Periodic Properties and the periodic table

The need for classification of elements It helps to study the elements in an organized manner. It helps to correlate the properties of the elements with the fundamental properties of all state of the matter. It helps to define the relationship of one element with another.

Mendeleevs periodic table In 1869, Mendeleev, a Russian chemist arranged all the known elements at that time (63 elements) in a table. It is based upon Mendeleevs periodic law. It states that the physical and the chemcial properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses. The elements present in the periodic table were arranged in the increasing order of their atomic weights. Merits of the Mendeleevs table Grouping of similar element Gaps for undiscovered elements Predication of properties of undiscovered elements.

Defects of Mendeleevs table Anomalous pair Position of isotopes Grouping of chemically dissimilar elements Electronic arrangement The position of hydrogen

The modern periodic table A periodic table is a table in which the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic number It is based upon the modern periodic law It states that the physical and the chemical properties of the elements are the periodic functions of their atomic numbers The elements in the modern periodic table are arranged according to their increasing atomic number

Some terms related to the periodic table Period The horizontal rows in the periodic table are referred as the periods There are 7 periods Periods 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of elements 2 8 8 18 18 32 Incomplete Complete/Incomplete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Incomplete

Groups The vertical columns in the periodic table are referred as groups. There are 18 groups. Group 1A or 1 2A or 2 7A or 17 8A or 18 Number of elements 7 6 6 7 Other Name Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens Noble Gases

Periodicity The properties which reoccur after a regular interval in periodic table are called as periodic properties and the phenomenon is called as periodicity. The major cause for the periodicity is the recurrence of similar electronic configuration. In a group, the number of valence electrons remains the same and the valency is also same. Hence, the properties are the same. Periodic properties 1. Atomic size It is taken as the distance between nucleus and the outermost shell of an atom It depends upon

Number of shells Nuclear charge

Down a group, atomic size increases as the number of shells increases. Across a period atomic size decreases as nuclear charge increases 2. Metallic character It is tendency of an element to loose electrons easily It depends upon Atomic size Ionization potential

Down a group, the metallic character increases. Across a period, the metallic character decreases as ionization potential increases 3. Non-metallic character It is tendency of a element to gain electrons easily It depends upon Atomic size Ionization potential

Down a group, the non-metallic character decreases as atomic size increases. Across a period, the non-metallic character increases as ionization potential increases 4. Ionization Potential It is the energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of an atom in its isolated gaseous state It depends upon Nuclear charge Atomic size

Down a group, the ionization potential increases as nuclear charge increases Inert gases have minimum ionization potential Metals have low ionization potential 5. Electron affinity

It is the amount of energy released when one electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to form a monovalent negative ion ( anion ). Unit eV/atom electron volt per atom It depends upon Nuclear charge Atomic size

Down a group, the electron affinity decreases as the atomic size increases. Across a period, the electron affinity increases as nuclear charge increases Inert gases have zero electron affinity. Halogens have highest electron affinity in their respective periods 6. Electro negativity The tendency of an element in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is known as its electron negativity . It depends upon Atomic size Nuclear charge Down a group, electro negativity of an atom decreases atomic size increases. Across a period, electron negativity increases as nuclear charge increases.

Chemical Bonding
A chemical bond is defined as the force of attraction which holds the constituent atoms together in a molecule . Cause for formation of bond Every atom of an element has a tendancy to acquire 8 eletrons in their outermost shell or the electronic configuration of their nearest inert gas or noble gas. An atom acquire stable electronic configuration by either losing , gaining or sharing electrons . There are 2 kinds of bonds . they are Electrovalent bond Co valent bond . ELECTROVALENT BOND Electrovalent bond is a bond formed as a result of transference of electrons from outermost shell of a metal to the outermost shell of a non-metal . this kind of bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal . metal lose electrons and non-metal gains electrons. The chemical compounds formed as a result of transfer of electrons from the outermost shell of a metal to the outermost shell of a non- metal is called as ionic or electrovalent compound . Or The chemical compounds formed as a result of ionic bond between a metal or non-metal is called as ionic or electrovalent compound . Conditions for formation of a ionic compound Large electronegativity difference Low ionization potiential High electrons affinity Properties Hard solid in nature

Can conduct electricity in a molten or fused state Have high melting point and boiling point Soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents COVALENT BOND The bond formed as a result of electrons is called covalent bond . The covalent bond formation takes place between two metallic elements.