mark the intersection points between the
selected buttock lines grid (as in body plan) and the waterlines curves. Draw a vertical
line from these points to the corresponding waterlines grid on the sheer plan and mark
accordingly. The buttock line curve is drawn by connecting all the intersection marks
either on the stations or waterlines grids. Make sure the curve drawn is smooth and fair.
Repeat the above step for other buttock lines.
8
Cross Checking and Fairing Process
While drawing the buttock lines curves, you may have to move/shift some of the intersection
points in order to draw a smooth and fair curve. In doing so, it is essential to understand that
any movement of point on a particular plan will eventually changed the position of the
corresponding points on the other two plans. Therefore it is desirable to do cross check
all plans whenever any points need to be shifted. Special care must be given and the
movement of the point must be done simultaneously on all plans. Significant changes will
eventually lead to drawing a new curve on all plans. This process is called fairing process
and may required to be carried out many times before a fair hull form be able to be
generated. Up to this point you have almost completed the lines plan drawing but the quality
of your drawing depends very much on the skill and experience. Practices make perfect.
9
Draw Offsets Table and Main Dimensions
Draw the Offsets Table and Main Dimensions of the ship on the appropriate location.
Offsets table must include the half breadth data for all station at every waterline including
deck and bulwark (if any). The height above base for the deck, bulwark and chine lines (if
any) for every station must also be indicated on the offsets table. The main dimension should
at least include Length Overall, Length Between Perpendiculars, Moulded Breadth, Moulded
Depth, and Draft (if known).
10
Draw Title Block
Complete the lines plan drawing by preparing the title block which at least indicates the
name and company logo, name of the ship, drawing number, drawing title, scale, date, and
initial of designer, draftsman, and checker. Please refer to the standard format.

27
Chapter 6 Obtaining Offset Data From
a Boat

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Traditional boats have been built without the use of scientific calculations or any plan or
drawings. Although it safety and suitability is not known with certainty, the boats have been
accepted for used for a long time. In some cases the boats have special characteristics
which are better than boats which are designed scientifically. This results from a long
process of development of skill and modification through out a number of generations.

To ensure that the good traditional designs are not lost, detail measurements of these boats
must be recorded systematically so that the good characteristics can be studied. Such
record is also important and will bring benefit to future generation.

For a designer or builder, the measurements of traditional boats could be a useful reference.
By comparing the various measurement and drawings of the traditional boats, they can
design and build better boats. This is because the reference boats are proven in terms of
performance.

For naval architects or engineer, the drawings can be a basis for calculations of stability,
tonnage, powering etc. Moreover through research, characteristic of optimal boats can be
obtained.

In this Chapter a method to measure and obtain offset data from a boat will be presented.
Using this offset data the lines plan of the boat can be drawn and the associated calculations
can be carried out.

6.2 A METHOD TO MEASURE HULL OF A BOAT

The boat to be measured must be on dry land either in the dock or on berth. In this position
the keel must be level as shown in Figure 1.

To facilitate measurements, a number of reference lines must be determined:

i) The keel line is taken as the base line.
ii) Forward perpendicular and aft perpendicular are marked.
iii) The distance between the forward and aft perpendiculars is divided into eight or
ten parts. These stations need not be necessarily of similar length but preferably
so. The location of this reference lines are shown in Figure 1.

28

Figure 6.1: Position of Boat Onshore

6.3 MEASURING THE STEM AND STERN OF THE BOAT

Measuring the stem and stern can be done in two ways:

i) Using a pole as a vertical reference line and measuring horizontal distance
between the stem or stern and the vertical reference line. This is shown in Figure
2. To ensure the accuracy of the measurement, the vertical reference line must be
guided by plumb and line. The horizontal measurement is leveled using a spirit
level. Table 1 shows an example of offset table obtain through this method.
ii) Radial method shown in Figure 3. In this method two or three reference positions
A, B and C are chosen. The locations of points 1, 2 and 3 are determined by
measuring its distance from A, B and C. Table 2 shows an example of offsets
obtained in this manner.

From the offset table obtained as above, the shape of the stem and stern can be drawn using
a suitable scale.

29

Figure 6.2: Measuring Stern and Bow Profile Using Method (a)

Table 6.1: Offset Table for Bow [Method (a)]

Point Height Above Baseline Distance from Pole
1 Z
1
X
1

2 Z
2
X
2

3 Z
3
X
3

30

Figure 6.3: Measuring stern and Bow Profile Using [Method (b)]

Table 6.2: Offset Table for Bow [Method (b)]

Point
A B C
Distance
1 J 1a J 1b J 1c
2 J 2a J 2b J 2c
3 J 3a J 3b J 3c

31
6.4 MEASURING THE HULL OF THE BOAT

Method (a) and (b) used for measuring stem and stern can be used to measure the shape of
the hull. Figure 4 shows how such methods can be used.

Figure 6.4: Measuring Section Shape Using Method (a) and (b)

Lecture Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SMK4532 Ship Design II Ver.

You might also like