CH 5 - Compositional Simulation

CHAPTER 5
Compositional Simulation
Introduction Applications PVT Behavior Equations for Compositional Simulation Regression of EOS Parameters Modeling of Surface Facilities Lab Tests Gas Cycling in Volatile Oil and Gas Condensate Reservoirs Vaporizing Gas Drive (VGD) Field Examples Fundamentals
Heavy Fraction Characterization Pseudoization Regrouping Scheme of Heavy Components
Heavy Ends Characterization Default Fluid Predictions Pre - Regression Component Pseudoization Regression Initialization Data for VIP Run Data for VIP
Data Files
PVT Matching
Fundamentals
Heavy Fraction Characterization Pseudoization Regrouping Scheme of Heavy Components
Heavy Ends Characterization Default Fluid Predictions Pre - regression Component Pseudoization Regression Initialization Data For VIP Run Data For VI
Data Files
Heavy.dat Heavy.eos Default.dat Regression.dat Pseudo.dat Pseudo.eos Final.dat Final.eos Spe3i.dat Spe3r.dat
1 Compositional Simulation
Introduction
In compositional simulation of oil and gas reservoirs equation-of-state (EOS) methods are seeing increasing usage over more traditional K-value methods for phase equilibrium calculations. It has been found by several authors that equations-of-state are, in general, not able to accurately predict reservoir fluid behavior using theoretical EOS parameters. It has been found that "tuning" the EOS (by modifying the EOS parameters) is required to adequately match laboratory derived PVT data. In this chapter, we describe how an equation-of-state is "tuned" to match laboratory data using nonlinear regression. We present partial justification for modification of EOS parameters and then discuss some practical guidelines for efficient and meaningful fluid characterization. Although we will mention component pseudoization (lumping) since it is usually part of the fluid characterization process, the emphasis of this section will be on regression and not on pseudoization. Most of the material presented in this text was obtained from Coats and Smart.1
Applications
A compositional simulator is used in a variety of situations in which a black oil simulator does not adequately describe the fluid behavior. Each of the applications listed requires a special phase behavior computation and may require special laboratory analysis to determine the behavior of the fluids. Some applications are as follows: Volatile oil (oAPI changes, oil vaporizes) Miscible, EOR (CO2, LPG) Condensate (cycling, oil flows) Gas cycling (injection of dry gas) Injecting new fluid (N2)
A) B) C) D) E)
PVT Behavior
The PVT behavior of the reservoir fluids must be well understood in order to do a competent job of compositional simulation. We will briefly review some of the fundamentals. At any particular time, a mixture of fluids may be in a vapor-liquid equilibrium at a particular temperature and pressure. For most reservoirs the temperature can be considered to be constant. The variation of the equilibrium with pressure and also with composition is also important. When the vapor and liquid phases are in equilibrium, the molecules of each component are condensing and vaporizing at the same rate as shown in Fig. 1. The equilibrium can be described by x, y, and z values for all the components. A K-value can be calculated for the equilibrium for each component.
equilibrium
yi = 1.0 yi = mole fraction, vapor phase

Vapor
xi = 1.0 xi = mole fraction, liquid phase
zi = 1.0 zi = mole fraction, total

ki = yi xi
Liquid
Fig. 1
Prediction of PVT Behavior. The K-values have different patterns that can be observed. It is common to see a log-log plot of K vs. p which shows a family of curves tending to converge to a Kvalue of 1.0 at a "convergence pressure" as in Fig. 2. The behavior of this family of curves depends on the composition as well as on temperature and pressure. For example, the amount of intermediate hydrocarbons has a significant effect on convergence pressure.
c2 c3
1.0
c1
p k
Log k
c5 cn
Leaner Mixture Lower c2 - c5
Log pressure
Fig. 2
Several methods are commonly used in compositional simulators to model the phase behavior. K-value methods can be used with a systematic method of modifying convergence pressures with compositions. Equation of state methods are also in common usage and have the advantage of predicting densities as well as the molecular equilibrium. Much research has been directed toward predicting phase behavior given temperature, pressure and composition. However, for reservoir simulation studies laboratory composition data is almost always available for the mixtures expected to occur in the reservoir. For that reason, it is not as important to predict fluid behavior because the computational procedure must be modified to match the laboratory data. All of the phase behavior methods use various parameters that can be adjusted to accomplish the match of the laboratory data. It should be noted that a simulator using an equation of state method can run as much as ten times slower than a simulator using the K-value methods. This loss of computer efficiency tends to offset the advantages of the equation of state methods. Some simulation engineers use equation of state methods to match laboratory data and then convert to K-value methods with independent density calculation methods for the reservoir simulation runs. PVT Prediction Methods. The methods used for PVT prediction are as follows: 1) K-value, pk (convergence pressure) method.(This method is faster and can be matched with lab data and EOS , but it needs correction for the density of oil and the density of gas) 2) Equation of State method (EOS).( It matches more accurate with the lab data and we can get the density of oil and gas) a) Peng-Robinson b) Redlich-Kwong 4 Compositional Simulation
Equations for Compositional Simulation

Mass Balance. The basic equations for compositional simulation are mass balance equations for each of the components. In addition to these mass balances, it is required that saturations sum to 1.0 and the phase behavior be consistent with temperature, pressure and compositions at each cell. The mass balance equation and other conditions applicable for component i are: 1) Mass balance equation :
r r $i g u $ i )] $ i o u o )= $i + S g g y ( y [ ( S o o x g )+ ( x t
vapor flow + liquid flow = storage
(1)
$i , x y $i = mass fractions of vapor, liquid

where 2) The saturation relationship is:
S o ,g = 1 .0
(2)
3) Darcy's Law and Martin's Equation apply. 4) The phase behavior is:
o , g , o , g = f(p, T, x i , y i , z i )
(3)
Equations of State. An equation-of-state (EOS) is an equation which expresses the relationship between pressure, temperature and volume of a gas or liquid. These equations are usually of cubic form. Two EOS widely used in the petroleum industry today are the Peng-Robinson2 (PR) and Soave-Redlich-Kwong3 (SRK) EOS. Van der Waals Equation. One of the earliest attempts to represent the behavior of real gases by an EOS was by van der Waals. His equation was: (4) 2 (p + a / V M )( V M - b) = RT 6 Compositional Simulation
where a and b are characteristics of the particular gas, R is the universal gas constant, and VM is the molar volume. Peng - Robinson Equation. Peng and Robinson later proposed the following:
[p + aT ]( V M - b) = RT + b) + b( V M - b)
V M (V M
(5)
The coefficients for Eq.5 are calculated by:
aT = ac
AC = 0.45724 R2 T 2 C PC
(6) (7) (8)
1/ 2 1/ 2 = 1 + m(1 - T r )
b = 0.07780
RT c pc
(9) (10)
m = 0.37464 + 1.54226 - 0.26992 2
Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation. The Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation has the form:
[p +
aT ]( V M - b) = RT V M ( V M + b)
(11)
a c = 0.42747
R Tc pc
(12) (13)
RT c b = 0.08664 pc
m = 0.480 + 1.574 - 0.176 2

where the Pitzer acentric factor is given by:
(14)
= -( log pvr + 1)
Here pvr is the reduced vapor pressure, evaluated at Tr = 0.7.
(15)
These EOS contain coefficients and parameters which have theoretically derived values. For example, the theoretical values of a, b in the PR and SRK EOS are roughly 0.4572, 0.0778 and 0.4275, 0.0866, respectively. EOS also contain parameters, called binary interaction coefficients, which govern the interaction between all pairs of components in the mixture. These also have theoretically or experimentally determined values.
Regression of EOS Parameters.

It has been found by several authors that, in general, EOS with theoretical parameter values are incapable of accurately predicting fluid behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures commonly encountered in oil and gas reservoirs. Flexibility in the use of the EOS can be obtained by altering the EOS parameters or allowing them to change by component. The parameters most commonly changed are a, b and the binary interaction coefficients. By changing these parameters, the EOS can be forced to match laboratory measured data. Although EOS parameters can be modified manually, they are usually determined using a nonlinear regression algorithm. One algorithm that is used in commercial software packages is an extension of the least-squares, linear programming (LSLP) method.4 The linear programming algorithm places global upper and lower limits on each regression variable vi. Subject to these limits, the regression determines values of {vi} that minimize the objective function F defined as
F =
W | ( d - d ) /
j j jC j=1
nj
dj
|
(16)
where djC and dj are calculated and observed values of observation j, respectively, and W is a weighting factor. Using the regression algorithm above and the guidelines contained in this text, it has been found that agreement between laboratory data and regressed EOS results is generally good to excellent. Justification for Altering Theoretical EOS Parameters. Thus far, no justification has been given for alteration of the theoretical values of EOS parameters. In the following sections we present partial justification for the modification of EOS parameters for methane and the plus fraction. Methane Fraction. The theoretical a and b values in both the PR and SRK EOS are based on the van der Waals conditions of p/V=2p/V2=0 at the critical point. The component temperature functions in the SRK and PR EOS essentially reflect satisfaction of pure-component density and vapor-pressure data below critical temperature. At reservoir conditions, methane is usually well above its critical point, where there is no theory or clear-cut guide to selection or alteration of 's. Since the theoretical values are based on p and T conditions far removed from the p and T conditions of interest, one could argue that the 's for methane should be determined from matching of laboratory-derived PVT data in the p and T ranges of interest. Plus Fraction. The primary argument for altering EOS parameters of the plus fraction is that the plus fraction, unlike all other components, is a mixture of many components. General Procedure for Fluid Characterization. In this section, we describe the procedure commonly used to characterize a particular fluid for use in compositional simulation. Computer programs (such as Integrated Technologies' EOS-PAK) are available commercially which can 9 Compositional Simulation
facilitate greatly the computations required in the following steps. Some or all of the following steps may be employed in a typical fluid characterization. 1. Decide if and how to split the plus fraction into extended fractions. The actual splitting is usually done using the method presented by Whitson5. There is some debate as to whether the mole fractions of the extended fractions should be roughly equal or decreasing (e.g., exponentially) with increasing molecular weight. 2. Pseudoize (lump) the components into a fewer number of pseudo-components. This is done primarily for economic reasons (fewer components results in faster run times and lower costs). The focus of this section is not on pseudoization; however, there are references available which offer some guidelines for optimal pseudoization.6 3. Match the laboratory expansion data using a nonlinear regression algorithm. The regression data set to be matched may include results from multiple fluid samples and results from tests run at different temperatures. In general, the regression data set should include all measured laboratory data. Any calculated data that are reported as part of a fluid analysis should not be included. The regression variable set should be chosen such that it possesses the characteristics of an optimal regression variable set. 4. Match the laboratory viscosity data using a nonlinear regression algorithm. The regression data set should include all measured viscosity data. The regression variable set should include only the critical z-factors (which affect viscosity only and do not affect the results of expansion tests). 5. At this point the EOS fluid characterization is complete, as all laboratory measured data have been matched. However, additional adjustments to the fluid data may be required before compositional simulation can be started. For example, it may be necessary to alter the initial fluid composition to match the initial saturation pressure or gas-oil ratio observed in the field. In addition, it may be necessary to determine the optimum separator conditions (only for predictive studies; for history matching, the actual separator conditions should be used). Practical Considerations for Minimizing Splitting of C7+ Fraction. Coats and Smart found that extensive splitting of the C7+ fraction is not necessary to match laboratory data, in contrast to previous authors. In general, none to four splits of the C7+ fraction are all that are required. A general, a priori guide to the extent of C7+ splitting required can be obtained from the experimentally observed range of C7+ molecular weights during an expansion or multiple-contact test. The greater the range of C7+ molecular weights, the more C7+ fractions are required. In addition, the degree of splitting is also affected by the anticipated recovery process. For example, gas cycling processes will require more splitting than depletion/waterflooding processes. Minimizing Number of Regression Variables. Usually only five parameters - a and b for methane and the heaviest fraction and the methane/heaviest binary interaction coefficient - are necessary and sufficient for good matches of laboratory data. For the purposes of this discussion, the "heaviest" fraction is the heaviest single fraction used in the EOS calculations. For example, if the 10 Compositional Simulation
original plus fraction, C7+, is split into three components, say F7, F8, and F9, then F9 is the new heaviest fraction as defined above. A general rule for selecting regression variables is to exclude any EOS parameter that, by inspection, cannot affect significantly the calculated value of any of the regression data. For example, if the fluid composition in a regression data set has a very small amount of a particular component, then it would not make sense to include that particular component's 's or binaries as regression variables. Conversely, it makes sense to include the EOS parameters of a component that is predominate (such as methane) in the fluid compositions. Regression of Surface Separation Data. Coats and Smart found that regressed EOS surface separation results were the same regardless of whether surface separation data were included in the regression data set. In other words, an EOS tuned with only data at reservoir conditions will, in general, adequately predict surface separation data. They did not address the opposite situation, i.e. whether including the surface separation data in the regression data set could harm the match of data at reservoir conditions. They implied that there was nothing wrong with including the separation data, but that it was not necessary. Of course, this applies only if the surface separation data are measured in the laboratory. Surface separation data presented in standard fluid analysis reports are commonly calculated (using K-values) and not measured. In general, calculated data (such as surface separation data) should not be included in a regression data set; only measured data should be included. Characteristics of an Optimal Regression Variable Set. The characteristics of an optimal regression variable set are: 1. The regression converges, 2. The values that the variables converge upon are realistic (reasonably close to theoretical values), 3. Deletion of any member of the variable set results in either or both of (a) significantly worse data match and (b) unrealistic variable values, and 4. Addition of any other EOS parameter results in either or both of (a) nonconvergence and (b) insignificantly better data matches. Nonconvergence is dependent on both the variable set and the regression data set. It may be possible to solve a nonconvergence problem by adding more data to the regression data set. For a fixed regression data set, the general remedy for nonconvergence is to simply remove one of the regression variables. The general remedy for convergence to unrealistic variable values is to add another variable to the regression variable set. For example, although negative values of binary interaction coefficients may result in a good match of lab data, negative values are not reasonable. It may be possible, by adding another regression variable, to obtain an equally good match of the lab data with more reasonable positive interaction coefficients. 11 Compositional Simulation
From personal experience, it has also been determined that (1) convergence and (2) realistic variable values are also affected by the weighting factors assigned to the various regression data items. It may be possible to fix problems with either or both of these characteristics by changing the weighting factors assigned to certain data items (e.g. assigning lower weighting factors to data that are suspect). If a poor data match results from a regression that satisfies the above criteria for an optimal regression variable set, then this indicates either erroneous data or inadequacy of the EOS to match the particular fluid data (it may be difficult to distinguish between the two). It is sometimes possible to detect erroneous data by simple mass balances on CVD data and/or surface separation data. Example Applications. Examples of EOS regression to match laboratory data are presented by Coats and Smart1 and the third SPE comparative solution project, SPE 12278.7
Modeling of Surface Facilities

Fig. 3 shows how a compositional simulator models the surface facilities as well as the reservoir performance.
Residue Gas Plant Gas Liquid Sales F 1= 0.0 F 2 = 0.30 GAS
F3 = 0.95 F 6 = 1.00
etc.
Compressor
Make-up Gas
Prod. 1 2 S.T Oil Sales
Stage Separation INJ.
Fig. 3
The producing fluid is separated with stage separation to improve the oil recovery. The separator calculation must be performed at the separator temperature and pressure given. The separator liquid goes to the stock tank and is sold as oil. The separator gas then continues to a gas liquids plant which strips the gas liquids from the input stream. This is modeled by specifying a fraction of each component which is recovered as gas liquids. The remaining residue gas may be re-injected into the reservoir after compression to a suitable injection pressure. It may be necessary to add make-up gas to the gas injection in order to compensate for shrinkage after liquid removal. The simulation of the surface facilities as well as the reservoir performance makes this a very interesting project. The optimization of the operations might include runs in which the plant configuration is modified as well as runs with the usual injection and production parameters modified.
Lab Tests
Certain types of laboratory tests are usually performed for compositional problems. Before performing compositional simulation, it is necessary to simulate laboratory tests with whatever phase behavior and fluid property calculations which are going to be used in the simulation. We will review some of the basic laboratory tests that are performed for gas condensate reservoirs. Constant Composition Expansion Test. The first test is constant composition expansion, sometimes called flash liberation. Refer to Fig. 4.
GAS CONDENSATE Constant Composition Expansion
4500
4300
3500
3000
2500
1000
dew pt. 2-phase
pressure
Vol. Vliq
% Liq.
pressure
pressure
Fig . 4
The PVT cell is expanded from above the dew point to pressures usually near the expected abandonment pressure. Below the dew point pressure, the total volume of the two phase mixture is measured. Sometimes the liquid volume is measured and sometimes not. The two phase expansion curve must be matched by the simulator. Two phase compressibility can be calculated directly from this volumetric data. This compressibility value would be at any measured pressure for the combined liquid and gas compressibilities, at least for the composition used. The liquid percent curve is presented if the liquid volumes are measured in the laboratory. It is common for the liquid to form below the dew point and then vanish again at lower pressures. This 14 Compositional Simulation
would result in no residual oil saturation if this could be accomplished in the reservoir, but this test is only applicable for constant composition. Fig. 5 shows a phase diagram for a constant composition fluid. For this fluid, the nature of constant composition expansion depends on the temperature of the fluid. This figure shows a bubble point fluid at low temperatures and a fairly dry condensate which vaporizes completely during pressure decreases at higher temperatures.
1
100%
3 2 crit. pt.
5 1. black oil 2. volatile oil 3. gas condensate (high intermediate 4. gas condendsate 5. gas
press.
80%
60% 40% 20%
0%
temperature
Fig. 5 Fig. 6 presents a family of curves which represent the pressure traverses of the various temperatures shown in Fig. 5. For the first two temperatures, bubble points are observed. The second temperature has greater shrinkage since it is closer to the critical point. At temperatures above the critical temperature, the dew point elevates with increases in temperature and then decreases with further increases in temperature. At the highest temperature, the liquid completely vaporizes with pressure reduction.
b.p. 100 T1 T2 % Liq. T3
b.p.
T4 T 0 d.p. Pressure d.p. d.p.
Fig. 6 Behavior of the constant composition expansion is useful in understanding reservoir fluid behavior. It is important to match this behavior with the simulator. However, the composition of the reservoir fluid during depletion usually changes dramatically when two phase flow occurs. Constant Volume Depletion Test. Fig. 7 depicts a constant volume depletion test (or simply, depletion test). This test is normally done for a dew point fluid. This is a test which approximates the constant reservoir volume fluid expansion.
GAS CONDENSATE: constant volume depletion
Gp
Gp
yi i
yi
4500
4300 dew point
3800
3800
3000
3000
Fig. 7
For this case, gas is withdrawn at pressures below the dew point, representing gas production from the reservoir. Liquid is not taken out of the PVT cell because liquid usually does not flow in the reservoir. Rather than "bleeding off" the reservoir gas, the gas production is taken out of the PVT cell at discrete intervals. By performing the test in this manner the exact composition of the equilibrium gas is known at the pressure at which the gas is withdrawn. This composition is measured from the produced gas at that particular pressure. The liquid composition cannot be 16 Compositional Simulation
measured without destroying the sample, but it can be calculated from a material balance. Experimental errors affect the accuracy of the material balance, however. The standard results of this test are direct measurements which are represented by three sketches shown in Fig. 8.
cumm. gas below D.P.
c1 c2
% Liq.
log y
c3 c4 c5
Gp
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Fig. 8 The liquid percent curve can be modified to show oil saturation by accounting for the connate water saturation. The composition of the producing gas stream is presented and can be used to calculate the gas-oil ratio or gas-liquid ratio in the producing stream during depletion. And finally, the cumulative gas production shows how pressure declines with gas production. These three curves must be matched with the simulator to validate the phase behavior and fluid property calculations. The liquid density is not measured directly, nor is the gas density. The validation of the simulator includes the density calculations as well as the phase equilibrium calculations. The surface separation and calculation of the gas-oil ratio must also be calculated by the simulator during the simulation runs. This information is usually reported in the depletion laboratory test results. These calculations are relatively simple because NGAA K-values can usually be used at surface conditions.
Gas Cycling in Volatile Oil and Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Introduction. Gas cycling is a process used widely in volatile oil and condensate reservoirs for primarily two reasons - for pressure maintenance, where pressures have fallen off due to depletion and to enforce a miscible displacement process to achieve higher recoveries. In principle, the process involves re-injection of produced gas into the reservoir so that reservoir pressures are increased and a miscible displacement is initiated. A schematic of the gas cycling process is shown in Fig. 9. Volatile oil and condensate reservoirs are characterized by reservoir fluids that are composed primarily of a light oil and a rich gas. Typically these fluids are composed of 50-70 mole percent of methane (C1), 20-30 mole percent of intermediates (C2-C6) and 10-20 mole percent of heavies (C7+). Gravity of the stock tank oil ranges from 42o to 60o API. Characteristic gas-oil ratios range from 1200-3500 SCF/STB for volatile oil reservoirs and from 8000-30000 SCF/STB for retrograde condensates. Approximate ranges of reservoir and fluid characteristics are summarized in Table 1 (page 20). When the reservoir pressure falls below saturation pressure, due to depletion, the reservoir oil is in equilibrium with a rich gas. The oil tends to be heavy with high viscosities and low mobilities. The process of gas cycling is designed to exploit the gas phase mobility compared to that of the oil. Methane from the produced gas is recycled back into the reservoir. Sometimes, methane is mixed with small fractions of intermediate gases before re-injection. Surface facilities required for this include a gas plant to which part or all of the separator gas is sent, which is pressurized with a compressor and re-injected into the reservoir.
Displacement Process. The injected lean gas miscibility displaces the in-situ rich gas toward the producing well. The liquid generally does not move due to unfavorable mobility ratios. Also the oil saturation can drop below the residual oil saturation. However, the oil vaporizes behind the displacement front. The intermediates in the oil vaporize due to the contact with the injected lean gas. This vaporization process "strips" the reservoir liquid of its intermediates which are then transported in the gas phase to the producer. This miscible process is referred to as a multiple contact miscible process (also called developed miscibility) as opposed to a first contact miscible process. If the reservoir fluid is considered as being composed of three pseudo components (C ), intermediates (C2-6) and heavies (C7+), a ternary diagram can be used to represent the reservoir fluid and the displacement process at a given temperature and pressure. Two fluids are considered first contact miscible if all possible mixtures of the two yield a single phase fluid at a given pressure and temperature. If the path connecting the injected gas composition and the reservoir oil composition does not pass through the two phase region, the process is termed first contact miscible. This path is known as the dilution path and represents the composition changes as the injected gas displaces reservoir oil. In doing so, we are neglecting the pressure change that is, of course, an essential ingredient in making the fluids flow in the reservoir. Ternary diagrams represent constant pressure and temperature conditions, but illustrate the mechanics of a miscible displacement process.
1
An Example of Compositional Simulation - Gas Cycling. A typical example of compositional simulation is found in gas cycling performance. Fig. 9 shows that the reservoir pressure has dropped below the dew point and an oil saturation has developed. Below the dew point the reservoir liquid will be in equilibrium with a rich reservoir gas. During gas cycling a dry gas (mostly methane) is 18 Compositional Simulation
injected. The dry gas miscibly displaces the rich gas toward the producing wells. The liquid normally does not move because it is below the residual oil saturation. However, the oil does vaporize behind the displacement front. The lighter ends of the oil vaporize because of the contact with the dry injection gas instead of the rich reservoir gas that it previously contacted. As this vaporization continues, the oil saturation decreases and a significant amount of the oil components are transported to the producing wells in the gas phase.
GAS CYCLING dry gas new equilibrium vaporization of intermediates dry G O production displacement front rich
Fig. 9
This gas cycling process is modeled with a compositional simulator. The displacement mechanism is modeled simultaneously with the phase behavior.
Vaporizing Gas Drive (VGD)

If the dilution path does pass through the two phase region, the process is no longer first contact miscible. Imagine a series of well mixed cells that represent the permeable medium in a one dimensional displacement. The first cell initially contains crude to which we add an amount of solvent so that the overall composition is given by M1. The mixture will split into two phases, a gas G1 and a liquid L1, determined by equilibrium tie lines. The gas G1 will have a much higher mobility than L1, and this phase moves preferentially into the second mixing cell to form mixture M2. Liquid L1 remains behind to mix with more pure solvent (injected gas). In the second cell mixture, M2 splits into gas G2 and liquid L2 (again determined by the equilibrium tie lines), G2 flows into the third cell to form mixture M3, and so forth. At some cell beyond the third (for this diagram), the gas phase will no longer form two phases on mixing with the crude. From this point onward, all compositions in the displacement will be on a straight dilution path between a crude and a point tangent to the binodal curve. The displacement from here on will be first contact miscible, with the solvent composition given by the point of tangency. The process has developed miscibility since the solvent has been enriched in intermediate components to be miscible with the crude. Since the intermediates are vaporized from crude, the process is a vaporizing gas drive. Miscibility will develop in this process as long as the injected solvent and crude are on opposite sides of the critical tie line. A schematic of vaporizing gas drive is shown in Fig. 9. The injected fluid and reservoir fluids form a "mixing zone" in the reservoir, as the injected solvent moves further into the reservoir. The point of miscibility is at the front of the mixing zone. The key characteristics of a VGD can be summarized as: 1) Reservoir oil transfers intermediates to injected lean gas. 2) Point of miscibility is at front of the mixing zone. 3) Miscibility is achieved by progressively contacting generated gas composition with fresh oil. Figure 9 shows a saturation profile of the injected gas as it travels from the injector toward the producer. Note the vaporization of the intermediates, the location of the mixing zone and the point of miscibility in the reservoir. Reservoir Simulation Aspects. Simulation of gas cycling processes requires a compositional model to track the phase behavior of the fluids along with modeling displacement fronts. Current compositional models are highly sophisticated; they use both equation-of-state and K-value options to model phase equilibria within the reservoir. A major part of such a study is phase behavior matching, where laboratory tests on reservoir fluids are simulated by forcing equation-of-state parameters or K-value correlations to match observed laboratory behavior. Economic Considerations. As in all oil field operations, economic considerations dictate whether gas cycling should be employed over other methods, i.e. waterflooding. Gas cycling involves investment in surface facilities: gas plant to re-inject residue gas. However, in volatile oil and condensate reservoirs, gas cycling has potential to yield higher ultimate recoveries than a waterflood and has greater long term profit potential. Reservoir simulation is an important tool in such cases to assess the viability of different recovery schemes. 20 Compositional Simulation
Field Examples
Three field simulation studies are summarized in this section. All three reservoirs are retrograde reservoirs. In each case, gas cycling was used for a variety of reasons. However the underlying mechanism of displacement is the vaporizing gas drive as described earlier. Carson Creek Field, Alberta. The Carson Creek field is a retrograde gas condensate field of Central Alberta, discovered in 1957. The field encompasses about 18,000 acres and has two gas pools, "A" and "B". The original gas-in-place in the two pools was about 400 BSCF. Methane constituted 70.2 mole percent of the original reservoir fluid. Gas cycling operations began in 1962; original gas cycling operations consisted of processing between 70 and 90 MMSCF/D raw gas to extract about 4,000 STB/D condensate and re-injecting all residue gases into the reservoir. The cycling also processed 5 to 10 MMSCF/D solution gas from an adjacent field and was re-injected. Gas cycling was employed in this field for both pressure maintenance and to carry out a miscible flood. A compositional simulator was used to simulate gas cycling in this field. The model uses Kvalues as a function of temperature, pressure and composition to model phase equilibrium. Density, viscosity and compressibility of the fluids were treated as functions of composition and pressure. History matches of production, injection and pressure in each well were obtained. Also, a match of the pentanes-plus composition of each produced well stream was obtained.
Bonnie Glen D 3-A Pool Model, Alberta. The Bonnie Glen D 3-A pool, is one of the most prolific fields in Canada. The original oil in place is estimated at 6.57 MMSTB, with an initial gas cap of 44.5 MMSCF. Since simultaneous production of gas cap during the life of the oil column could be detrimental to oil recovery, gas cap production would normally be deferred until depletion of the oil column. Gas cycling can however, can be carried out concurrently with continued depletion of oil column with a beneficial effect on the overall recovery of hydrocarbon liquids. The increase in recovery results from vaporization of retrograde liquids in the gas cap plus vaporization of lighter components from the original oil column. A three dimensional three phase black oil simulation study was first conducted to history match the reservoir performance. This was followed by conversion to a compositional formulation. The compositional formulation used K-value correlations to model phase equilibria.
Kaybob South Field , Alberta. The Kaybob South Field is one of the largest oil fields in Canada. Initial gas in place in the field was estimated at 4,000 BSCF. The reservoir encompasses an area of 57,000 acres and is totally underlain by water (bottom water drive). Because of the possibility of significant retrograde liquid losses upon depletion, it was decided to implement gas cycling in the field. Reservoir simulation was used to design the gas cycling project and study its potential impact. The design and planning of the cycling project began in 1967, without full delineation of the reservoir limits. Several cycling patterns were simulated (involving different injection well patterns). The effect of different cycling rates was also studied by simulating various cases. Studies were undertaken to determine the degree of revaporization expected from cycling with residue gas. 21 Compositional Simulation
Table 1
Reservoir Fluid Characteristics for Volatile Oils and Retrograde Condensates
Fluid Classification Stock tank oil color Stock tank oil gravity API
o
Volatile Oils Greenish to orange 42-45 1200-3500 1.7-3.0

o
Gas Condensates Yellowish 45-60 8000-30000 6.0-20.0 150-300 1500-9000 (Dew Point)
Gas-oil ratio, SCF/STB Formation volume factor, Bo Typical reservoir temperature, F Typical saturation pressure, Psia
150-300 3000-7500 (Bubble Point)
PVT MATCHING Fundamentals:

Heavy Fraction Characterization. During the development of the application of EOS's to naturally occuring hydrocarbon mixtures, it has become clear that insufficient description of heavier hydrocarbons (e.g., heptanes and heavier) reduces the accuracy of PVT predictions. Volatile oil and gas-condensate volumetric phase behavior is particularly sensitive to composition and properties of the heaviest components. Therefore we have to develop a comprehensive method to characterize compositional variation, which we call "molar distribution". A three-parameter gamma function was chosen for describing molar distribution.
(x - h )a-1 exp [(x - h) / b] p(x) = a b (a)
(1)
p(x) is called the probability density function (or three parameter gamma function). Whereas x corresponds to measured C7+ molecular weight. For a = 1, the distribution is exponential. Values less than one give accelerated exponential distribution, while values greater than one yield left-skewed distributions. Note that as a approaches infinity, the distribution becomes normal, though "folded" at h, the minimum molecular weight included in the C7+ fraction. a, b, and h are parameters defining the distribution. h can be estimated accurately since it represents the minimum molecular weight to be included in the fraction. If a is given, b is found directly from h, a, and the measured C7+ molecular weight, M7+. a can be fitted to measured molarand weight-distribution data, or estimated using an empirical relation. The parameter h is defined as the minimum molecular weight expected to occur in the Cn+ fraction. That is, there is zero probability [p(x) = 0] for occurrence of compounds with molecular weight less than h. If the C7+ is considered, then h = 92 (the molecular weight of toluene) would be a good estimate for h. Experience has shown that a good approximation of h is given by h = 14n - 6 (2)
for a Cn+ fraction. Eq. 2 is a useful empirical relation but should not be considered a restraint on the model. Considering the remaining two parameters in Eq. 1, a and b, a useful property of the three-parameter gamma function is that the product ab equals the arithmetic average molecular weight, Mn+ , minus h. Mn+ - h = ab where Mn+ is measured directly. 23 Compositional Simulation (3)
There are several empirical correlations available for estimating a from randomly sampled data such as fully extended molar distribution. b is easily calculated from the other variables. b = (Mn+ - h)/a An estimate of a can be calculated using the following proposed empirical relation. a = Y-1 (0.5000876 + 0.1648852Y - 0.0544174Y2) where, Y = ln[(Mn+ - h)/mG] and
mG = [ ( M i - h ) ]
Zi i=n N
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
1/ Z n+
Eq. 5 is valid for 0 < Y < 0.5772 (i.e., a >= 1.0). The variable mG merely represents a geometric average molecular-weight variable. For Eq. 5 to be useful for the molar distribution problem, it is necessary to have measured SCN (single-carbon-number) mole fractions and molecular weights accurately. They should also constitute a full compositional analysis, preferably having a diminishing or negligible quantity of the last fraction, N. Since such analyses are nearly nonexistent, a set of correction tables has been developed when only partial analyses are available (the limitation of a >= 1.0 mentioned previously is also lifted in the present use of Eq. 5). Due to the limitation of the Eq. 5, we may determine a by minimization of a error function. The error function, E(a) , used to optimize a is defined as the sum of the squares of differences in measured and calculated compositions and is given by
E(a) =
(Z i i=n
(8)
Z)
2
If a molar distribution is to fit, and
E(a) =
( f
i=n
(9)
wi
- f )
if a weight distribution is to fit (the more common case). Calculated values are marked with a tilde. 24 Compositional Simulation
The minimization of E may proceed by a simple secant or half-interval method. Two procedures for performing the minimization have proved useful. Reasonable limits for a are 0.5 to 3.0. The probabilistic model is not a true physical model. One assumption is the continuous relation between molecular weight and mole fraction. This assumption, however, along with others implicit in its mathematical form, seems as reasonable as, for example, the assumption in distillation (TBP) analysis that cumulative volume and boiling point have a continuous relation. In the DESKTOP-PVT package, at least three numbers, molecular weight, specific gravity and mole (or weight) fraction of the heavy fraction must be entered for heavy fraction characterization. The extended analysis can be entirely predictive or can be compared to experimental distillation data. If distillation data of mole (or weight) fraction distillation are available, an option can be activated to compute an optimal. This will minimize the differences between the experimental and calculated distributions. The gamma distribution function gives the mole (or weight) fraction and molecular weight for each single carbon number (SCN) of the extended fractions. The calculated mole fraction and molecular weight of the last carbon number in the extended analysis are adjusted so the computed mole fraction and molecular weight of the heavy fraction are matched to the observed data. The gamma function can be calculated using either a constant molecular weight interval or variable molecular weight intervals. A constant Watson characterization factor, K, is used for all carbon numbers in the heavy fraction. K defines relative paraffinicity of a hydrocarbon fraction, with a typical range from 10.0 (highly aromatic) to 13.0 (highly paraffinic). If a Watson factor is entered, the input number is used to compute the specific gravity of all carbon numbers. If a Watson factor is not entered, this number is adjusted so the computed specific gravity of the heavy fraction is matched to the observed. Pseudoization. The term "pseudoization" here denotes the reduction in number of components used in EOS calculations for reservoir fluids. Pseudoization is important in reservoir calculations because of the large number of real components(e.g. in C7+ fraction) in reservoir fluids. Compositional model computing times can increase significantly with number of components used. Pseudoization must satisfy the following conditions: 1) EOS calculation will yield identical density (Z-factor) and viscosity for each pseudo component whether performed in a) single-component mode, or b) n-component mode. 2) For all mixtures of the m pseudo components (including the original mixture z), the EOS calculations will yield identical mixture density and viscosity whether performed in a) m-pseudo component mode or b) n-component mode.
The first of the two pseudoization conditions is satisfied by defining pseudo component properties as: (10) n n (l) (l) 2 .5 (l) l (l) A(l) = a p( T c ) / T 2 pc = x i x j (1 - d ij )( Ai A j )
i=1 j=1 n
(11)
l j
(l)
= b p T c / T p
l l
(l) c
x
j=1
Bj
Pc(l) =
j=1
x j pcj
(13)
(l) j
(12)
(l)
Tc
(l)
x
j=1
T cj
vc
(l)
x
j=1 n
(14)
(l) j
v cj
(15)
(l) j
(l)
x
j=1
Mj
*(l)
x
j=1
(l) j
* j
Mj
0.5
( x
j=1
(16)
(l) j
Mj )
0.5
The a and b appearing in Eqs. are "theoretically" universal constants, determined by forcing the EOS to satisfy the Van der Waals conditions: (dp/dv)Tc and (d2p/dv2)Tc= 0 at the critical point. In practice, however, the a, b values are generally treated as component-dependent functions of temperature. The second condition of pseudoization is satisfied by Eqs. 10 through 16 and the additional requirement that for each pair of pseudo components, the pseudo binary interaction coefficient is given by
a a
i i=1 j=1
(1- d )( A A )
ij
(i)
(j) 0.5
x x (1 - d
i j i=1 j=1
(17)
ij
)( Ai A j )
0.5
The pair of pseudo components are arbitrarily labeled components 1 and 2 on the left-hand side of Eq. 17. {xi} is the n-component composition of an arbitrary mixture of the two pseudo components, i.e. xi = a1xi1 + a2xi where a1 + a2 = 1 and 0 < aj < 1 for j = 1, 2. The only unknown in Eq. 17, after use of Eqs. 13 and 14, is d12, i.e. the (pseudo) binary interaction coefficient between pseudo components 1 and 2. This coefficient d12, is independent of temperature regardless of temperature-dependence of ai and /or bi, provided, of course, that the dij are independent of temperature. Regrouping Scheme of Heavy Components. A method is proposed for estimating the number of multiple-carbon-number(MCN) groups needed for adequate plus-fraction description, as well as which SCN groups belong to the MCN group. It is based on Sturges rule and the observation that the proposed distribution model is similar to a folded log-normal distribution. The number of MCN groups, Ng, is given by Ng = Int [ 1 + 3.3 log10(N - n)] For black-oil system, this number probably can be reduced by one. The molecular weights separating each MCN group are taken as MI = Mn{exp[(1/Ng)ln(MN/Mn)]}I (20) (19) (18)
where MN is the molecular weight of the last SCN group (which may actually be a plus fraction), and I = 1, 2, .... Ng. Molecular weights of SCN groups falling within the boundaries of these values are included in the MCN group, I.
Compositional Simulation:
There are two basic steps to work on compositional simulation. One is the PVT match, the other is the simulation of the compositional model. The following are the step-wise procedures and the corresponding data files. DESKTOP_PVT package was used for PVT match, compositional simulator is VIP. Data are from Third SPE Comparative Solution Project: Gas Cycling of Retrograde Condensate Reservoirs1 (we name this paper as SPE3). 1- Heavy Ends Characterization. This is the first step for PVT matching. The following procedure is to be followed: a- Invoke DESKTOP_PVT. The Peng-Robinson EOS is selected by picking CONFIG from the main menu, then EOS submenu, then typing PR. (noted as CONFIG/EOS, PR). b- Turn on heavy end characterization by choosing CONFIG/Heavy, Y. c- Enter heavy end parameters by selecting (from main menu) HEAVY/Parameter. At least three numbers must be input to complete this step, they are: molecular weight, specific gravity, and mole fraction of C7+ . These numbers can be found in SPE3. d- Specify the names and number of heavy component groups by choosing PSEUDOCOMPONENT NO. AND NAME. e- Select cut-off molecular weights and specify 130 for bracket 1 and 180 for bracket 2. f- After inputting these data, you click CALCULATE option in the HEAVY menu. g- Inspect the data by selecting HEAVY/Review. h- Save the calculated EOS parameters by selecting HEAVY/Save EOS. Name the file heavy.eos. i- Save the data by choosing FILE/Save and name the file heavy.dat. Molecular Weight = 140 Specific gravity = 0.774 Mole Fraction = 0.0659 Cut-off Molecular Weight 130 180 Names of Heavy Components: HVY1 HVY2 HVY3 Output: HEAVY.DAT, HEAVY.EOS 2- Default Fluid Predictions. At this step, all components from SPE3 should be input except heavy components. The following procedure is to be followed: a- Choose CONFIG/Test Type. b- Select, Cnst Composition, Cnst Volume, and/or Swelling. c- Choose CONFIG/Heavy, N, to turn off the heavy components option. d- Choose COMPONENT/System, and highlight the components required (do not include the C7+). e- Load The EOS for the heavy component by choosing COMPONENT/Append EOS, heavy.eos. f- Enter pure component mole fraction by choosing COMPONENT/Composition. g- Enter the data for the tests by choosing TESTS/Cnst Composition. h- Repeat for the Cnst Volume and Swelling tests. 28 Compositional Simulation
i- Run the program by Chooing RUN/Go. j- View the data by choosing REPORT/Graphics. k- Save the data by choosing FILE/Save. Name the file default.dat. Components: CO2,N2,C1,C2,C3,NC4,IC4,NC5,IC5,NC6,HVY1,HVY2,HVY3 Test Types: Constant Composition Expansion, Constant Volume Depletion and Swelling Output: default.dat 3- Pre-regression. Before pseudoization, we make regression for EOS properties. We call this step as pre-regression. We first need to pick regression variables, then run the program based on the previous data file default.dat. After doing this, we save two files. One is regress.dat, and the other is regress.eos. The updated EOS properties are included in regress.eos. The following procedure is to be followed: a- Choose CONFIG/Regression, Y, to turn on regression. b- Choose (from main menu) REGRES/Variable. Choose EOS Property and enter the number for the regression variable in the appropriate place. Then Choose Binary Coeff and enter the number for the regression variable in the appropriate place. Then Exit. c- Choose REGRES/Limits and change the minimum to 0.7 and maximum to 1.3. d- Choose REGRES/Control and change the no. of iterations to 20. e- Run the program by Choosing RUN/Go. f- View the data by choosing REPORT/Graphics. g- Save the calculated EOS parameters by selecting REPORT/Save EOS. Name the file regress.eos. h- Save the data by choosing FILE/Save and name the file regress.dat. Components: CO2,N2,C1,C2,C3,NC4,IC4,NC5,IC5,NC6,HVY1,HVY2,HVY3 Regress Variables: C1-OMEGAA 1 C1-OMEGAB 2 HVY1-OMEGAA 3 HVY2-OMEGAA 4 HVY3-OMEGAA 5 HVY1-OMEGAB 6 HVY2-OMEGAB 7 HVY3-OMEGAB 8 DJK C1-HVY1 9 DJK C1-HVY2 10 DJK C2-HVY3 11 Output: REGRESS.DAT, REGRESS.EOS
4- Component Pseudoization. This step is called the pseudoization. The pseudo components are listed below. Once you give the names of pseudo components and components included in them, the program is capable of calculating regrouped lab data. Test data must be reentered for the new pseudo components. New files will be generated: pseudo.dat and pseudo.eos. The following procedure is to be followed: abcdefghijklChoose COMPONENT/Load EOS, regress.eos. This will load the regressed EOS. Turn off regression by choosing CONFIG/Regression, N. Turn Pseudoization on by selecting CONFIG/Pseudoization, Y. Choose PSEUDO/Pseudo Name. Give names to the new pseudo components. Choose PSEUDO/Parameter. Specify the components in Pseudo-COMP P1 Lump. Repeat for all pseudo components. Choose PSEUDO/Calculate. Save the calculated EOS parameters by selecting PSEUDO/Save EOS. Name the file pseudo.eos. Choose PSEUDO/Replace EOS. This replaces the active EOS. Turn off pseudoization by choosing CONFIG/Pseudoization, N. Reenter the test data by choosing TESTS/Const Composition. Press F2 and load the global reference composition. Repeat for other tests. Run the program by selecting RUN/Go. Save the data by choosing FILE/Save and name the file pseudo.dat. Pseudo Components: P1 C1 + N2 P2 C2 + CO2 P3 C3 + NC4 + IC4 P4 C6 + NC5 + IC5 P5 HVY1 P6 HVY2 P7 HVY3 Test Types: Constant Composition Expansion, Constant Volume Depletion and Swelling Output: PSEUDO.DAT, PSEUDO.EOS 5- Regression. This is the final step for PVT match. Procedures are the same as we did in the step 3. Regression is based on the data obtained in the step 4. The main problem is the selection of variables to be regressed in order to obtain a good match. There is no definite way to proceed. In this case trial and error method was used to get a good match. Selecting proper variables is a time consuming effort. The following procedure is to be followed: a- Choose CONFIG/Regression, Y, to turn on regression. b- Choose (from main menu), REGRES/Variable. Choose EOS Property and enter the number for the regression variable in the appropriate place (delete old numbers if present). Then Choose Binary Coeff and enter the number for the regression variable in the appropriate place. Then Exit. 30 Compositional Simulation
cdefghijk-
Choose REGRES/Limits and change the minimum to 0.7 and maximum to 1.3. Choose REGRES/Control and change the no. of iterations to 20. Run the program by Choosing RUN/Go. View the data by choosing REPORT/Graphics. Save the calculated EOS parameters by selecting REPORT/Save EOS. Name the file final.eos. Choose COMPONENT/Load EOS, final.eos. This will overwrite the old EOS. Choose CONFIG/Regression, N, to turn off regression. Run the program by Choosing RUN/Go. Save the data by choosing FILE/Save and name the file final.dat. Pseudo Components: P1 C1 + N2 P2 C2 + CO2 P3 C3 + NC4 + IC4 P4 C6 + NC5 + IC5 P5 HVY1 P6 HVY2 P7 HVY3 Regress Variables: P1-ZC 1 P2-ZC 2 P5-ZC 3 P6-ZC 4 P7-ZC 5 P1-OMEGGA 6 P1-OMEGAB 7 P5,P6,P7-OMEGAA 8 P5,P6,P7-OMEGAB 9 DJK P1-P7 10 Output: FINAL.DAT, FINAL.EOS
6- Initialization Data for Compositional Simulation. After step 5, the adjusted EOS properties are obtained. These data are considered as the "correct values" and input in the initialization file along with other data from SPE3. The format of initialization file is attached in the following pages. VIP will create a spe3i.rst file when you type: "corerun" in the terminal. It should be noted that you should check the "corefil.dat" in the current directory before you type command "corerun." Data Sources: File Name: SPE12278 paper, FINAL.DAT spe3i.dat
7- Run Data for Compositional Simulation. This is the last step for compositional simulation. After creating the simulation run data file-spe3r.dat and having a proper restart file-spe3i.rst from step 6. you can type the command "execrun", VIP will automatically produce the information specified by the user in the spe3r.dat. The format of the run data file spe3r.dat is attached in the following pages. Data Sources: File Name: SPE12278, Final.dat spe3r.dat
Data Files
The following pages contain the data files and the output files from the VIP simulator. Below is a list of the enclosed material. Heavy.dat Heavy.eos Default.dat Regression.dat Regression.eos Pseudo.dat Pseudo.eos Final.dat Final.eos Spe3i.dat Spe3r.dat
(Input data file for Step 1 - Heavy Ends Characterization)
HEAVY.DAT
SPLIT MWPLUS GPLUS ZPLUS NG MWGRP 140.00 0.7740 0.06590 3 130.00 180.00 PROPERTY CORRELATION SIMULATION TC RIAZI-DAUBERT PC RIAZI-DAUBERT ACENTRIC EDMISTER ZC RIAZI-DAUBERT CONMWI MWC6C7 92.00 MWINC 12.000 END
(Output data file for Step 1 - Heavy Ends Characterization)
HEAVY.EOS
EOS PR COMPONENTS HVY1 HVY2 HVY3 C C PLUS FRACTION PSEUDO COMPONENT PROPERTIES C PROPERTIES COMP MW TC PC ZC Accentric OMEGA A HVY1 107.77 561.98 410.55 26239 .31504 X HVY2 148.05 677.63 325.18 24598 .41381 X HVY3 224.01 843.58 244.42 23072 .57895 X DJK C1 HVY1 .036113 HVY2 .041436 HVY3 .049070 ENDEOS C C PLUS FRACTION PSEUDO COMPONENT COMPOSITIONS C COMPOSITION .034766 .019684 .011451
OMEGA B X X X
(Input data file for Step 2 - Default Fluid Predictions) 35 Compositional Simulation
DEFAULT.DAT
EOS PR COMPONENTS CO2 N2 C1 C2 C3 NC4 IC4 NC5 IC5 NC6 HVY1 HVY2 HVY3 NCV 13 PROPERTIES F PSIA COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR CO2 44.010 87.90 1070.9 .27420 .22250 .457236 .077796 49.60 N2 28.013 -232.40 493.0 .29100 .03720 .457236 .077796 35.00 C1 16.043 -116.60 667.8 .28900 .01260 .457236 .077796 71.00 C2 30.070 90.10 707.8 .28500 .09780 .457236 .077796 111.00 C3 44.097 206.00 616.3 .28100 .15410 .457236 .077796 151.00 NC4 58.124 305.70 550.7 .27400 .20150 .457236 .077796 191.00 IC4 58.124 275.00 529.1 .28300 .18400 .457236 .077796 191.00 NC5 72.151 385.70 488.6 .26200 .25240 .457236 .077796 231.00 IC5 72.151 369.10 490.4 .27300 .22860 .457236 .077796 231.00 NC6 86.178 453.70 436.9 .26400 .29980 .457236 .077796 271.00 HVY1 107.770 561.98 410.5 .26239 .31504 .457236 .077796 353.20 HVY2 148.050 677.63 325.2 .24598 .41381 .457236 .077796 474.02 HVY3 224.010 843.58 244.4 .23072 .57895 .457236 .077796 677.90 DJK CO2 N2 .000000 C1 .150000 C2 .150000 C3 .150000 NC4 .150000 IC4 .150000 NC5 .150000 IC5 .150000 NC6 .150000 HVY1 .150000 HVY2 .150000 HVY3 .150000 DJK N2 C1 .120000 C2 .120000 C3 .120000 NC4 .120000 IC4 .120000 NC5 .120000 IC5 .120000 NC6 .120000 HVY1 .120000 HVY2 .120000 HVY3 .120000 DJK C1 C2 .000000 C3 .000000 NC4 .020000 IC4 .020000 NC5 .020000 IC5 .020000 NC6 .025000 HVY1 .036113 HVY2 .041436 HVY3 .049070 DJK C2 C3 .000000 NC4 .010000 IC4 .010000 NC5 .010000 IC5 .010000 NC6 .010000 HVY1 .010000
HVY2 .010000 HVY3 .010000 DJK C3 NC4 .010000 IC4 .010000 NC5 .010000 IC5 .010000 NC6 .010000 HVY1 .010000 HVY2 .010000 HVY3 .010000 DJK NC4 IC4 .000000 NC5 .000000 IC5 .000000 NC6 .000000 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK IC4 NC5 .000000 IC5 .000000 NC6 .000000 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK NC5 IC5 .000000 NC6 .000000 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK IC5 NC6 .000000 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK NC6 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK HVY1 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK HVY2 HVY3 .000000 HIDEAL CO2 2.1028E+02 5.0361E+00 4.4507E-03 -1.1658E-06 1.5274E-10 -5.7829E-15 N2 -2.6164E+01 7.1489E+00 -4.9835E-04 4.4513E-07 -9.0210E-11 4.4521E-15 C1 -1.1193E+02 9.1718E+00 -4.7216E-03 6.7887E-06 -2.4493E-09 3.1208E-13 C2 -6.3147E-01 7.9649E+00 -7.5217E-04 8.7905E-06 -3.8672E-09 5.4789E-13 C3 -3.2544E+01 7.6111E+00 4.1469E-03 9.5048E-06 -4.7227E-09 7.0237E-13 NC4 4.3186E +02 5.7293E+00 1.5646E-02 3.0120E-06 -2.4420E-09 3.8132E-13 IC4 6.6831E+02 2.7132E+00 1.9460E-02 8.3832E-07 -1.8392E-09 3.1555E-13 NC5 1.9605E+03 -2.0202E-01 3.1752E-02 -6.2257E-06 5.8994E-10 -1.4225E-14 IC5 1.9930E+03 -2.2728E+00 3.3903E-02 -7.0911E-06 7.4305E-10 -2.1274E-14 NC6 -6.3694E+02 1.9744E+01 -7.0295E-03 3.9020E-05 -2.1744E-08 4.0917E-12 HVY1 0.0000E+00 4.4727E+00 4.4674E-02 -6.3579E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 HVY2 0.0000E+00 2.7007E+00 5.8820E-02 -7.8301E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 HVY3 0.0000E+00 4.9001E+00 8.9064E-02 -1.1580E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 ENDEOS C PVTFILE KVFILE C CCEXP RUN1 COMPOSITION
.012100 .019400 .659900 .086900 .059100 .027800 .023900 .011200 .015700 .018100 .034766 .019684 .011451 TEMP 200.0 F DEWPT 3428.0 PSIG PRES VREL XLIQ ZG 6000.0 0.8045 0.0 1.129 5500.0 0.8268 0.0 1.063 5000.0 0.8530 0.0 0.9980 4500.0 0.8856 0.0 0.9930 4000.0 0.9284 0.0 0.8690 3600.0 0.9745 0.0 0.8220 3428.0 1.000 0.0 0.0 3400.0 1.004 0.009000 0.0 3350.0 1.014 0.02700 0.0 3200.0 1.047 0.08100 0.0 3000.0 1.100 0.1500 0.0 2800.0 1.164 0.0 0.0 2400.0 1.341 0.0 0.0 2000.0 1.611 0.0 0.0 1600.0 2.041 0.0 0.0 1300.0 2.554 0.0 0.0 1030.0 3.293 0.0 0.0 836.00 4.139 0.0 0.0 C CVDEP RUN1 COMPOSITION .012100 .019400 .659900 .086900 .059100 .027800 .023900 (Input data file for Step 2 - Default Fluid Predictions p. 1/4) .011200 .015700 .018100 .034766 .019684 .011451 TEMP 200.0 F DEWPT 3428.0 PSIG PRES 3428.0 3000.0 2400.0 1800.0 1200.0 700.00 MW HVY1 HVY3 140.00 127.00 118.00 111.00 106.00 105.00 ZGAS 0.8030 0.7980 0.8020 0.8300 0.8770 0.9240 VPROD 0.0 0.09095 0.2470 0.42026 0.59687 0.7402 SLIQ 0.0 0.1500 0.1990 0.1920 0.1710 0.1520 C SWELL RUN1 COMPOSITION .012100 .019400 .659900 .086900 .059100 .027800 .023900 .011200 .015700 .018100 .034766 .019684 .011451 YINJ .000000 .000000 .946800 .052700 .000500 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 TEMP 200.0 F PSIG ZINJ VREL PSAT TYPE 0.0 1.000 3428.0 DEWPT 0.1271 1.122 3635.0 DEWPT 0.3046 1.354 4015.0 DEWPT 0.5384 1.925 4610.0 DEWPT 0.6538 2.504 4880.0 DEWPT C END
(Input data file for Step 3 - Pre-regression)
REGRESS.DAT
REGRESS VARIABLE MIN INIT MAX 1 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 2 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 3 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 4 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 5 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 6 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 7 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 8 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 9 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 10 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 11 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 IMAX IPRINT H TOL1 TOL2 TOL3 20 1 .200000 .001000 .001000 .010000 COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR C1 X X X X X 1 2 X HVY1 X X X X X 3 6 X HVY2 X X X X X 4 7 X HVY3 X X X X X 5 8 X DJK C1 HVY1 9 HVY2 10 HVY3 11 ENDREG C C EOS PR COMPONENTS CO2 N2 C1 C2 C3 NC4 IC4 NC5 IC5 NC6 HVY1 HVY2 HVY3 NCV 13 PROPERTIES F PSIA COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR CO2 44.010 87.90 1070.9 .27420 .22250 .457236 .077796 49.60 N2 28.013 -232.40 493.0 .29100 .03720 .457236 .077796 35.00 C1 16.043 -116.60 667.8 .28900 .01260 .457236 .077796 71.00 C2 30.070 90.10 707.8 .28500 .09780 .457236 .077796 111.00 C3 44.097 206.00 616.3 .28100 .15410 .457236 .077796 151.00 NC4 58.124 305.70 550.7 .27400 .20150 .457236 .077796 191.00 IC4 58.124 275.00 529.1 .28300 .18400 .457236 .077796 191.00 NC5 72.151 385.70 488.6 .26200 .25240 .457236 .077796 231.00 IC5 72.151 369.10 490.4 .27300 .22860 .457236 .077796 231.00 NC6 86.178 453.70 436.9 .26400 .29980 .457236 .077796 271.00 HVY1 107.770 561.98 410.5 .26239 .31504 .457236 .077796 353.20 HVY2 148.050 677.63 325.2 .24598 .41381 .457236 .077796 474.02 HVY3 224.010 843.58 244.4 .23072 .57895 .457236 .077796 677.90 DJK CO2 N2 .000000 C1 .150000 C2 .150000 C3 .150000 NC4 .150000 IC4 .150000 NC5 .150000 IC5 .150000 NC6 .150000 HVY1 .150000 HVY2 .150000 HVY3 .150000 DJK N2 C1 .120000
C2 .120000 C3 .120000 NC4 .120000 IC4 .120000 NC5 .120000 IC5 .120000 NC6 .120000 HVY1 .120000 HVY2 .120000 HVY3 .120000 DJK C1 C2 .000000 C3 .000000 NC4 .020000 IC4 .020000 NC5 .020000 IC5 .020000 NC6 .025000 HVY1 .036113 HVY2 .041436 HVY3 .049070 DJK C2 C3 .000000 NC4 .010000 IC4 .010000 NC5 .010000 IC5 .010000 NC6 .010000 HVY1 .010000 HVY2 .010000 HVY3 .010000 DJK C3 NC4 .010000 IC4 .010000 NC5 .010000 IC5 .010000 NC6 .010000 HVY1 .010000 HVY2 .010000 HVY3 .010000 DJK NC4 IC4 .000000 NC5 .000000 IC5 .000000 NC6 .000000 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK IC4 NC5 .000000 IC5 .000000 NC6 .000000 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK NC5 IC5 .000000 NC6 .000000 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK IC5 NC6 .000000 HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK NC6
HVY1 .000000 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK HVY1 HVY2 .000000 HVY3 .000000 DJK HVY2 HVY3 .000000 HIDEAL CO2 2.1028E+02 5.0361E+00 4.4507E-03 -1.1658E-06 1.5274E-10 -5.7829E-15 N2 -2.6164E+01 7.1489E+00 -4.9835E-04 4.4513E-07 -9.0210E-11 4.4521E-15 C1 -1.1193E+02 9.1718E+00 -4.7216E-03 6.7887E-06 -2.4493E-09 3.1208E-13 C2 -6.3147E-01 7.9649E+00 -7.5217E-04 8.7905E-06 -3.8672E-09 5.4789E-13 C3 -3.2544E+01 7.6111E+00 4.1469E-03 9.5048E-06 -4.7227E-09 7.0237E-13 NC4 4.3186E+02 5.7293E+00 1.5646E-02 3.0120E-06 -2.4420E-09 3.8132E-13 IC4 6.6831E+02 2.7132E+00 1.9460E-02 8.3832E-07 -1.8392E-09 3.1555E-13 NC5 1.9605E+03 -2.0202E-01 3.1752E-02 -6.2257E-06 5.8994E-10 -1.4225E-14 IC5 1.9930E+03 -2.2728E+00 3.3903E-02 -7.0911E-06 7.4305E-10 -2.1274E-14 NC6 -6.3694E+02 1.9744E+01 -7.0295E-03 3.9020E-05 -2.1744E-08 4.0917E-12 HVY1 0.0000E+00 4.4727E+00 4.4674E-02 -6.3579E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 HVY2 0.0000E+00 2.7007E+00 5.8820E-02 -7.8301E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 HVY3 0.0000E+00 4.9001E+00 8.9064E-02 -1.1580E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 ENDEOS C PVTFILE KVFILE C CCEXP RUN1 COMPOSITION .012100 .019400 .659900 .086900 .059100 .027800 .023900 .011200 .015700 .018100 .034766 .019684 .011451 TEMP 200.0 F DEWPT 3428.0 PSIG PRES VREL XLIQ ZG 6000.0 0.8045 0.0 1.129 5500.0 0.8268 0.0 1.063 5000.0 0.8530 0.0 0.9980 4500.0 0.8856 0.0 0.9930 4000.0 0.9284 0.0 0.8690 3600.0 0.9745 0.0 0.8220 3428.0 1.000 0.0 0.0 3400.0 1.004 0.009000 0.0 3350.0 1.014 0.02700 0.0 3200.0 1.047 0.08100 0.0 3000.0 1.100 0.1500 0.0 2800.0 1.164 0.0 0.0 2400.0 1.341 0.0 0.0 2000.0 1.611 0.0 0.0 1600.0 2.041 0.0 0.0 1300.0 2.554 0.0 0.0 1030.0 3.293 0.0 0.0 836.00 4.139 0.0 0.0 C CVDEP RUN1 COMPOSITION .012100 .019400 .659900 .086900 .059100 .027800 .023900 .011200 .015700 .018100 .034766 .019684 .011451 TEMP 200.0 F DEWPT 3428.0 PSIG PRES 3428.0 3000.0 2400.0 1800.0 1200.0 700.00 MW HVY1 HVY3 140.00 127.00 118.00 111.00 106.00 105.00 ZGAS 0.8030 0.7980 0.8020 0.8300 0.8770 0.9240 VPROD 0.0 0.09095 0.2470 0.42026 0.59687 0.7402 SLIQ 0.0 0.1500 0.1990 0.1920 0.1710 0.1520 C SWELL RUN1 COMPOSITION
.012100 .019400 .659900 .086900 .059100 .027800 .023900 .011200 .015700 .018100 .034766 .019684 .011451 YINJ .000000 .000000 .946800 .052700 .000500 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 TEMP 200.0 F PSIG ZINJ VREL PSAT TYPE 0.0 1.000 3428.0 DEWPT 0.1271 1.122 3635.0 DEWPT 0.3046 1.354 4015.0 DEWPT 0.5384 1.925 4610.0 DEWPT 0.6538 2.504 4880.0 DEWPT C END
(Output data file for Step 3 - Pre-regression)
REGRESS.EOS
EOS PR COMPONENTS CO2 N2 C1 C2 C3 NC4 IC4 NC5 IC5 NC6 HVY1 HVY2 HVY3 NCV 13 PROPERTIES F PSIA COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR CO2 44.01 87.90 1070.90 .2742 .2225 .4572360 .0777960 49.6 N2 28.01 -232.40 493.00 .2910 .0372 .4572360 .0777960 35.0 C1 16.04 -116.60 667.80 .2890 .0126 .3776518 .0727877 71.0 C2 30.07 90.10 707.80 .2850 .0978 .4572360 .0777960 111.0 C3 44.10 206.00 616.30 .2810 .1541 .4572360 .0777960 151.0 NC4 58.12 305.70 550.70 .2740 .2015 .4572360 .0777960 191.0 IC4 58.12 275.00 529.10 .2830 .1840 .4572360 .0777960 191.0 NC5 72.15 385.70 488.60 .2620 .2524 .4572360 .0777960 231.0 IC5 72.15 369.10 490.40 .2730 .2286 .4572360 .0777960 231.0 NC6 86.18 453.70 436.90 .2640 .2998 .4572360 .0777960 271.0 HVY1 107.77 561.98 410.50 .2624 .3150 .4169631 .0933548 353.2 HVY2 148.05 677.63 325.20 .2460 .4138 .5486750 .0883512 474.0 HVY3 224.01 843.58 244.40 .2307 .5789 .5344757 .0933546 677.9 DJK N2 CO .0000000 DJK C1 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 DJK C2 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 .0000000 DJK C3 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 .0000000 C2 .0000000 DJK NC4 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 .0200000 C2 .0100000 C3 .0100000 DJK IC4 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 .0200000 C2 .0100000 C3 .0100000 NC4 .0000000 DJK NC5 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 .0200000 C2 .0100000 C3 .0100000 NC4 .0000000 IC4 .0000000 DJK IC5 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 .0200000 C2 .0100000 C3 .0100000
NC4 .0000000 IC4 .0000000 NC5 .0000000 DJK NC6 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 .0250000 C2 .0100000 C3 .0100000 NC4 .0000000 IC4 .0000000 NC5 .0000000 IC5 .0000000 DJK HVY1 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 -.1638391 C2 .0100000 C3 .0100000 NC4 .0000000 IC4 .0000000 NC5 .0000000 IC5 .0000000 NC6 .0000000 DJK HVY2 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 -.1585253 C2 .0100000 C3 .0100000 NC4 .0000000 IC4 .0000000 NC5 .0000000 IC5 .0000000 NC6 .0000000 HVY1 .0000000 DJK HVY3 CO2 .1500000 N2 .1200000 C1 .2490480 C2 .0100000 C3 .0100000 NC4 .0000000 IC4 .0000000 NC5 .0000000 IC5 .0000000 NC6 .0000000 HVY1 .0000000 HVY2 .0000000 C HSTAR CO2 2.10280E+02 5.03610E+00 4.45070E-03 -1.16580E-06 1.52740E-10 -5.78290E-15 N2 -2.61640E+01 7.14890E+00 -4.98350E-04 4.45130E-07 -9.02100E-11 4.45210E-15 C1 -1.11930E+02 9.17180E+00 -4.72160E-03 6.78870E-06 -2.44930E-09 3.12080E-13 C2 -6.31470E-01 7.96490E+00 -7.52170E-04 8.79050E-06 -3.86720E-09 5.47890E-13 C3 -3.25440E+01 7.61110E+00 4.14690E-03 9.50480E-06 -4.72270E-09 7.02370E-13 NC4 4.31860E+02 5.72930E+00 1.56460E-02 3.01200E-06 -2.44200E-09 3.81320E-13 IC4 6.68310E+02 2.71320E+00 1.94600E-02 8.38320E-07 -1.83920E-09 3.15550E-13 NC5 1.96050E+03 -2.02020E-01 3.17520E-02 -6.22570E-06 5.89940E-10 -1.42250E-14
1.99300E+03 -2.27280E+00 3.39030E-02 -7.09110E-06 7.43050E-10 -2.12740E-14 NC6 -6.36940E+02 1.97440E+01 -7.02950E-03 3.90200E-05 -2.17440E-08 4.09170E-12 HVY1 0.00000E+00 4.47270E+00 4.46740E-02 -6.35790E-06 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 HVY2 0.00000E+00 2.70070E+00 5.88200E-02 -7.83010E-06 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 HVY3 0.00000E+00 4.90010E+00 8.90640E-02 -1.15800E-05 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 C ENDEOS C C Global Reference Component Composition COMPOSITION .012100 .019400 .659900 .086900 .059100 .027800 .023900 .011200 .015700 .018100 .034766 .019684 .011451
IC5
(Input data file for Step 4 - Component Pseudoization)
PSEUDO.DAT
EOS PR COMPONENTS P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 NCV 7 PROPERTIES F PSIA COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR P1 16.382 -119.91 662.8 .28883 .01330 .376528 .072862 69.97 P2 31.774 89.83 752.2 .28944 .11304 .451923 .079260 103.50 P3 50.642 245.90 581.0 .28180 .17244 .459850 .078437 169.66 P4 77.793 407.26 468.4 .26789 .26316 .460949 .078234 247.09 P5 107.770 561.98 410.5 .26240 .31500 .416963 .093355 353.20 P6 148.050 677.63 325.2 .24600 .41380 .548675 .088351 474.00 P7 224.010 843.58 244.4 .23070 .57890 .534476 .093355 677.90 DJK P1 P2 .000947 P3 .007835 P4 .021885 P5 -.160885 P6 -.155665 P7 .244672 DJK P2 P3 .003695 P4 .010541 P5 .010541 P6 .010541 P7 .010541 DJK P3 P4 .002281 P5 .002281 P6 .002281 P7 .002281 DJK P4 P5 .000000 P6 .000000 P7 .000000 DJK P5 P6 .000000 P7 .000000 DJK P6 P7 .000000 HIDEAL P3 0.0000E+00 3.0481E+00 2.2327E-02 -3.1330E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 P4 0.0000E+00 1.3339E+00 3.0999E-02 -4.1340E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 P6 0.0000E+00 2.5153E+01 7.7904E-02 -1.2416E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 ENDEOS C PVTFILE KVFILE C CCEXP RUN1 COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451 TEMP 200.0 F DEWPT 3428.0 PSIG PRES VREL XLIQ ZG 6000.0 0.8045 0.0 1.129 5500.0 0.8268 0.0 1.063 5000.0 0.8530 0.0 0.9980 4500.0 0.8856 0.0 0.9930 4000.0 0.9284 0.0 0.8690
3600.0 3428.0 3400.0 3350.0 3200.0 3000.0 2800.0 2400.0 2000.0 1600.0 1300.0 1030.0 836.00
0.9745 0.0 0.8220 1.000 0.0 0.0 1.004 0.009000 0.0 1.014 0.02700 0.0 1.047 0.08100 0.0 1.100 0.1500 0.0 1.164 0.0 0.0 1.341 0.0 0.0 1.611 0.0 0.0 2.041 0.0 0.0 2.554 0.0 0.0 3.293 0.0 0.0 4.139 0.0 0.0
C CVDEP RUN1 COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451 TEMP 200.0 F DEWPT 3428.0 PSIG PRES 3428.0 3000.0 2400.0 1800.0 1200.0 700.00 MW P5 P7 140.00 127.00 118.00 111.00 106.00 105.00 ZGAS 0.8030 0.7980 0.8020 0.8300 0.8770 0.9240 VPROD 0.0 0.09095 0.2470 0.42026 0.59687 0.7402 SLIQ 0.0 0.1500 0.1990 0.1920 0.1710 0.1520 C SWELL RUN1 COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451 YINJ .946800 .052700 .000500 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 TEMP PSIG ZINJ 0.0 0.1271 0.3046 0.5384 0.6538 C END 200.0 F VREL PSAT TYPE 1.000 3428.0 DEWPT 1.122 3635.0 DEWPT 1.354 4015.0 DEWPT 1.925 4610.0 DEWPT 2.504 4880.0 DEWPT
(Output data file for Step 4 - Component Pseudoization)
PSEUDO.EOS
C EQUATION OF STATE DATA PRODUCED BY DESKTOP-PVT FOR PSEUDO COMPONENTS C EOS PR COMPONENTS P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 PROPERTIES F PSIA COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR P1 16.38 -119.91 662.81 .2888 .0133 .3765281 .0728615 70.0 P2 31.77 89.83 752.18 .2894 .1130 .4519229 .0792598 103.5 P3 50.64 245.90 581.03 .2818 .1724 .4598499 .0784368 169.7 P4 77.79 407.26 468.43 .2679 .2632 .4609493 .0782338 247.1 P5 107.77 561.98 410.50 .2624 .3150 .4169631 .0933548 353.2 P6 148.05 677.63 325.20 .2460 .4138 .5486750 .0883512 474.0 P7 224.01 843.58 244.40 .2307 .5789 .5344757 .0933546 677.9 DJK P2 P1 .0009470 DJK P3 P1 .0078346 P2 .0036951 DJK P4 P1 .0218854 P2 .0105413 P3 .0022813 DJK P5 P1 -.1608847 P2 .0105413 P3 .0022813 P4 .0000000 DJK P6 P1 -.1556652 P2 .0105413 P3 .0022813 P4 .0000000 P5 .0000000 DJK P7 P1 .2446722 P2 .0105413 P3 .0022813 P4 .0000000 P5 .0000000 P6 .0000000 C HSTAR P1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P3 0.00000E+00 3.04810E+00 2.23275E-02 -3.13303E-06 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P4 0.00000E+00 1.33391E+00 3.09992E-02 -4.13396E-06 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P5 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P6 0.00000E+00 2.51533E+01 7.79036E-02 -1.24159E-05 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P7 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 C ENDEOS C C Pseudoized Component Composition C
COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451
(Input data file for Step5 - Regressio)
FINAL.DAT
REGRESS VARIABLE MIN INIT MAX 1 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 2 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 3 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 4 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 5 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 6 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 7 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 8 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 9 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 10 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 11 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 12 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 13 .8000 1.0000 1.2000 IMAX IPRINT H TOL1 TOL2 TOL3 20 1 .200000 .001000 .001000 .010000 COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR P1 X X X 1 X 6 7 X P2 X X X 2 X X X X P5 11 X X 3 X 8 9 X P6 12 X X 4 X 8 9 X P7 13 X X 5 X 8 9 X DJK P1 P7 10 ENDREG C C EOS PR COMPONENTS P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 NCV 7 PROPERTIES F PSIA COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR P1 16.382 -119.91 662.8 .28883 .01330 .376528 .072862 69.97 P2 31.774 89.83 752.2 .28944 .11304 .451923 .079260 103.50 P3 50.642 245.90 581.0 .28180 .17244 .459850 .078437 169.66 P4 77.793 407.26 468.4 .26789 .26316 .460949 .078234 247.09 P5 107.770 561.98 410.5 .26240 .31500 .416963 .093355 353.20 P6 148.050 677.63 325.2 .24600 .41380 .548675 .088351 474.00 P7 224.010 843.58 244.4 .23070 .57890 .534476 .093355 677.90 DJK P1 P2 .000947 P3 .007835 P4 .021885 P5 -.160885 P6 -.155665 P7 .244672 DJK P2 P3 .003695 P4 .010541 P5 .010541 P6 .010541 P7 .010541 DJK P3 P4 .002281 P5 .002281 P6 .002281 P7 .002281 DJK P4 P5 .000000
P6 .000000 P7 .000000 DJK P5 P6 .000000 P7 .000000 DJK P6 P7 .000000 HIDEAL P3 0.0000E+00 3.0481E+00 2.2327E-02 -3.1330E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 P4 0.0000E+00 1.3339E+00 3.0999E-02 -4.1340E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 P6 0.0000E+00 2.5153E+01 7.7904E-02 -1.2416E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 ENDEOS C PVTFILE KVFILE C CCEXP RUN1 COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451 TEMP 200.0 F DEWPT 3428.0 PSIG PRES VREL XLIQ ZG 6000.0 0.8045 0.0 1.129 5500.0 0.8268 0.0 1.063 5000.0 0.8530 0.0 0.9980 4500.0 0.8856 0.0 0.9930 4000.0 0.9284 0.0 0.8690 3600.0 0.9745 0.0 0.8220 3428.0 1.000 0.0 0.0 3400.0 1.004 0.009000 0.0 3350.0 1.014 0.02700 0.0 3200.0 1.047 0.08100 0.0 3000.0 1.100 0.1500 0.0 2800.0 1.164 0.0 0.0 2400.0 1.341 0.0 0.0 2000.0 1.611 0.0 0.0 1600.0 2.041 0.0 0.0 1300.0 2.554 0.0 0.0 1030.0 3.293 0.0 0.0 836.00 4.139 0.0 0.0 C CVDEP RUN1 COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451 TEMP 200.0 F DEWPT 3428.0 PSIG PRES 3428.0 3000.0 2400.0 1800.0 1200.0 700.00 MW P5 P7 140.00 127.00 118.00 111.00 106.00 105.00 ZGAS 0.8030 0.7980 0.8020 0.8300 0.8770 0.9240 VPROD 0.0 0.09095 0.2470 0.42026 0.59687 0.7402 SLIQ 0.0 0.1500 0.1990 0.1920 0.1710 0.1520 C SWELL RUN1 COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451 YINJ .946800 .052700 .000500 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 TEMP PSIG ZINJ 0.0 0.1271 0.3046 0.5384 200.0 F VREL PSAT TYPE 1.000 3428.0 DEWPT 1.122 3635.0 DEWPT 1.354 4015.0 DEWPT 1.925 4610.0 DEWPT
0.6538 2.504 4880.0 DEWPT C END
(Output data file for Step5 - Regression)
FINAL.EOS
EOS PR COMPONENTS P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 NCV 7 PROPERTIES F PSIA COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC OMEGAA OMEGAB PCHOR P1 16.38 -119.91 662.80 .2888 .0133 .3528063 .0710390 70.0 P2 31.77 89.83 752.20 .2894 .1130 .4519230 .0792600 103.5 P3 50.64 245.90 581.00 .2818 .1724 .4598500 .0784370 169.7 P4 77.79 407.26 468.40 .2679 .2632 .4609490 .0782340 247.1 P5 102.03 561.98 410.50 .2624 .3150 .4192163 .0950905 353.2 P6 150.30 677.63 325.20 .2460 .4138 .5516401 .0899935 474.0 P7 233.65 843.58 244.40 .2307 .5789 .5373643 .0950905 677.9 DJK P2 P1 .0009470 DJK P3 P1 .0078350 P2 .0036950 DJK P4 P1 .0218850 P2 .0105410 P3 .0022810 DJK P5 P1 -.1608850 P2 .0105410 P3 .0022810 P4 .0000000 DJK P6 P1 -.1556650 P2 .0105410 P3 .0022810 P4 .0000000 P5 .0000000 DJK P7 P1 .2481725 P2 .0105410 P3 .0022810 P4 .0000000 P5 .0000000 P6 .0000000 C HSTAR P1 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P2 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P3 0.00000E+00 3.04810E+00 2.23270E-02 -3.13300E-06 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P4 0.00000E+00 1.33390E+00 3.09990E-02 -4.13400E-06 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P5 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P6 0.00000E+00 2.51530E+01 7.79040E-02 -1.24160E-05 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 P7 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 C
ENDEOS C C Global Reference Component Composition C COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451
(Input data for Step 6 - Initialization for simulation)
Spe3i.dat
C VIP-EXEC COMPOSITIONAL EXAMPLE #1 C C DATA SET NAME: SPE3I.DAT C C FEATURES DEMONSTRATED: C (1) RECTANGULAR GRID 9X9X4 C (2) GAS CONDENSATE, GAS CYCLING C C ----------------------------------------C INIT TITLE1 SPE COMPARATIVE PROJECT 3 TITLE2 DATA SET NAME: SPE3I.DAT TITLE3 SINGLE WELL RECTANGULAR GRID GAS CONDENSATE C NCOL 80 NLINES 60 C PRINT ALL C C INITIAL SIMULATION DATE: DATE 01 01 1992 C C NX NY NZ NCOMP 9 9 4 7 C C CONSTANT RESERVOIR PROPERTIES DWB BWI VW CW CR TRES TS PS 1. .9813 .3 3.0E-6 4.0E-6 200. 60. 14.7 C C C NOLIST TABLES IEQUIL PINIT DEPTH PCWOC WOC PCGOC GOC 1 3543 7500 0 7500 0 C C SWT 1 SW KRW KROW PCWO 0.00 0.0 0.801 75.0 0.04 0.0 0.8005 71.0 0.08 0.0 0.8003 70.0 0.12 0.0 0.8001 60.0 0.16 0.00 0.80 50.0 0.2 0.002 0.65 30.0 0.24 0.01 0.513 21.0 0.28 0.02 0.4 15.5 0.32 0.033 0.315 12.0 0.36 0.049 0.25 9.20 0.40 0.066 0.196 7.00 0.44 0.090 0.15 5.30 0.48 0.119 0.112 4.20 0.52 0.15 0.082 3.40
PSAT 7500
3443
0.56 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.00 C
0.186 0.227 0.277 0.330 0.39 0.462 0.54 0.62 0.71 0.80 0.90 1.00
0.060 2.70 0.04 2.10 0.024 1.70 0.012 1.30 0.005 1.00 0.0 0.70 0.0 0.50 0.0 0.40 0.0 0.30 0.0 0.20 0.0 0.10 0.0 0.00
SGT 1 SG KRG KROG PCGO 0.0 0.0 0.801 0.0 0.04 0.005 0.650 0.0 0.08 0.013 0.513 0.0 0.12 0.026 0.400 0.0 0.16 0.040 0.315 0.0 0.20 0.058 0.250 0.0 0.24 0.078 0.196 0.0 0.28 0.100 0.150 0.0 0.32 0.126 0.112 0.0 0.36 0.156 0.082 0.0 0.40 0.187 0.060 0.0 0.44 0.222 0.040 0.0 0.48 0.260 0.024 0.0 0.52 0.300 0.012 0.0 0.56 0.348 0.005 0.0 0.60 0.400 0.00 0.0 0.64 0.450 0.00 0.0 0.68 0.505 0.00 0.0 0.72 0.562 0.00 0.0 0.76 0.620 0.00 0.0 0.80 0.680 0.0 0.0 0.84 0.74 0.0 0.0 0.88 0.74 0.0 0.0 0.92 0.74 0.0 0.0 0.96 0.74 0.0 0.0 1.00 0.74 0.0 0.0 C EQUATION OF STATE DATA C C EOS PR COMPONENTS P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 PROPERTIES F PSIA COMP MW TC PC ZC ACENTRIC P1 16.38 -119.91 662.80 .2888 .0133 P2 31.77 89.83 752.20 .2894 .1130 P3 50.64 245.90 581.00 .2818 .1724 P4 77.79 407.26 468.40 .2679 .2532 P5 102.03 561.98 410.50 .2624 .3150 P6 150.30 677.63 325.20 .2460 .4138 P7 233.65 843.58 244.40 .23070 .57890 DJK P1 P2 .000947 P3 .007835 P4 .021885 P5 -.160885 P6 -.155665 P7 .248173 DJK P2 P3 .003695 P4 .010541
OMEGAA .352806 .451923 .459850 .460949 .419216 .551640 .537364
OMEGAB .071039 .079260 .0784370 .078234 .095091 .089993 .095091
P5 .010541 P6 .010541 P7 .010541 DJK P3 P4 .002281 P5 .002281 P6 .002281 P7 .002281 DJK P4 P5 .000000 P6 .000000 P7 .000000 DJK P5 P6 .000000 P7 .000000 DJK P6 P7 .000000 C ENDEOS C C GASMF .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451 OILMF X X X X X X X C C C RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION ARRAYS FOLLOW: ARRAYS C DX CON 293.3 DY CON 293.3 DZ ZVAR 30 30 50 50 MDEPTH ZVAR 7330 7360 7400 7450 POR CON .13 C KX ZVAR 130 40 20 150 KY ZVAR 130 40 20 150 KZ ZVAR 13 4 2 15 C RUN STOP END
(Input data for Step 7 - Simulation)
Spe3r.dat
C VIP-EXEC COMPOSITIONAL EXAMPLE #1 C C DATA SET NAME: spe3r.DAT C C FEATURES DEMONSTRATED: C (1) IMPLICIT C (2) GAUSS C C ----------------------------------------RUN C DIM NAMAX 300000 C IMPLICIT C RESTART 0 3 C TITLE2 DATA SET NAME: spe3r.DAT TITLE3 SINGLE WELL - RICH GAS CONDENSATE,GAS CYCLING C C START CARD DEFINES WHERE DATA PROCESSING BEGINS START C C USE GAUSS AS SOLUTION METHOD GAUSS C C WELL DEFINITION DATA WELL N IW JW IGC IBAT 1 7 7 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 C C DEFINE WELL 1 AS A PRODUCER PROD G 1 INJ G 2 YINJ 2 0.8036 0.1052 0.08 0.0112 0.0 0.0 0.0 FPERF WELL L IW JW KH 1 3 7 7 1000 1 4 7 7 7500 2 1 1 1 3900 2 2 1 1 1200 C FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR WELL 1! WI 1 1.55 C FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR WELL 2 WI 2 1.55 C C PRESSURE AND RATE CONTROLS FOR WELL 1 BHP 1 500 7400 QMAX 1 6200 QMAX 2 4700 C C SURFACE SEPARATION DATA FOR WELL 1 SEPARATOR 1
STAGE TEMP PRES VFRAC VDEST LFRAC LDEST 1 80. 815. 1. GAS 1. 2 2 80. 65 1. GAS 1. 3 3 60 14.6 1. GAS 1. OIL NEWSEP 1 1 1 2500 SEPARATOR 1 STAGE TEMP PRES VFRAC VDEST LFRAC LDEST 1 80. 315 1. GAS 1. 2 2 80. 65. 1. GAS 1. 3 3 80. 14.6 1. GAS 1. OIL C C C TIME STEP CONTROLS DT -10 1. 365. 200. .2 .2 .03 C C ITERATION CONTROLS ITNLIM 1 8 300. .2 .2 .02 C OUTPUT CONTROLS PRINT WELL TIME OUTPUT SO C TIME 10 C SWITCH tO BLITZ BLITZ TIME 25 TIME 50 TIME 100 TIME 200 TIME 300 TIME 400 TIME 500 TIME 600 TIME 800 TIME 1000 TIME 1200 TIME 1500 TIME 1825 TIME 2000 TIME 2500 TIME 3000 TIME 3050 TIME 3100 TIME 3150 TIME 3200 TIME 3250 TIME 3300 TIME 3350 TIME 3400 TIME 3450 TIME 3500 TIME 3650 QMAX 2 0.0 TIME 4000 TIME 4500 TIME 5000 TIME 5500 TIME 6000 STOP END
REFERENCES:
1. Coats, K.H. and Smart, G.T.: " Application of a Regression Based EOS PVT Program to Laboratory Data," SPERE (May 1986) 277-299. 2. Peng, D.-Y. and Robinson, D.B.: "A New Two-Constant Equation of State," Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. (1976) 15, 59. 3. Soave, G.: "Equilibrium Constants From a Modified Redlich Kwong Equation of State," Chem. Eng. Sci. (1972) 27, 1197-1203. 4. Coats, K.H., Dempsey, J.R., and Henderson, J.H.: "A New Technique for Determining Reservoir Description from Field Performance Data," SPEJ (March 1970) 66-74. 5. Whitson, C.H.: "Characterizing Hydrocarbon Plus Fractions," SPEJ (Aug. 1983) 683-94. 6. Coats, K.H.: "Simulation of Gas Condensate Reservoir Performance," JPT (Oct. 1985) 1870-86. 7. Kenyon, D.E. and Behie, A.: "Third Comparative Solution Project: Gas Cycling of Retrograde Condensate Reservoirs," SPE 12278, JPT (August 1987), 981-997. 8. Abel, W., Jackson, R.F. and Wattenbarger, R.A.: "Simulation of a Partial Pressure Maintenance Gas Cycling Project with a Compositional Model, Carson Creek Field, Alberta", Numerical Simulation, SPE Reprint Series No. 11, 285-293. 9. Thompson, F.R.: "Compositional Simulation of a Gas Cycling Project, Bonnie Glen D-3A Pool, Alberta, Canada", Numerical Simulation, SPE Reprint Series No. 11, 314-329. 10. Field, M.B., Givens, J.W. and Paxman, D.S.: "Kaybob South - Reservoir Simulation of a Gas Cycling Project with Bottom Water Drive", Numerical Simulation, SPE Reprint Series No. 11, 294305. 11. Course notes, PETE 605, PETE 607 AND PETE 611, Texas A&M University. 12. Lake, L.W.: Enhanced Oil Recovery, Prentice Hall, 1989. 13. Stalkup, F.I.: Miscible Flooding Fundamentals, SPE Monograph Series, 1983.

CH 5 - Compositional Simulation

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CH 5 - Compositional Simulation

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CHAPTER 5

yi = 1.0 yi = mole fraction, vapor phase

xi = 1.0 xi = mole fraction, liquid phase

zi = 1.0 zi = mole fraction, total

Leaner Mixture Lower c2 - c5

Equations for Compositional Simulation

$i , x y $i = mass fractions of vapor, liquid

The coefficients for Eq.5 are calculated by:

(6) (7) (8)

m = 0.37464 + 1.54226 - 0.26992 2

Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation. The Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation has the form:

m = 0.480 + 1.574 - 0.176 2

Regression of EOS Parameters.

Modeling of Surface Facilities

Prod. 1 2 S.T Oil Sales

Stage Separation INJ.

dew pt. 2-phase

60% 40% 20%

b.p. 100 T1 T2 % Liq. T3

T4 T 0 d.p. Pressure d.p. d.p.

4300 dew point

Gas Cycling in Volatile Oil and Gas Condensate Reservoirs

Vaporizing Gas Drive (VGD)

Volatile Oils Greenish to orange 42-45 1200-3500 1.7-3.0

150-300 3000-7500 (Bubble Point)

PVT MATCHING Fundamentals:

If a molar distribution is to fit, and

(Input data file for Step 1 - Heavy Ends Characterization)

(Output data file for Step 1 - Heavy Ends Characterization)

(Input data file for Step 3 - Pre-regression)

(Output data file for Step 3 - Pre-regression)

(Input data file for Step 4 - Component Pseudoization)

(Output data file for Step 4 - Component Pseudoization)

COMPOSITION .679300 .099000 .110800 .045000 .034766 .019684 .011451

(Input data file for Step5 - Regressio)

0.6538 2.504 4880.0 DEWPT C END

(Output data file for Step5 - Regression)

(Input data for Step 6 - Initialization for simulation)

OMEGAA .352806 .451923 .459850 .460949 .419216 .551640 .537364

OMEGAB .071039 .079260 .0784370 .078234 .095091 .089993 .095091

(Input data for Step 7 - Simulation)

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