QUESTION FORMATION

Particle + auxiliary verb + subjet + verb +complements (object)? In a negative questions: Particle + negative auxi. verb + ? Preposition question: Who did you go with? (estas siempre son object question) Who did you do for? What did you do that for? What did you do it on? What did you make it with? What are you afraid of? Subject / object questions: Object questions: Who did Mary invite her party to? What happened to Shakespeare in 1616? Which planet is nearer the Sun, Mars or Jupiter? What tune goes with the words? Who became President of ? Which explorer reached the North Pole first? Who lived at 22? Who won the .? Who said: thats one small step for man..? Subject questions: Who invited John? Indirect question: Excuse me, can you tell me where the station is? La segunda pregunta dentro de la principal se hace como las afirmativas (like a statement. (afirmativas) Yes-No questions, rising intonation: are you Spanish? Wh-questions, falling intonation:
1

Where are you from? Information word: the stress is normally: Verbs Nouns Adjectives

DOUBLE COMPARATIVE (utilizarlo en writing y speaking)

The sooner, the better We need: 1. Article: the. The. 2. Two comparatives: The sooner you start, the earlier youll finish The more you study, the more you learn. ECHO QUESTIONS (to show surpraise) Im vegetarian. Are you? Rise intonation To add emphasis (we normally use in present and past) QUESTION TAG (to check information) Shes a painter. Isnt she? Rise intonation If we genuinely dont know the answer To check the information. Or falling intonation: If we are not asking a real question but are just making conversation or asking something we know it is true, it sounds like a STATEMENT. EX. Its a beautiful day. Isnt it?

AUXILIARY VERBS (do, have, be, can, ..)

USOS: 1. en respuestas cortas en vez de yes or no (ejemplo 1) 2. evitar repetir el verbo principal (ejemplo 2) 3. con so y either para decir que t lo mismo: yo tambin o yo tampoco. So + auxiliary + subject (cuando el verbo es positivo) Either + auxiliary + subject (cuando el verbo es negativo) Ejemplo 3. Excepcin: my favourite Seaton is summer, is it? So is mine. Mine isnt. 4. hacer echo question PARA MOSTRAR INTEREST (ejemplo 4) 5. para MOSTRAR INTERES en FRASES AFIRMATIVAS. Con el presente y pasado simple, aadir (do, does, did) Ejemplo 5. 6. para hacer QUESTION TAGS. (positive question tag cuando el verbo va en negativa y al revs) Se pueden hacer para comprobar informacin, en este caso se pronuncia con raising intonation. O para ver si ests de acuerdo, ej. its a nice day, isnt it? En este caso es falling intonation.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

She has worked here hor 3 years For 3 years -----------------------------------------3 years ago-----------------------------now--------- We use the P.P. to talk about the duration of an action that started in the past and continuous up to and includes THE PRESENT. It is often used with SINCE and FOR. It is also used to talk about experiences people had at some time in their lives. Ex. Have you ever been to? FOR / SINCE She has worked here for 3 years Since 2011

For 3 years -------------------------------------Since 2011 ----3 years ago-----------------------------now----------

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. He has been drinking since 8 oclock. since 8oclock-----------------------------now---------o The P.P.C is used to talk about and activity that started in the past and continuous up to and includes the present. o We can use SINCE / FOR o Be careful state / action verb Agree Believe Know
4

2. He has been repairing the car. Hes filthy ---------------repairing----------------------------.activity stops..now (filthy) (two minutes ago, half an hour) The P.P.C. used to talk about the result of a recently stopped activity. The result of the activity is EVIDENCE in present.

NATIONALITIES
Always with Capital Letter. o Most nationalities can use either THE + adjective (The French) or adjective + people (French People). o To use adjectives as nouns: 1. The + adjective which nationalities ending in sh / -ch/ -ss/ -ese 2. Dont add S for plural or use them without The. Example: The English, The Dutch / The Chinese / The Spanish o Nationality words which end in -an and a few others are both adjectives and nouns: Example: The Italians / The Greeks / The Argentinians / The Russians / The Thais o Specific words for people
COUNTRY PEOPLE

Sweden Scotland Spain Denmark

The Swedes (swi:ds) The Scots The Spaniards (Spanish people, The Spanish, Spaniards) The Danes (deins)
5

Finland Poland

The Finns The Poles

o Specific groups (The + adjective) = nouns The sick / ill The old The injured The deaf The unemployed The blind The homeless Country/region America (The United States) Belgium Brazil Europe Italy Kenya Morocco Norway Palestine Russia Tyrol A FEW OTHERS: Greece Iraq Israel Thailand China Congo Switzerland Portugal Adjective American Belgian Brazilian European Italian Kenyan Moroccan Norwegian Palestinian Russian Tyrolean Greek Iraqi Israeli Thai Chinese Congolese Swiss Portuguese

or old people, unemployed people

Person An American A Belgian A Brazilian An European An Italian A Kenyan A Moroccan A Norwegian A Palestinian A Russian A Tyrolean A Greek An Iraqi An Israeli A Thai A Chinese A Congolese A Swiss A Portuguese

Population The Americans The Belgians The Brazilians The Europeans The Italians The Kenyans The Moroccans The Norwegians The Palestinians The Russians The Tyroleans The Greeks The Iraqis The Israelis The Thais The Chinese The Congolese The Swiss The Portuguese
6

Exceptions: Country/region Britain England France Ireland Spain The Netherlands /Holland Wales Denmark Finland Poland Scotland Sweden Turkey

Adjective British English French Irish Spanish Dutch Welsh Danish Finnish Polish Scottish, Scotch (whisky) Swedish Turkish

Person A British person (Briton, formal) An Englishwoman/ man A Frenchwoman/man An Irishwoman/man A Spaniard A Dutchwoman/man A Welshman/woman A Dane A Finn A Pole A Scot A Swede A Turk

Population The British The English The French The Irish The Spanish The Dutch The Welsh The Danes The Finns The Poles The Scots The Swedes The Turks

TALKING ABOUT PEOPLE IN GENERAL British people are polite The British are generally polite The British tend to be polite I think most British people are polite In general, British people are polite

ADJECTIVES (ORDER)
OPINION | SIZE | QUALITY | AGE | SHAPE | COLOUR / PATTERN| PARTICIPLE FORMS | ORIGIN | MATERIAL | TYPE | PURPOSE | NOUN

SINGULAR AND PLURAL

A.Usamos un nombre plural para una cosa que tiene dos partes:
Trousers, jeans, tights, shorts, pants ej. My trousers are too long. Pyjamas Glasses Binoculars Scissors Se puede decir: Those are nice jeans or Thats a nice pair of jeans I need some new glasses or I need a new pair of glasses

B.
o Algunos nombres finalizan en ics, pero no son normalmente plurales. Example: Athletics (atletismo) Economics (economa, ciencias econmicas) Electronics (electrnica) Gymnastics (gymnasia, agudeza mental) Maths (=mathematics) Physics (fsica) Politics (poltica) o News (No es plural) what time is the news on television? (not are the news) o Algunas palabras finalizan en s pueden ser singular o plural: Example: means a means of transport many means of transport series a television series two television series species a species of bird 200 species of bird

C.
o Algunos nombres singulars son frecuentemente usados con un verbo plural. Audience committee company family firm government staff team o Estos nombres son grupos de personas, pensamos en ellos como un grupo de personas: they, as que normalmente utilizamos el verbo plural: The government (=they) want to increase taxes. The staff at the school (=they) are not happy with their new working conditions. o De la misma manera, usamos un verbo plural despus de un equipo deportivo o una compaa: Italy are playing Brazil next week (in a football match). Shell have increased the price of petrol. o Es possible utilizar un verbo en singular: The government wants/ Shell has, o Utilizamos plural con polica: The police are investigating the murder, but havent arrested anyone yet. o Es singular cuando nos referimos solo a un polica: A policeman A police officer A policewoman
9

D. Person es singular y people plural

He is a nice person People dont have enough to eat.

E. Una suma (sum) de dinero, un periodo de tiempo, una distancia. Es

singular. Twenty thousand pounds (=it) was stolen in the robbery (robo, atraco). Three years is a long time to be without a job. Six miles is a long way to walk every day.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT PAST PERF CONTIN PAST SIMPL PAST CONTIN PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTIUOUS PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Ex. He had been waiting for a long time when she arrived. El llevaba esperando mucho tiempo cuando ella lleg.

TELLING A STORY
Stories normally start in past continuous after comes a phrase with past simple. Al contar la historia es importante utilizar diferentes tiempos verbales. Setting the scene: This happened to me when I was. I was. ing when. I .. because I had / hadnt. The main events I decided to. Because So then I Suddenly / At that moment. What happened in the end?
10

In the end. / Eventually, finally,. I felt. Ex. Verbs in past. One of two accused men was convicted at yesterdays trial. Although his lawyer defended him very well, he was still found guilty by the jury. The judge sentenced him to two years in prison. Hell probably be released after eighteen months. The other accused man was luckier. He was acquitted and left the courtroom smiling broadly.

PRONUNTIATION REGULAR VERBS Segn el ultimo sonido /T/

Unvoice No vibration /k/ walked /f/ /p/ stopped /ts/ /s/

/D/
voice vibration vowels (play)

/ED/
/t/ / d/

AT THE END / AT THE BEGINNING

At the end (of sthg), at the time when something ends. Ex. At the end of the month /course / lessons The opposite: At the beginning of IN THE END (finally) is the result of the situation (IN A STORY) Ex. We had a lot of problems with our car. We solved it in the end. The opposite: AT FIRST At first we didnt get on well, but in the end we became friends.

SO / SUCH. THAT
PARA EXPRESAR UNA CONSECUENCIA: SO + Adjective / Adverb. The film was so good (that) we went to see it again.
11

He drives so dangerously (that) nobody wants to go with him SO MUCH / SO MANY + noun There was so much traffic (that) we nearly missed our flight SUCH A + adjective + single countable noun It was such a good film (that) we went to see it again SUCH + adjective + uncountable or plural noun They played such awful music (that) nobody wanted to dance They were such beautiful shoes (that) I bought them

ADVERBS
ADJECTIVES Unfortunate Careful Angry Fast Hard Slow Good Bad True Happy Sensible Full Fantastic Friendly Likely Difficult Public Deep ADVERBS Unfortunately carefully Angrily Fast Hard, hardly (seldom) apenas, rara vez Slowly Well Badly truly happily Sensibly fully fantastically In a friendly way / in a friendly manner Probably With difficulty publicly Deep (place), deeply (feeling)
12

Direct High Late Most Near Pretty Short Look good (appearance) Feel good (state of health or mind) Smell good (odour) Taste good (preference) Extreme Glad

Direct, directly (soon) High (place) highly (figurative) Late, lately (recently) Most, mostly (usually) Near, nearly (almost = casi) Pretty (= rather), prettily Short, shortly (=soon) Look well (healthy) Feel well (to have a good sense of touch) Smell well (to have a good sense of smell) Taste well (to have a good sense of taste) extremely gladly

Los siguientes son adjetivos y adverbios:

Daily, hourly, weekly, monthly, yearly, early, late, far, long, fast , low , much, enough, little, straight, , ..

Types of adverbs and position in the phrase:

o Frequency (fricuensi): before main verb or after to be, ex. Always, sometimes, .. o Time: normally at the end, although sometimes at the beginning: ex. Immediately, last year, five minutes later, early. o Degree (describe o modifica al adjetivo): before the adjective. o Ex: so, very, increasingly (difficult), unbelievably (happy), really (hot), definitely, absolutely right, completely, particularly. o Comment (da una opinion de la frase): normally at the beginning. Ex: luckily, fortunately, unfortunately, obviously, honestly, constantly, apparently, frankly, normally, personally, surprisingly.
13

o Manner (indica cmo haces algo): Normally goes after main verb, slowly, angrily (she shouted angrily) but sometimes goes before main verb when we have past participle or passive, ex. A well written book. Example: She speaks English very well (good) She speaks very good English Difference between especially and specially: Especially is a connector Specially: with past participle or Im specially interested in. I like the pasta, especially the spaguetti Actually (achuali) = in fact (realmente, de hecho) Fortunately (forchunately) Tastefully (con elegancia, gusto), elegantly.

THE PASSIVE VOICE (USED FOR REPORTS IN NEWSPAPERS)

ACTIVE VOICE Shakespeare wrote Hamlet (subject + verb + object) PASSIVE VOICE Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. (subject + passive verb + agent object) FOLLOW 3 STEPS: 1. put the verb to be in the tense of the main verb. 2. put the main verb in the past participle. 3. count ( the passive always will have one more than in the active) The Agent object is optional (se pone cuando es importante la informacin) PASSIVE WITH 2 OBJECTS. Active voice: her friends gave her a present (her= indirect object; a present = direct object) Dos formas de hacerlo: A present was given to her by her friends She was given a present (esta es la forma ms comn en ingls)

TENSES
14

Present Simple Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: am/is/are Active voice: He sings a song. He does not sing a song.Does he sing a song? Passive voice: A song is sung by him. A song is not sung by him. Is a song sung by him?

Present Continuous Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: am being/is being/are being Active voice: I am writing a letter I am not writing a letter. Am I writing a letter? Passive voice: A letter is being written by me. A letter is not being written by me. Is a letter being written by me?

Present Perfect Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: has been/have been Active voice: She has finished his work She has not finished her work. Has she finished her work? Passive voice: Her work has been finished by her. Her work has not been finished by her. Has her work been finished by her?

Past Simple Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was/were Active voice: I killed a snake I did not kill a snake. Did I kill a snake? Passive voice: A snake was killed by me. A snake was not killed by me. Was a snake killed by me?

Past Continuous Tense (Passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was being/were being Active voice: He was driving a car. He was not driving a car. Was he driving a car? Passive voice: A car was being driven by him. A car was not being driven by him. Was a car being driven by him?

Past Perfect Tense (Passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: had been Active voice: Passive voice: They had completed the assignment. The assignment had been completed by They had not completed the them. assignment. The assignment had not been complete by 15

them. Had they completed the assignment? Had the assignment been completed by them? Future Simple Tense (Passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will be Active voice: She will buy a car. She will not buy a car. Will she buy a car? Passive voice: A car will be bought by her. A car will not be bought by her. Will a car be bought by her?

Future Perfect Tense (passive Voice) Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will have been Active voice: You will have started the job. You will have not started the job. Will you have started the job? Passive voice: The job will have been started by you. The job will not have been started by you. Will the job have been started by you?

When we are giving our opinin about the right way to punish someone:
he should be made to resign from his party he should be sent back to his country he should be banned for life from all football matches he should be fined 500 euros and lose her license for a year she should go to prison for 1 year they should be given political asylum she should be sent home without punishment debera dimitir de su partido debera ser enviado a su pas debera ser prohibido de por vida de los equipos de ftbol debera ser multado con 500 euros y perder su carnet durante 1 ao debera ir a prisin por un ao a ellos debera darle asilo poltico ella debera ser enviada a casa sin castigo
16

SE UTILIZA EN REPORTS:
It is said (that) the bridge is unsafe se dice (es ms importante la accin que la
persona) se dice que Other verbs: report, mention, announce, think, relieve, understand, agree,

decide, know, find, expect, hope, regret, fear, intend, arrange.

Ex. It is feared (se teme) It is thought (intended) that, se piensa que It is (was) agreed that this agreement is the bases (se acuerda (o se acord) que este acuerdo es la base.. It is decided that (se decide..)

He is said to have suffered a heart attack necesita un sujeto (se dice que el ha
sufrido un ataque al corazn) Other verbs: say, report, think, relieve, understand, know, find, expect and Intend.. More examples: the bridge is said to be unsafe the company is thought to be planning a new advertising campaign the home team had been expected to win easily story with verbs in the passive. Ladies and gentlemen, I can now confirm that two dangerous criminals have escaped from Prison. Security arrangements at the prison are being investigated to find out exactly how they escaped, but they are thought to have escaped through the air-conditioning system. Floriano is understood to be one of the engineers who installed the air-conditioning system five years ago. His afternoon a semi-automatic rifle was stolen from a pet shop near the main highway, so I must warn members of the public not to approach these men, as it is believed that they are armed. According to witnesses the two men are reported to be still wearing prison clothes. It is thought that they are heading in the direction of the Everglades swamp to make it harder for tracker dogs to find them. The public should not panic it is expected that these two dangerous men will be recaptured within the next 24 hours.

8.-FUTURO
17

ESQUEMA DE FUTURO:
o BE GOING TO
1. General plans (New Years resolutions) Im going to quit smoking 2. Predictions: you makes a prediction with evidence: its going to rain

o PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. with go and come Im going to the cinema tonight 2. B.- arrangements (planes con detalles: hora, da, gente, lugar,) On Friday Im having dinner at 10 at Marys house

o WILL
1.- When you take a decision at the moment at speaking Ex. Ordering in a Restaurant : Ill have a sandwich Ex. Ill call you tomorrow (despes de un encuentro no planeado) Ex. Ill send you a e-mail with this file 2. When you are not sure about your plans: MAYBE / PERHAPS Ex. At Christmas maybe Ill travel 3.- PREDICTIONS: You make a prediction without evidences) For example: Madrid will win the cup For example: horoscope: youll find someone. 4. PROMISE (I wont do it again) 5.- OFFER

Ill go to the supermarket to buy some food Ill help you Ill carry it
6. SUGGEST (SHALL) Shall we go to the cinema? Shall I help you? Shall I open the door? Three things are necessary to use shall:
18

1- We need a question ? 2- We need a suggestion or an offer 3- First person of singular or plural

TYPES OF FUTURE:
o FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL + VERB) Future simple + time expression = an action will start at that future time It will snow tomorrow o FUTURE CONTINUOUS (WILL + BE + VERB (-ING) Future continuous + time expression = an action will be in progress at the future time. Next week Ill be lying on the beach o FUTURE PERFECT (WILL + HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE) Future perfect + time expression = an action will be finished at the latest ( como mucho) by that time. By tomorrow evening it will have snowed.

TAKE
Take risk = arriesgarse (take the risk = correr el riesgo) Take decisions = tomar decisiones Take (climate change) seriously = tomar seriamente Take after = parecerse a Take it (things) easy = tomarse las cosas ms tranquilamente Take notice = fijarse en, poner atencin Take care = cuidarse Take your time = toma tu tiempo Take advantage = aprovecharse (take advantage of = sacar provecho de) Take part (in a demonstration= manifestacin) tomar parte Take up = empezar un hobby Take place (= to happen) =tener lugar

LIKELY / PROBABLY
(Es problabe) o It seems probable that he will arrive tomorrow (dont use for speaking, its too formal, only for writing) o He is likely to arrive tomorrow LIKELY TO + INFINITIVE Adjective o He will probably arrive tomorrow PROBABLY + MAIN VERB Adverb
19

BUT in negative sentence: He probably wont come tomorrow (position of probably, before the auxiliary verb. Pag 69 teacher book

Conectors:
According to = segn, para introducer ideas (according to doctors, stress) Instead (of) = en vez de, we went to the park instead. Instead of going .. However = sin embargo, aade ideas introduciendo un contraste In Fac = de hecho, enfatiza o aade nuevos detalles Whereas = mientras que, compara dos opiniones: I love meat whereas my husband is a complete vegetarian. Although = aunque, contrasta dos frases. Although she was ill, she went to work (need ,) Since = because, as. Eg. Since Jonh cant come, well go.

FIRST CONDITIONAL Cuando una situacin es real o posible

Any kind of present any kind of futre

If + present simple,
Present continuous Present perfect

will
going to present continuous Future continuous Future perfect Imperative

Time clauses:
Before After When As soon as Until In case

present simple present continuous present perfect

Dont let children play near swimming pool unless you are playing with them Unless an adult is with them
20

Never leave a dog locked up in a car if you arent buying near there. If you have left for a long time If its very hot If its rather nervous Keep a first aid kit in your house in case you have an accident You shouldnt leave children alone in the house until they have grown up Until they are responsible enough Always unplug electrical appliances as soon as you have finished using them. Always keep medicines in a safe place in case some child takes them by mistake. Dont allow strangers into your house unless they are family of yours friends They are wearing smart clothes and a nice smile. They are selling something interesting They are offering you a reduction your electrical bill. If you are frying something and the oil catches fire, youll have to do something quickly to put it out.(apagar el fuego).

SECOND CONDITIONAL
USES: IF YOU ARE GIVING ADVICE: if I were you FOR UNREAL SITUATIONS: If I were a colour / an animal. IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD COULD SHOULD

THIRD CONDITIONAL
USES: REGRET ABOUT THE PAST. IF + PAST PERFECT + WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE COULD HAVE SHOULD HAVE

21

MODAL VERBS MODAL OF DEDUCTION

USES: HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS, DISCUSSING A DIFFICULT SITUATION AND SPECULATING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES OF PAST ACTIONS.

MUST: to say that something is logically necessary or that we suppose it is certain. (its
the strongest). MAY: (50% chance), in negative: MAY NOT MIGHT (a smaller chance) in negative: MIGHT NOT Examples: According to the radio, it may rain today. It might even snow. She may be at home (50% chance) Ann might be there too (a smaller chance)

CANT (CANNOT for formal expressions) MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST (NEW THIS YEAR)
SPECULATING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES OF PAST ACTIONS MUST MAY MIGHT CANT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Examples: Someone must have move them You should have known that It might have been worst SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
modal verb + have + past participle
Perfect Modal Picture sentence

could have _____ couldn't have _____

past ability

The boy could have done the dishes himself, but his father decided to help.

22

should have ____ shouldn't have ____

You did or didn't do something that was a good idea.

The girl shouldn't have spun around so many times. She fell down. spin: turn around many times. spin / spun / spun

would have ____ wouldn't have ____

past condition / past situation This house of cards would have fallen over if the person who built it hadn't been so careful.

may have _____ may not have _____

past possibility

My grandfather may have used this camera when he was a young man, but I'm not sure.

might have ______ might not have _____

past possibility

Her mother might have put mustard on her sandwich. She hopes not.

must have ____ must not have ___

past probability. This indicates that something probably happened in the past.

They must have practiced a lot because they're very good musicians.

All modal perfect auxiliary verbs refer to the past. FORM: Modal + Have (Infinitive) + Past Participle
23

1. must have done = we are almost sure something happened in the past

Jane wasn't feeling well yesterday. She must have caught a cold. Bill didn't answer the phone when I called him. He must have fallen asleep.

2. can't have done = we are almost sure something did not happen in the past

She can't have forgotten to send you an invitation. I gave her your address. They can't have gone to bed late. They were very tired.

3. may / might / could have done = it is possible that something happened in the past but we aren't sure.

Laura hasn't arrived yet. She may/might/could have missed the bus. I didn't see Paul at work. He may/might/could have been ill.

4. could have done = we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it.

You could have told us about the new project! She could have called me when she arrived but she forgot.

5. should have / ought to have done = (a) it was the right thing to do but we didn't do it. (b) we expected something to happen but it didn't.

You should have told him the truth. They ought to have received the cheque by now.

6. would have done = we wanted to do something but we didn't do it in the end.

They would have emailed you but the Internet was down yesterday. I would have bought that DVD but I didn't have enough money.

7. needn't have done = it wasn't necessary to do something but we did it.

You needn't have gone to the supermarket. I've already done the shopping. The weather was warm and sunny. I needn't have taken an umbrella.

VERBS OFTEN CONFUSED

NOTICE / REALIZE
notice: to see, hear, or feel something o He spilled the tea, but Mrs. Whitley did not notice. o You may notice a numb feeling in your fingers. o He was too tired even to notice how tired and hungry he was. o Did you notice him leaving the party early? realize 1: to know and understand the importance of something
24

(darse cuenta o ser consciente)

o o o

Do you realize that you are an hour late? I realize how much she means to you. None of us realized the danger we were in.

realize 2: to start to know something that you had not noticed before
o

I suddenly realized that he was crying.

RAISE / RISE
(reis / rais) Raise (raised) (verb transitive and require and object. She raised her hand to answer the question. Rise (rose-risen) is an intransitive verb and not require and object. The sun rises every morning. (el sol sale cada maana) He likes rising with the sun (a l le gusta levantarse con el sol) Cuidado con la pasiva: At major sporting events the flag is also raised as the anthem is sung. The flag es el direct object, pore so se utiliza raise.

ARGUE / DISCUSS
Argue: When you argue, you are trying to persuade the other person to agree with your point of view. You might even get angry! Discuss: When you discuss, you consider different points of view, and nobody gets angry. Having a conversation.

AVOID / PREVENT
Avoid he avoided talking to me (+ verb en ing) Prevent eating healthy prevents heart diseases.

REMEMBER / REMIND
Remind: Use 'remind' to indicate that someone has reminded someone else to do something. Use the phrasal verb 'remind of' to indicate that someone or something else reminds you of someone or something else. Jane reminded me to get him something for his birthday. She reminded me of my sister.
25

Important Note: 'Remind' always takes an object. 'Remember' is used when a person remembers to do something on his or her own. 'Remember' is also used to express recollections of a past event. I remembered to post the letters. I remember studying all night long for exams. Important Note:'Remember + Infinitive (to do)' refers to someone who remembers to do something. 'Remember + Gerund (ing form)' refers to a memory of a past event.

EXPECT AND HOPE

"Expecting is mental rather than emotional. If I "expect something to happen, I have a good reason to think it will in fact happen. (pueden ir seguidos de infinitive con to) Antes del objeto directo no lleva preposicin He expects a victory Shes expecting a baby Hope is more emotional. Puede ir seguido de infinitive con to. Antes de objeto directo lleva for. She hopes itll be a girl He hopes for a victory

MIND / MATTER
Dont matter is irrelevant (no importa) Dont mind, I dont bother it (no me molesta)

HEAR / LISTEN TO
Hear: We use hear for sounds that come to our ears, without us necessarily trying to hear them! For example, 'They heard a strange noise in the middle of the night.' Listen: is used to describe paying attention to sounds that are going on. For example, 'Last night, I listened to my new Mariah Carey CD.'

LOOK / SEEM
Look We use look when talking about something that we can physically see with our eyes. For example:
26

I saw a picture of Bills new house. It looks really nice. This looks like a really expensive restaurant. I think we should go to another place. Seem We use seem when talking about a situation that we have experienced for a very short time and we want to give our impression of it. For example: I only talked to the new manager for a couple of minutes, but she seems really nice. Ive only just arrived in this city, but it seems like a really good place to live.

WOULD RATHER (usar en escritos nivel 4)

I would prefer to go on holidays in July Preferira ir I would rather go on holidays in July Prefererira ir ( would rather + infinitive without to) Id rather go (more usual in English) Negative: I would rather not go on WOULD RATHER. THAN I would rather walk than take the bus Preferira caminar a tomar el autobs.

HAD BETTER (usar en escritos nivel 4)

I should go now Debera ir ahora I had better go now Debera ir ahora ( had better + inifinitive without to) a veces es un strong warning (se usa para enfatizar ms la frase) Negative: I had better not go now

SENSES
Sight (vista)..... look (mirar, verse) Taste (tacto)... Taste (saber) Smell (olfato) ..smell (oler) Hearing (odo).....sound (sonar, escucharse) Sense of touch (sent del tacto. Feel (sentirse, percibirse) Look Taste
27

Smell + adjective (ex. You look nice) Sound Feel Look Taste Smell + like + noun (ex. You look like a teacher) Sound (ex. It sounds like a thunder) Feel Look Taste Smell + as if+ clause (normally is present continuous or present perfect) Sound or + as though + clause Feel Ex. It feels as if its made of silk It smells as if its for a teenager They make me feel as if Im 60 years old

DESCRIBING PICTURES
Use: at the top, at the bottom, in the background, in the foreground. On the right, on the left,. But also: Speculating: might be / may be/ could be/ must be Focus on the people and their body language, say who you think they are and what you think theyre doing She looks beautiful (repasar emotions) She looks like a rich woman She looks as if shes waiting for someone.

INFINITIVE TO
1.- After an adjective Ex. Its difficult to study the list

GERUND -ING
1.- After a preposition Ex. It depends on learning it well

2.- Purpose 2.- As a subject Ex. Im going to mercad to buy some Ex. Smoking is bad for you food. Also we can indicate purpose with for For buying some food. 3. List (hope, need, want.) 3.- List (like, enjoy,..)
28

Aclaracin PURPOSE:

1.- FOR
To describe the purpose of SOMETHING Ex. What is a hair dryer for? A hair dryer is for drying hair. What is this program for? This computer program is for editing videos My lips are for kissing! Be quiet! A library is for studying, not for socializing! use For + -ing.

2.- TO
To describe the purpose of SOMEONE use infinitive. Ex. what do you use the hair dryer for? I use the hair dryer to dry my hair Why did you go to the store? I went to the store to buy some milk. I use my lips to kiss Be quiet! I come to the library to study, not to socialize.

LIST
Verbs with to Decide to Want to Forget to Remind to Help to Refuse to Hope to Advise to Learn to Invited to Need to Agree Offer to appear Plan to Be able to Pretend Cant wait Teach tend threaten Verbs with ing Enjoy Admit Finish Avoid Go on Cant help Hate Cant stand Like Carry on Love Deny Dont mind Fancy Spend Give up Stop Keep on Risk suggest

29

Promise to Where to go Would like to Cant afford Used to

I wasnt used to

Decide Expect happen have manage seem

Keep miss regret

Look forward to Its worth going

I think running

Imagine Involve Mind miss Postpone practise

o We can use these 3 verbs with to and -ing without changing their meaning: BEGIN START CONTINUE o These 3 verbs change their meaning if we use them with to or -ing: REMEMBER TRY FORGET o With the following verbs, we use infinitive without to MAKE LET WOULD RATHER HAD BETTER o With these verbs we you are speaking in general, we use ing: LOVE, LIKE, HATE, PREFER, ENJOY Ex. I like reading I love swimming But if you are speaking about specific, we use to (although we always can use ing and it will be ok). Ex. I like to read Jane Austens novels I like to swim in my pool

30