Chapter 2

MOTION IN ONE DIMENTION

STANDARD of COMPETENCY : 2. to apply the principles and concepts of basic
kinematics and the dynamics of a point object.


BASE COMPETENCE : 2.1 analysing the physical quantities of linear motion with
constant velocity and acceleration


INDICATOR : After learn this topic hope learner be able to
- To analyse physics quantities of the ULM.
- To analyse physics quantities of the UALM.
- To analyse graph of linear motion with constant velocity.
- To analyse graph of linear motion with constant
acceleration.


PREREQUISITE ABILITY

To simplify your understanding learn the module, we hope you has understood basic
mathematics related to this topic especially algebra.

PRETEST
Please answer a question below as pretest:
A student is ordered by his/her father buy a string 20 in length and 4 in quantity. Predict
what will happening to the student, because his/her father did not explain units of string
length and quantity.


Physics I for Senior High School Year X 22
MOTION IN ONE DIMENTION

If we notice our surrounding, everything is
moving. An object is considered moving when its
position to a reference point always changes.
Motion is relative. It means it depends on the
reference point being used.

A. Distance and Displacement

Distance is
total length of a
path taken by a
moving object
without
considering the
direction of
motion. Distance
is scalar quantity.
Displacemen
t is change of
position from
initial position to
final position.
Displacement is
vector quantity.
Position of an
object is
determined
relatively from a
reference point,
so does the direction of displacement.

In one dimension motion, its direction
represented by positive and negative sign.
Displacement is positive when the object moves to the
right and negative when it moves to the left. If an
object moves from position x1 to position x2, its
displacement Ax is written as:
Ax = x2x1. ~2.1]






FIGURE 2.2 One dimensional coordinate system.

If point 0 in Figure 2.2 is taken as the reference
point, the position of point B is XB = +3 cm, point C is
xC. = +5 cm, and point A is XA = 2 cm (note: the sign
+ may not be written)

The displacement from B to C is:
Ax BC = XC XB
Ax BC = 5 cm 3 cm =2 cm, (2 cm to the right)

But, the displacement from C to B is:
AXCB = XB XC
= 3 cm 5 cm = 2 cm (2 cm to the left).

The displacement from B to A is:

AXBA = XA - XB

= 2 cm 5 cm 7 cm, (7 cm to the left).

But, the displacement from A to B is:
AXAB = XB XA
= 5 cm (2 cm) = 7 cm, (7 cm to the right)

Example 2.1

Suppose in Figure 2.1 an ant, initially at B, moves
straight to A, then turns to O and stops.
Determine :
(a) distance and,
(b) displacement of the ant.
Answer:
(a) Distance is the total length of path taken by a
moving object without considering its direction.
Hence, the distance taken by the ant from B to A
then to 0 is the length of BA added by the length
of AO,
d= BA + AO = 7 cm + 2 cm = 9 cm.

(b) Displacement only depends on the initial and
final position. Thus, in this case, we only need the
initial position, which is xB = +5 cm, and the final
position, which is x0 =0 cm. The displacement is
XBAO = xOxB = 0 cm- 5 cm = -5 cm.

Thus, the displacement of the ant is 5 cm to the
left.

Exercise 2.1

1 On a circular track with diameter of 200 m a
runner exercises by running 3 laps Determine the
distance and displacement taken by the runner.

2 From point (0, 0) in Cartesian coordinate a
termite moves in a straight line to point (0, 12)
then turns right and stops at point (16, 12)
Determine the distance and displacement taken
by the termite


B. Speed and Velocity

Speed (v) is a scalar quantity, whereas
velocity (v) is vector quantity. Speedometer on a
motorcycle shows the speed of the motorcycle,
not the velocity. It shows only the magnitude of
the velocity, but not the direction.

Figure 2.1 Everything surround us is
moving i.e (a) F1 car and (b) train.
(a)
(b)
D A 0 B C
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 X(cm)
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 23
1. Average Speed and Average Velocity

Average speed (v) is the ratio between
distance and time interval (At) needed to get the
distance. Mathematically, it is written as follows :

v =
t
d
interval time
distance
=

Average velocity (v ) is defined as the ratio
between displacement (Ax) and time interval (At)
needed to get the displacement. Mathematically,
it is written as follows
v =
t
x
A
A


2. Instantaneous Velocity and Instantaneous
Speed


Every moving
object has
instantaneous
velocity, the velocity
at a certain time.
Instantaneous velocity
is average velocity in a
very short time
interval.
Mathematically, it is
written :
v =
t
x
t
A
A
A 0
lim

Instantaneous speed is the magnitude of
instantaneous velocity. Instantaneous speed is a
scalar, whereas instantaneous velocity is a vector
quantity. In everyday life, if it is only called
velocity, then it means instantaneous velocity

Example 2.2

An object moves straight to the right and takes a
distance of 50 m in 12 s. Then the object turns in the
opposite direction and moves on the same path in 3 s.
What is its
(a) average speed
(b) average velocity?
Answer:
(a) Its total distance is 50 m + 10 m = 60 m, and
its total time is 12 s + 3 s = 15 s. Thus, its
average speed is (60 m)/(15 s) = 4 m/s.
(b) To calculate its average velocity, first we
calculate its displacement:

Ax = x2x1 = (+50m) + (l0 m) = + 40 m.
V =
t
x
A
A
=
s
m
15
40 +
= + 2.7 m/s

Exercise 2.2

1 A particle moves along X-axis Initially, it is
at x1 = +27 m on t1 = 1 s After t2 = 4 s, its
position is x2 = +34 m. Calculate its
displacement and average velocity for time
interval between t1 and t2.

2 A boy rides a bicycle for 1 hour with speed
of 7 km/hour He continues to ride for 3
hours with the speed of 6 km/hour and then
for 2 hours with the speed of 10 km/hour.
Calculate the distance traveled by the boy.

C. Acceleration

In everyday life, there are rarely moving objects
with constant speed. If an object moves, its velocity or
direction is always changes. A moving object with
changing velocity is called having acceleration. Like
velocity, acceleration is a vector quantity.

1. Average Acceleration

Average acceleration (a) is defined as the ratio
between the change in velocity (Av = v2 v1) and its
time interval (At = t2 t1), it is written as
a =
1 2
1 2
t t
v v
t
V

=
A
A


Example 2.3

A minibus moves with initial
velocity of 20 m/s. After 10
seconds, its velocity changes to
40 m/s. Calculate its average
acceleration.
Answer:
v1 = 20 m/s; v 2 = 40 m/s
At = 10 s
a =
s
s m s m
t t
v v
t
V
10
/ 20 / 40
=

=
A
A
1 2
1 2
= 2 ms
-2


2. Instantaneous Acceleration

Average acceleration does not describe the
acceleration at a certain time since in some occasion,
acceleration always changes. So, how to determine the
acceleration of a moving object at a certain time?
Acceleration of an object at a certain time or
known as instantaneous
acceleration is defined as the
limit of average acceleration
when At approaches zero. It is
mathematically written as:
a =
t
v
t
A
A
A 0
lim
Figure 2.3 Speedometer on
motorcycles shows speed, not
velocity
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 24

Exercise 2.3

1. A bike rider who is
initially at rest starts to
ride his bike on a straight
road with average
acceleration of 1 m/s
What is the velocity of the
bike after 11 seconds?

2. A trishaw rider who is
riding his trishaw with velocity of 10.8 km/hour
starts to decelerate his trishaw when approaching
the trishaw pole and stops after 12 seconds. What
is its average acceleration (or average
deceleration)?


D. Linear Motion with Constant Velocity

In linear motion with constant velocity, the
magnitude and direction of the velocity of a
moving object is always constant. Since its
velocity is constant, then its average and
instantaneous velocity are always the same. In
this case, the magnitude of its velocity is the
same as its speed. And the magnitude of its
displacement is the same as its traveled distance.

We can see
clearly the
relation between
the quantities
involved in linear
motion with
constant speed in
form of a graph.
Figure 2.4 shows
x-t graph, the relation between distance (x) and
time (t) in linear motion with constant velocity.
The gradient of the graph defines the speed (the
magnitude of velocity), which is:
tan o =
t
x
= v.

Figure 2.5 shows the relation between speed
(v) and time (t). It
can be seen that
the speed is
always constant to
the time. The area
under the graph
represents the
distance traveled
or the magnitude
of displacement (x) as the equation:

x = v t
If the initial distance of an object from a
reference point is x0, after t seconds the distance
(x) from the reference point is:
x = x0
+ vt.

In vector notation, if initial position of an
object is x0, then after t seconds its position is


Example 2.4

Rudi and Anna initially are separated each other
at a distance of 1000 m. Rudi and Anna move
with velocity of 8 m/s and 4 m/s respectively.
When and where do Rudi and Anna meet if both
of them move approaching each other and Anna
departs 70 s earlier?

Answer:
Anna departs 70 s earlier, so tA = tR + 70. It
means, if Anna moves for t seconds then Rudi
moves after (t+70) seconds, 70 seconds longer
than Anna.
Anna and Rudi will meet if
XRd = XAn (xo)Rd + VRd tRd = (xO)An + VAn tAn
0 + 8t Rd = 1.000 + (4) (tRd + 70)
8tRd = l.0004(tRd+70)
8tRd = 1.0004 tRd 280 12 tRd = 720
tRd = 60s XRd = (x0) + VRdtRd =0 + (8) (60) = 480 m.
Thus, both of them will meet at a distance of 480 m
from the place where Rudi departs.

Exercise 2.4

I A car moves on Kaliputu Highway At a distance of
10 km from the gate, it moves with constant
velocity of 90 km/hour for 15 minutes Calculate
its position after 1 S minutes Also calculate its
distance traveled for 15 minutes

2. Two particles A and B are initially separated at a
distance of 1200 m each other Particle A moves
with velocity of 10 m/s and particle B moves with
velocity of 5 m/s When and where do both of
them meet if they move approaching each other
and depart at the same time
7


3 Indra rides a bike and travels a distance of 1400 m
with speed of 60 m/s Ivan catches him by bike
after Indra departs 1 minute earlier Both of them
reach the same place on the same time What is the
average speed of Ivan
7


4 Two racers ride their vehicles on a straight race
track A is at 1,600 m before the finish line, while B
is at 200 m behind A What is the speed of B so it
can reach the finish line on the same time as A?

x
t
0
o
Figure 2.4 Graph of distance versus time
in linier motion with constant velocity
v
t
0
Figure 2.5 Graph of speed versus time in
linier motion with constant velocity
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 25
E. Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration

If an object
moves linearly with
constant acceleration,
then its instantaneous
acceleration (a) is the
same as its average
acceleration (a),
a = a =
t
y
A
A



Suppose a particle moves with constant
acceleration of a. If the particle initially moves with
velocity of v0, then after time t its velocity becomes:

vt = v0 + at

The relation between velocity arid time in a
linear motion with constant acceleration can be seen
from Figure 2.5. The magnitude of acceleration can be
determined base on the gradient of the graph.
Meanwhile, the distance traveled by the particle (x)
can be determined base on the area under the graph.
With initial velocity of v0 final velocity of vt and
time interval of t, the distance traveled by the particle
can be calculated by:

X = V0 t +
2
1
at
2


Note that the right hand side of the equation is
the area of trapezoid under the v-t graph in Figure 2.4.

By substituting Equation X and Vt,

vt
2
= v0
2
+ 2ax.

Example 2.5
A motorcycles
moves with velocity
of 27 km/hour.
Then, it is
accelerated with
acceleration of 2
m/s
2
. Calculate (a)
velocity and (b) distance traveled in 5 s after the
van being accelerated.

Answer:
v0 = 27 km/hour = 7.5 m/s
a = 2 m/s
2

(a). v = v0 + at
= 7.5m/s + (2m/s
2
)(5s)
= 17.5 m/s.
(b). x = x0 + v0 t + at
2

= 0 + (7.5 m/s) (5 s) + (2 m/s
2
) (5 s)
2

= 62.5 m.

Exercise 2.5

1 A motorcycle moves with initial velocity of
v0 After 1 minute it has traveled 1 km far
with final velocity of 30 m/s Calculate v0 and
its acceleration

2 A horse runs with velocity of 25 m/s After
traveling for 500 m far its velocity becomes
10 m/s Calculate its acceleration.

3 A car moves with velocity of 72 km/hour
Since it is approaching a traffic light, it is
decelerated if the distance of the traffic from
the car is 100 m, what should the
deceleration be so that it stops exactly in
front of the traffic light
~

F. Vertical Motion

Vertical motion can be distinguished into
free fall motion, upward vertical motion and
downward vertical motion.

1. Free Fall Motion

The term free fall can be considered as
falling without initial velocity. Some decades
ago, Galileo found a fact that every object
falling freely has the same acceleration. This
acceleration is called the earth gravitational
acceleration.
Then, what is the meaning of free fall
motion? Free fall motion is downward vertical
motion with zero initial velocity and constant
acceleration which is the same as the Earth
gravitational acceleration, g.
Thus, free fall motion is linear motion with
constant acceleration with V0 = 0 and a = g.
Hence, the equations for linear motion with
constant acceleration can also be used in this free
fall motion.

But, in vertical motion, including free fall
motion, besides the symbol for a is replaced by g,
the distance quantity (x) is usually replaced by
height (h), as in the following equations:


Vt = gt
h = gt
2

V
2
= 2gh



Vt
V0
V
t
time
Figure 2.6 Graph of velocity (v)
versus time (t) in linier motion
with constant acceleration
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 26
Example 2.6
A coconut falls from the
height of 20 m. (a) How
long does it take to reach
the ground? (b) What is its
velocity before it hits the
ground?
Answer:
h =20 m; g = l0 m/s
2

(a) h =gt
2
T =
2
s m g
h
/ 10
) 20 )( 2 ( 2
= = 2s

(b) Its velocity before it hits the ground is v = gt
= (10 m/s
2
)(2 s) = 20 m/s.

2. Upward Vertical Motion

Upward vertical motion is vertical motion at
an object thrown upward with initial velocity.
The speed of the object decreases until zero
before it finally falls freely. In this case, the
gravitational acceleration is negative since it is in
the opposite direction to the motion.

Upward vertical motion is also linear
motion with constant acceleration, with V0 = 0
and a = g.
In upward vertical motion the following
equations are used:
vt = v0gt
h = v0 t gt
2

vt
2
= Vo
2
+ 2gh

Example 2.7
An iron ball is fired vertically from the ground
with velocity of 10 m/s. How long does it take to
reach its maximum height? (g = 10 m/s
2
).
Answer:
The maximum height is reached when vt = V0
gt = 0 or when gt = V0 or t = v0/g. With v0 =20
m/s, we get: t = (20 m/s)/(l0 m/s
2
) = 2s.
Hence, the maximum height is
hmax= v0 tgt
2

= (20 m/s)(2 s) (10 m/s
2
)(2 s)
2

= 40 m20 m 20 m.

3. Downward Vertical Motion

Downward vertical motion is the vertical motion
of an object thrown downward with initial velocity.
Downward vertical motion is linear motion with
constant acceleration, with V0 = 0 and a = g. In
downward vertical motion the following equations
are used:
Vt=V0+gt ~2.201
ht = v0t+gt
2
~2.21]
Vt
2
= V0
2
+ 2 gh ~2.22]
Example 2.8

A diver jumps from diving
board at the height of 8 m
with initial velocity of 6 m/s.
If g = 10 m/s
2
, determine the
velocity as the diver reaches
the water.

Answer:
h = 8 m; v0 = 6m/s; g = l0
m/s
2

The above problem can be
solved using downward
vertical motion:
Vt
2
= V0
2
+ 2gh
Vt
2
= (6 m/s)
2
+ 2(10 m/s
2
) (8 m)
Vt
2
= 36 m
2
/s
2
+ 160 m
2
/s
2
= 196 m
2
/s
2
Vt = 14 m/s.


Exercise 2.6
1. An object is released without initial velocity from
a high building. Determine the object position
after l s, 2 s and 3 s. (g = l0 m/s
2
)

2. Ball A is thrown vertically upward with
acceleration of 20 m/s from the ground. Ball B is
released vertically downward from the height of
80 m with the same initial velocity. At what
position both of them will meet?

3. Stone A is released freely from the height of l00
m. After I second ball B is thrown downward
with velocity of 20 m/s. Determine the position
where they will meet.

4. What velocity should an object be thrown
upward so it reaches the maximum height of 70
m? How long does it move in the air? (g = 10
m/s
2
).


G. Circular Motion

Circular motion is the
motion of an object on a
circular path. Circular motion
can be distinguished in two
motions: uniform circular
motion and accelerated
uniform circular motion. For
this moment, we will only discuss the uniform
circular motion.

1. Quantities in Uniform Circular Motion

There are several quantities needed to be known
in discussing uniform circular motion, they are:
period, frequency, linear velocity and angular
velocity.
Period (T) is time needed to do a full revolution,
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 27
while frequency f is the number of revolution in each
second. Thus, in this case we have:
f =
T
1
or T=
f
1

Figure 2.8
shows a ball moves
circularly in one
revolution from
point P back to
point P. The path
has radius of R so
the length of the
path in one full
revolution is 2tR,
which is the
circumference of
the circle. If one
revolution is traveled in T second (so the period
is T second), the magnitude of its linear velocity
(v) is:
V =
time
path of length
=
T
R t 2

Angular velocity (e) shows the angle
traveled each unit of time. The angle for one full
revolution is 2t rad, so if the period is T then:
e =
T
t 2
rad/s. ~2.251
Based on the relation between period and
frequency, the angular velocity can be also
expressed as:
e = 2tf. ~2.26]
What is the relation between angular velocity
and linear velocity in circular motion? For
circular motion on path with radius of R, the
relation between linear velocity (v) and angular
velocity (e) is:

V = e R or e =
R
v


2. Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform circular motion is circular motion
with constant angular velocity. Angular velocity
is a vector quantity so the term constant here
means constant direction and magnitude.
In uniform circular motion, linear velocity is
constant only for its magnitude, but its direction
changes by the path (see Figure 2.6). The change
in direction for the linear velocity gives
acceleration directed to the center of the circular
path. The acceleration is called centripetal
acceleration (as).

For uniform circular motion with path radius
of R and linear velocity of v, the magnitude of
the centripetal acceleration (asp) can be
expressed as :
asp =
R
v
2

Based on the relation between linear velocity
(v) and angular velocity (e), the magnitude of
centripetal acceleration can also be expressed as :
asp = e
2
R
And, based on the relation between
angular velocity (w) and period (T), the
magnitude of centripetal acceleration can also be
expressed as
asp =
2
2
T
t 4
R

Example 2.9

An object has uniform
circular motion with path
radius of 0.25 m. In 5
seconds the object has
moved in 10 full
revolutions. Determine:
(a) period and frequency
of the motion, (b) its
linear velocity and
angular velocity.
Answer:
R = 0.25 m; 10 revolutions are done in 5 seconds
(a). T = 5s/10 = 0.5 sekon
f = 1/T = 2Hz.
(b) v = 2 tfR
v = 2t (2 Hz)(0.25 m) = t m/s = 3.14 m/s
(c) m =
m
s m
R
v
25 . 0
/ 14 . 3
= = 12.56 rad/s.

Example 2.10

A wheel with radius of 20cm rotates with angular
velocity of 6,000 rpm (rotation per minute). Calculate:
(a) its frequency and period, and
(b) linear velocity at a point on its edge.
Answer: 0
R = 20 cm = 0.20 m,
e = 6.000 rpm x
s
rad
60
2t

R = 20 t rad/s
(a) e = 2 tf so
f = e/2t = (200t rad/s)/(2 t rad)
f =100 Hz
T = 1/f = 1/(100 Hz) = 0.01 s

(b) Linear speed of a point in the edge of the wheel:
v = e R = (200t rad/s) (0.2 m) = 40 t m/s
2.8 Circular motion on a path
with radius of R.
v
v
v
v
R
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 28
Example 2.11

The orbit of the moon in revolving the earth is a
circle with radius of 384,000 km. Moon
revolution period is 27.3 days. What is its
centripetal acceleration?
Answer:
R = 384,000 km = 3.84 x 10
8
m
T = 27.3 days = 27.3 x 24 x 3.600 s = 2.36 x 10
6

s
V=
6
8
10 . 36 . 2
) 10 . 84 . 3 )( 14 . 3 )( 2 2 m
T
R
=
t

V = 1.02x10
3
m/s.
asp =
6
8 2
2
2
10 36 . 2 (
) 10 84 . 3 ( ) 14 . 3 )( 4 ( 4
x
m x
T
R
=
t

asp = 2.71 x l0
-3
m/s
2
.

Exercise 2.7

1. A wheel rotates with velocity of 600 rpm.
Determine:
a Its frequency and period,
b. Its angular velocity (in rad/s),
c. linear velocity of a point at the edge of the
wheel if the radius is 15 cm

2. A ball moves in uniform circular motion with
radius of the path is 30 cm During 2 s it does
10 revolution. Calculate
a. its period and frequency
b. its linear velocity c its centripetal
acceleration

3. Maximum velocity of a train is 180 km/hour
Each turn on the track is designed so that
when the train passes it, the passengers do
not feel acceleration more than 0.6 times the
earth gravitational acceleration (g = 9.8
m/s
2
). Calculate the minimum radius of the
turn.

4. On a disc having 6,000 rotations per minute
there is a particle at 10 cm from its rotation
axis. Calculate the centripetal acceleration
experienced by the particle











Case Study

The motion of a toy car on a linear track is shown
on the following x-t graph.









Discussion Material:
1. What is the velocity of the toy car after moving
for 4 s?
2. When does the toy car moving under the
constant velocity?
3. How long does the toy car stop before move
with constant velocity?
V(m/s)
t(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4
3
2
1
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 29
Chapter 2 Evaluation


a. Multiple Choice

Choose the correct answer.

1. Look at the following figure





An object moves from R to S then to T, and
then back to R. It takes 8 s. Its average speed
is .
a. 3 m/s
b. 8 m/s
c. 4 m/s
d. 14 m/s
e. 6 m/s

2. A biker rides his bike with the speed of 30
km/hour. His friend who departs at the
same time moves with the speed of 20
km/hour. The distance between the biker
and his friend after 10 seconds is.
a. 27.8 m
b. 26.3 m
c. 25.1 m
d. 23.8 m
e. 22.5 m

3. The distance traveled (x) by an object
moving linearly follows the equation of x =
4t
2
2t + 2, with t is time needed. If x is
measured in meter and t in second, the
velocity of the object on t = 1 and t = 2 is
a. l m/s
b. 2 m/s
c. 3 m/s
d. l0 m/s
e. 14 m/s

4. A car moving in constant velocity has a path
of .
a. straight line
b. curve
c. circle
d. zig-zag
e. ellipse

5.






The above x-t graph is the graph for an
object moving in constant velocity. The
velocity of the
object is .
a. 6 m/s
b. 26 m/s
c. 12 m/s
d. 56 m/s
e. 16 m/s

6. A car moves with constant velocity of 80
km/hour. The distance traveled after 5
minutes is .
a. 34 km
b. 2.4 km
c. 6.67 km
d. 1.4 km
e. 2.4 km

7. The following graph shows the relation
between speed (v) and time (t) of a moving
object. The average velocity of the object is
.







a. 0.20 m/s
b. 0.75 m/s
c. 1.00 m/s
d. 1.67 m/s
e. 2.50 m/s

8. Object A and object B move linearly with
constant velocity. If the slope of the x-t
graph for object A is larger than the slope of
the x-t graph for object B for the same time
interval, then it means ....
a. VA < VB
b. XB > XA
c. VA > VB
d. XB = XA
e. VA = VB

9. A ball is thrown vertically upward and after
reached 5 m, it falls freely. The speed of the
ball when it hits the ground is . (g = 10
m/s
2
)
a. 5 m/s
b. 2 m/s
R
T
S
8 m
6 m
18
9
1,5 3
X(m)
t(s)
10
5
2 6
X(m)
t(s)
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 30
c. 4 m/s
d. l m/s
c. 3 m/s

10. If the period of a circular motion is 5 s, its
frequency and angular velocity respectively
is .
a. 5 Hz and 10 t rad/s
b. 5 Hz and 0.2 t rad/s
c. 0.2 Hz and 10 t rad/s
d. 0.2 Hz and 0.2 t rad/s
e. 0.2 Hz and 0.4 t rad/s

11. An object moves in a circular path with
period of 0.5 second. It moves with
frequency of .
a. 0.5 Hz
b. 1.0 Hz
c. 1.5 Hz
d. 2.0 Hz
e. 4.0 Hz

12. If the angular velocity of a circular motion is
e, its frequency is ... Hz.
a. 2 e
b. e / t
c. e
d. e /2t
e. e

13. Wheel A and B rotate with the same velocity
of 200 rad/s. The radius of wheel A is 20 cm,
and its linear velocity is 10 m/s. If the radius
of wheel B is 50 cm, its linear velocity is .
a. 40 m/s
b. 30 m/s
c. 25 m/s
d. 20 m/s
e. 15 m/s


14. The angular velocity in radian per second of
second, minute and hour hand of a clock
respectively is .
a.
30
t
;
800 . 1
t
;
600 . 21
t

b.
60
t
;
600 . 3
t
;
400 . 42
t

c.
60
t
;
800 . 1
t
;
600 . 21
t

d.
60
t
;
160
t
;
600 . 3
t

e.
30
t
;
360
t
;
180
t


15. The ratio of angular velocity of hour, minute
and second hand of watch is .
a. 1 : 12 : 36
b. 1 : 36 : 72
c. 1 : 12 : 720
d. 1 : 72 : 720
e. 1 : 36 : 360

16. The linear velocity of a point on the edge of
a wheel with radius of 50 cm and rotating 45
rpm is... m/s.
a. 3t/4
b. t
c. 7.5 t
d. 45 t
e. 75 t

17. The magnitude of centripetal acceleration in
uniform circular motion is proportional to
....
a. its frequency squared
b. its angular velocity squared
c. its period squared
d. its linear speed
e. its mass

18. A disk with diameter of 20 cm rotates with
speed of 50 cm/s. The magnitude of
centripetal acceleration of a point on the
disk is ... m/s
2
.
a. 0.10
b. 0.50
c. 2.5
d. 10
e. 50

19. A ball is tied by a rope and horizontally
spun. If the rope breaks when the ball
moves circularly, its next motion is ....
a. circular
b. parabolic
c. non-uniform
d. linear with constant velocity
e. linear with constant acceleration

20. A carousel with diameter of 8 m moves in
uniform circular motion with angular speed
of 2 rpm. The. linear speed of the wood
horses on the carousel at 2 m from the center
of the circle is ... m/s.
a. 1/15
b. 2/15
c. 1/5
d. 5
e. 15
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 31

B. ESSAY

Give the correct answer.
1. What is motion, path, velocity, acceleration
and linear velocity?

2. A car moves 8 km to the north, then moves 6
km to the east. Determine:
(a) Its traveled distance and
(b) its displacement.

3 Two cars A and B separated 150 m depart at
the same time with path of straight line and
have the same direction. If the velocity of car
A is 10 m/s and car B is 5 m/s, where do they
meet?

4. A wheel with diameter of 4 m rotates 180
rotation per minute. What is the angular
velocity and the linear speed of a point at the
edge of the wheel?

5. A played disk travels the angle of 10.5 radian
in 6 seconds (t = 3.14). Calculate its angular
velocity, period and frequency.

C. Assignments

Write an article about one of the following
themes!
> Physics Phenomena in Circular Motion of
the Earth Rotation
> Fall Motion at Parachute Diver
> The Value of Earth Gravity Acceleration.

Do not forget to cite the information
sources/references, either text books, journals,
magazines, or internet sites.
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 32
UNIVERSAL CIRCULAR MOTION
(UCM)

The simplest kind of two, dimension
motion occurs when a constant external force
always acts at right angels to the path of moving
particle. In this case, the resultant force will
produce an acceleration that alters only the
direction of motion, leaving the speed constant
this simple type of motion is referred to as
uniform circular motion.
Uniform circular motion is motion in which
there is no change in sped, only a change in
direction

Circular motion is a motion with a circle
pathway.
UCM is a circular motion which has constant
speed, its velocity vector direction has
changing constantly (i.e., slope which
intersect the arc), and its acceleration
direction pointed to circulars central.
Acceleration in this scope known as
centripetal acceleration.

Characteristics of UCM :
1. the pathway is a circle
2. having constant speed
3. having angular acceleration nil







A. Period and Frequency
Period is time needed for an object to travel
in one complete cycle.

n
t
T =

Frequency is total of rotation which object
elapsed per unit time.
t
n
f =
The frequency is the number of revolutions
closely related to period.
The descriptive units for frequency and period are
inverses of one another (cycles/s and s/cycle) it
follows that the two quantity are related by.
f =
f
1

SI unit of frequency = Hertz

Relation between period T and
frequency f :

f
T
1
= or
T
f
1
=

notion :
T = period (s)
t = time (s)
n = total of rotation
f = frequency (Hz)

B. Linier Speed and Angular Velocity

The frequency can also be related to the angular
speed for uniform circular motion, the orbital
speed maybe written as

time elapsed
nce circumfere circle
speed Linier =

f R
T
R
v t
t
2
2
= =

Angular velocity

For the angular case, since a distance of 2t rad is
traveled in I period, we have
e =
T
2t
= 2tf
V = e.R =
T
2t
R = 2tFr

The magnitude of angle which is elapsed by a
particle within t seconds is :

t e u =

Relation between linier speed v with angular
velocity e :

R v . e =

notion :
v = linier speed (m/s)
R = circle radius (m)
T = period (s)
f = frequency (Hz)
e = angular velocity (rad/s)
1 cycle = t 2 rad = 360
0


v
F
c
a
s

Physics I for Senior High School Year X 33
C. Centripetal Acceleration

Acceleration which is perpendicular to
linier speed and pointed to the central of
circle is known as centripetal
acceleration. Magnitude of centripetal
acceleration formulated by:

R
v
a
s
2
= or R a
s
2
e =

notion :
as = centripetal acceleration (m/s
2
)
v = linier speed (m/s)
R = circle radius (m)
e = angular velocity (rad/s)

- Centripetal Force

The inward force necessary to maintain
uniform circular motion is defined as the
centripetal force. From Newtons second law
of motion, the magnitude of this force must
equal the product of mass and centripetal
acceleration thus :
Fc = m.ac =
R
mv
2


SI unite of force = Newton (N)

For problem in which the rotational sped is
expressed in terms of the frequency, the
centripetal force can be determined from
Fc =
R
mv
2
= 4 t
2
f
2
mR

MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE

Motion in a vertical circle is different
from the circular motion discussed in earlier
sections. Since gravity always acts down ward,
the direction of the weight is the same at the top
of the path as it is the bottom.









The weight mg and tension T
1
in the rope are each
directed down ward. The resultant of these forces in
the centripetal force Hence
T
1
- mg =
R
mv
2
1

On the other hand when the mass passes through
its lowest point, the weight mg is still directed
down ward, but the tension T2 is directed up
ward. The resultants is still the necessary
centripetal force, so we have.
T2 mg =
R
mv
2
2

The critical velocity V2, occurs when the tension
in the rope reduces to zero (T1 = 0) and the entire
centripetal force is provided by the weight mg,
In this case :
T1 + mg =
R
mv
2
C
becomes
mg =
R
mv
2
C

Vc = gR

BANKING CURVES

When an automobile is driven around a sharp
turn on a perfectly level road, friction between
the tires and the road provides. A centripetal
force if this central force becomes large enough,
the car my slide off
the road. The
maximum force of
static friction
determines the
maximum sped
with which a car
can negotiate a
turn of a given
radius.
The centripetal force necessary to mountain
circular motion in this example is provided by
static friction (s). As the car increases its speed,
the centripetal (friction) force eventually
becomes large enough to just overcome the
maximum force of static friction.
At that instant the centripetal force equal the
maximum force of static friction, thus, there are
two formulas that may be used calculate the
same force.
fs = s N
fs max = Fc =
R
mv
2

R
mv
2
= s N
v
a
s

W=mg
T
1

v
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 34
R
u
T sin u
T cos
u
mg
T
V

Since vertical forces are balanced, we know that

N = w = mg o mg
R
mv
2
= o mg or V
2
= s gR
V = gR .
s










When the car is a rest or traveling at a slow speed, the
friction force is directed up the incline. As the speed
of the car increases the static friction force diminishes
until it eventually reverses direction and acts down the
incline. The optimal speed is that speed for which the
friction force is zero, and the entire centripetal force is
provided by the central component, of the normal
force exerted by the road on the car, the components
on the normal force are

Nx = N sin u ; Ny = N cos u

N sin u that provides the centripetal force. We
represent the linear velocity by v and the radius of the
turn by R we can write.
N sin u =
R
mv
2

And since the vertical forces are balanced
N cos u = mg
Here the angle u represents the angle for which the
friction force is zero (optimum banking angle).
mg
R
mv

cos N
sin N
2
=
tan u =
Rg
v
2













THE CONICAL PENDULUM

A conical pendulum consist of a mass m revolving in
a horizontal circle with constant speed v at the of a
cord a length (L). The formula derived for the banking
angle also applies for the angle the cord makes with
the vertical in conical pendulum the necessary
centripetal force is provided by the horizontal
component of the tension in the cord.

















T sin u =
R
mv
2
; T cos u = mg
mg
R
mv

cos T
sin T
2
=
tan u =
Rg
v
2

tan u =
h
R


From which Wc obtain
h
R
=
Rg
v
2

h =
2
2
v
R g
V = 2t f R
h =
2 2 2
2
R f 4
gR

=
2 2
f 4
g

f =
h
g

2
1



Physics I for Senior High School Year X 35
Uniform Circular Motion

1. Calculate the angular speed of an engine
which rotates 3600 time per minute.

2. An iron wheel of radius 30 cm is rotating
about an axis at a speed of 50 rad/s. Find;
a. the frequency and the period of the
wheel,
b. the tangential speed at a point 10 cm
away from the axis of rotation,
c. the tangential speed at the rim of the
wheel.

3. The rotor of a helicopter rotates 1200 times
per minute. Calculate;
a. the frequency and the period of the rotor,
b. if the rotor arm is 2.5 m long, find the
tangential speed of a point at the far end
of the arm.

4. A car is traveling at a speed of 108 km/h.
a. What is the tangential speed of the
outmost point of its wheel?
b. What is the angular speed of the wheel if
its diameter is 60 cm?

5. A 50 cm diameter wheel at rest, starts
accelerating uniformly and reaches a
rotational speed of 20 revolutions in 5 s. Find
the magnitude of the linear acceleration of
the outmost point of the wheel between the
time interval 0-5 s.

6. The period of the moon orbiting around
earth is 27.3 days. If the Moon is 384000 km
away from the Earth, calculate its tangential
speed.

7.







A 0.4 kg object attached to the end of a 0.5
m long string is rotated on a horizontal
plane at constant speed as the string makes
an angle of 37
o
with the vertical.
a. Show the forces acting on the object!
b. calculate the angular speed of the object.
c. calculate the centripetal acceleration of
the object
d. find the tension of the string
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE &
EVALUATION

1. An object moves in a circular motion with 80
rotations in one minute. Frequency and period of
the object is .
a. 1.33 Hz and 0.75 s
b. 0.75 Hz and 1.33 s
c. 1.03 Hz and 0.72 s
d. 1.75 Hz and 0.33 s
e. 0.92 Hz and 0.63 s

2. The angular displacement per unit time is .
a. angular distance
b. tangential acceleration
c. angular velocity
d. centripetal acceleration
e. angular acceleration

3. An object moves in a circular motion at 6 rpm,
then angular velocity of the object is .
a. 0.1 t rad/s
b. 0.5 t rad/s
c. 0.2 t rad/s
d. 2 t rad/s
e. 0.4 t rad/s

4. An object moves in a circular motion with angular
velocity of 120 rotation/minute and the radius of
path is 10 cm, then the linear velocity is .
a. 12.5 m/s
b. 6.28 m/s
c. 1.256 m/s
d. 0.628 m/s
e. 125.6 m/s

5. A pulley wheel rotates at 300 rpm, then the linear
velocity of a particle locates 150 mi from the
center point (axis) is .
a. 0.5 t m/s
b. 2 t m/s
c. t m/s
d. 2.5 t m/s
e. 1.5 t m/s

6. An objects rotates in constant angular speed of
3t
/
2

rad/s, if in 2.4 seconds the object travels angular
distance of 12.5 rad, then the initial angular
distance from u = 0 is .
a. 1.2 rad
b. 9.6 rad
c. 2.4 rad
d. 10.2 rad
e. 4.8 rad

7. A particle moves in a circular path with radius 3
meters and frequency of 0.5 Hz then the
centripetal acceleration of the particle is .
37
0

Physics I for Senior High School Year X 36
a. 3t
2
m/s
2

b. 0.5 t
2
m/s
2

c. 1.5 t
2
m/s
2

d. 0.25t
2
m/s
2

e. t
2
m/s
2


8. A wheel has radius 50 cm and rotates with angular
velocity 900 rpm. The linear velocity of a particle
at edge of the wheel is .
a. 7.5 t m/s
b. 350 t m/s
c. 15 t m/s
d. 450 t m/s
e. 225 t m/s

9. A wheel rotates on its axis. If a particle located 5
cm from the axis has the linear sped of 30 cm/s
and the speed particle at distance R from axis is
60 cm/s then R = .
a. 5 cm
b. 20 cm
c. 10 cm
d. 25 cm
e. 15 cm

Example (Solved problem)

1. An object moves in universal circular way
with 50 cm radius and experiencing 6
rotations within 3 minutes. Calculate :
a. Period of rotation
b. Frequency of rotation
c. Angular acceleration
d. Linier speed

Solution
known : - R = 50 cm = 0,5 m asked : - a. T
- n = 6 rotations - b. f
- t = 3 minutes - c. e
- d. v
answered :
a.
n
t
T = = minutes
6
3
= 30 s
b.
T
f
1
= = Hz
30
1

b. f t e 2 = = s rad x /
30
1
2t
= s rad /
15
1
t

c. R v e = = s m x / 5 , 0
15
1
t
= s m/
30
1
t
2. An object (m = 0.25 kg) tightened to the one
end of a rope (L = 0.5 m) and then being
rotated horizontally in 2 rotations per
seconds. Calculate :
a. Linier speed of the object
b. centripetal acceleration of the object

Solution
known : m = 0.25 kg asked : - a. v
R = 0.5 m - b. as
f = 2 Hz
answered :
a. f R v . 2t = ( )( ) 2 5 , 0 2t = m/s
t 2 = m/s
b.
R
v
a
s
2
=
5 , 0
) 2 (
2
t
= m/s
2

2
8t = m/s
2


D. Connected Gears

Connected Gears
Direction of rotation and
The Equations
1. One Axis1









2. slide each other









3. connected by a
lash






- Parallel direction of
rotation.
- Both gears have same
angular velocity.
2 1
e e =
or
2
2
1
1
R
v
R
v
=

- Contrary direction of
rotation
- Both gears have same
linier speed.

2 1
v v =
or
2 2 1 1
R R e e =

- Parallel direction of
rotation.
- Both gears have same
linier speed.
2 1
v v =
or
2 2 1 1
R R e e =

R
2
R
1
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
2
Physics I for Senior High School Year X 37
Example (Solved problem)

Three gears A, B and C are arranged as shown.
Each gear has radius of 6 cm, 4 cm, and 8 cm
respectively. Gear A and B are connected by a
lash and gear C being one axis with B. If A
rotating in 2 cycle per seconds, determine the
linier speed of C!







Solution
known: : RA = 6 cm
RB = 4 cm
RC = 8 cm
f A = 2 Hz
asked : vC
answered :
gear A
A A A
f R v . 2t =
s cm/ ) 2 ( ) 6 ( 2t =
s cm/ 24t =
gear B
A B
v v =

A B B
v R = . e
B
A
B
R
v
= e
s rad /
4
24t
=
s rad / 6t =
gear C s rad
B C
/ 6t e e = =

C C C
R v . e =
s cm/ ) 8 ( 6t =
s cm/ 48t =
















Exercise
1. Object A (m = 20 gram) tighten up to the end
of a rope and connected to mass B by a
thread. Object A is then rotated horizontally,
as shown. Rope length AP 50 cm, rotating 20
times in 8 seconds.








Determine:
a. period of rotation
b. frequency of rotation
c. angular velocity
d. linier speed
e. centripetal acceleration

2. Calculate the ratio of angular velocity among
pointer of a clock referring hours, minute,
and second!

3. A connected gears is shown below. P and Q
connected by a lash, so does R and S. The
radius of each gear is 9 cm, 3 cm, cm
t
50
, and
5 cm respectively. If rotating time for S is
sekon
15
t
, determine angular velocity of P!












A
P
B
B

A

C

Q

P

S

R