Index

Aberrations, 32 Acceptance, 105, 504 Ambiguity flmction, 358-369 cross terms, 368 marginals (correlative), 361 optical transfer flmction, and, 376 representability, 363 Wigner distribution function, and, 359 Axisymmetric systems, 32, 34
B

Baker Campbell Hausdorff formula, 75, 77 Beam quality, 105, 507 Bopp operators, 452, 475-476 C Coherence fllnction, 291 Collimating systems, synthesis of, 123 Composite optical system, 113 ray-transfer matrix, 114 wave-transfer operator, 184 Cross-spectral density, 291 Cross-Wigner distribution flmction, 285, 475
D

5-fllnction, 195 Dual systems, 238

E

Ehrenfest theorem, 258 Eikonal, 175 Elementary beam of rays, 86 Emittance, 105,504
F

Fermat's principle, 3, 5 First-order optical systems (1D) free-medium section, 94 ideal magnifier (positive), 98 input-output relation, ~-domain, 203 input-output relation, q-domain, 182 quadratic monomials, and, 93 two-media interface, 96 Focal length back, 47 front, 48

primary, 48 secondary, 48 Focal plane back, 47 front, 48 Focusing power, 49 Focusing systems, synthesis of, 123 Fourier transform, 198 linearity property, 200 modulation property, 200 multiplication property, 201 Parseval relation, 200 shift property, 200 similarity property, 200 Fourier transformer Fourier tubes, 125 imperfect, 123 input-output relation, 242 perfect, 124 2f system, 124 Fractional Fourier transform derivative property, 256 eigenfunctions, 254 multiplication property, 255 similarity property, 255 Fractional Fourier transformer, 137 ABCD integral, and, 248, 252 Fresnel transform, and, 250 harmonic oscillator, and, 135 input-output relation, 245 Lohmann's type I geometry, 139 Lohmann's type II geometry, 140 phase space rotator, as, 143 ray-transfer matrix, 137,244 standard focal length, 141 subgroup of ray matrices for, 138 wave-transfer operator, 245 Free propagation, 94 input-output relation, t~-domain, 229 input-output relation, q-domain, 226 line spread function, 227 negative distance, 118 optical transfer function, 230 ray matrix, 115 subgroup of matrices for, 116 wave transfer operator, 226 Frequency operator coordinate representation, 214

524

Linear Ray and Wave Optics in Phase Space

Lie algebra Inetaplectic rap(2, R), 225, 260 symplectic, sp(2, R), 91,179, 224,260 Lie group Lie transformations, of, 73 metaplectic Mp(2, R), 225,264 symplectic, Sp(2, R), 91, 179, 225, 264 Lie operator, 18, 5.(), 6.9 alge.l)ra of, 19 IJe trailsformatioll, 21, 69 lixiear l)()lytl()llfials, getmrate(l l)y, 25 P()issol>t)racket preservation property, 72 pro(hlct I)reservatioll property, 7() qlm(h'atic l)olyIloznials, gelmrat('.(l I)y, 26 l~ille-st)rea(1 flilwti()ll, 183 l,i(nlville tlmoreln, 67 Liollville's eqlmti(nl, 62, 65, 67, 455
M

frequency representation, 214 Wigner representation, 452 Fresnel approximation, 229

G

Gabor flmctim~, 210, 348 Gauss' (livergmlce theoreIn, (i6 Gmmsian sigllal, 176, 493
~l~wertai~fl,y r('lal,io~l, m~(t, 21()

(;(;~mraliz(:(! Cllrvatlir(; paranmt('r, 5()7

H

Ha~nilto~l's (;(l~mtions light ray, for tile, 7, 19, 5.9 ligl~t ray, ()f the, paraxial fi)r~l ()f, 37 Itainiltoi~'s prin(:iple, 3 t ta~filto~fiml fluwti(n~, paraxial fi)nn, 31 ray, of tim, (i ttamiltoxfian operator, 18,8 I)araxial fi)r~l, 189 lleiseld)erg-Weyl algebra, 187 th;l~nholtz eq~at.i()x~ (scalar), 170 lh'rt~lit(;-('()sh-(;a~lssia~ t)(;m~s, 328 lh,rmite-(;a~tssian I)ea~ns, 325
I

hleal magnifier F(nlrier traIlsf()r~ner, relati(n~ witll, 126 iIlt)ut-()~tI)~d, relati()ll f()r l)ositive, ~(lo~nai~, 234 input-output relation for positive, q(lolnai~l, 234 line spread fimction for positive, 233 subgroup of, 128 s~bgro~p of positive, 129 synthesis of, 125 wave spread fimction for positive, 234 wave trmlsfer operator for positive, 233 hnaging systems input-output relation for, 241 line spread fimction for, 241 magnifier, or, 51 Irradiance, 85 Iwasava (tecompostition metaplectic operators, 248 symplectic matrices, 152
L

M 2 factor, 507 MagIlilic'at,i()li, 125 ray ('()(n'(litmt(', 46 ray lIl()lIleltttull, 46 Meri(li(nml l)lmm (or zneri(liml), 35 Mometlts, 463 1D fllIl('t,i()II, 466 2D fllIlcti(nl, 471 2D filxmtioIl, global, 472 2D fimcti(nl, local, 471 Moment~Hn operator coor(linate rel)reseIltati(nl , 187 eigenfllxlctiolis of, 1.()6 lnomentllln representation, 214 Moyal fi)rmllla, 2.(}7 Mlltlml illtensity finlct, ioIl, 372 ambigllity fimction, and, 374 Wigner distriblltion flnlction, and, 374
N

Nodal planes, 50 O Optical computing Fourier transform, 380 Fresnel transform, 380 Wigner transform, 384-399 Optical SchrSdinger equation, 189 Optical transfer flmction, 205 Orthogonal optical systems, 32, 33

Lagrange invariant, 43

Subject Index
P

525

Paraxial approximation Helmholtz equation, in the, 171 Path length geometrical, 4 optical, 4 Phase space beam analyzer, 509-510 ellipse of 2rid-order moment, 503 geometrical optical, 2, 7, 99 mechanical, 2 ray density distribution, 63, 78 trajectory, 62 volume, 62, 65, 69, 504 wave optical, 8, 176, 211 Phase space picture fractional Fourier transformation, 136 free propagation, 99 refraction, 101 scale transformation (positive), 102 Phase space rotations, 136 generating matrices of, 150 Phase space squeezes, 147 generating matrices of, 150 Point-spread function, 180 Poisson brackets, 15-18 Position operator coordinate representation, 186 eigenflmctions of, 195 frequency representation, 214 moinentum representation, 214 Wigner representation, 452 Principal plane primary, 48 secondary, 48

Radon transform, 443, 447 projection-slice theorem, 445 Radon-Wigner transform, 443 fractional Fourier transform, and, 443 Ray (light), 1, 175 axial, 41 coordinates, 9 equation, 6 field, 41 meridional, 35 momenta, 6, 9 paraxial, 30 paraxial, coordinates of, 36 skew, 35 Ray-spread flmction, 431 Ray-transfer matrix, 40, 60, 179 single-exponential form, of the, 42, 179 Ray-transfer operator, 22,177 single-exponential form, of the, 22 Refracting power, 44, 96 S Shift-(or, space-)invariant systems, 181,204 Simple astigmatic systems, 33, 61 Skewness, 35 Sliding-window Fourier transform, 343 ambiguity function, and, 352 inversion formula, 344 Wigner distribution flmction, and, 352 Space-bandwidth product, 210 Space-frequency distribution flmctions, 354 correlative classes of, 361 energetic classes of, 361 inversion formula, 357 kernels, of the, 356 marginals, 356 Spatial harmonic, 196 Spectrogram, 344 cross-terms, 350 smoothed Wigner distribution function, as, 353 Spreadless systems, 205 Squeezer, ray matrix, 145 Stigmatic systems, 34, 61 Symplectic condition, 12 transformation, 11 unit matrix, 11 Symplectic matrices canonical representation, 154

Q
Quadratic graded-index medium, 43, 158 defocusing, ray-matrix for, 161 focusing, ray matrix for, 159 Fourier transformer, and, 160 fractional Fourier transformer, and, 160 Quadrupole lens, 508
R

Radiance (or, brightness), 80 definition, of, 81 phase space function, as a, 83 phase-space ray density, and, 84 Radiant intensity, 85

526

Linear Ray and Wave Optics in Phase Space

group of real, 12 LSF '~ synthesis, 152 LST synthesis, 132 LTL factorization, 121 non,canonical representations, 154 optical ~natrices, as, 130 TLT factorization, 121 finite support property, 284 l"'-or(ler global InoIneIlts, 483-484 l"t-or(ter local moment, h;-wtrial)le, 477 l'~t-or(ler local lIlomellt, q-wtriable, 480 Follrier trallsfi)rnl, all(l, 43.() fractioiml Follrier trmmfi)nn, ml(l, 441 (lallssiml siglml, 321:122 (;mmsiml SlIl()ot.llillg, 2.94 l l(;riifite-c()sll-(Imlssiall siglml, 32!) lt(,rlifit(,-(lallssiml siglml, :127 lligller-()r(l(;r lll()llleIlts, 512-514 illversioll forlmd~Ls, 2.()() llmrgilml (list,ril)llti()llS, 28!) IIudtil)licatioll l)rop(wty, 301 ll()ll lillearity, 284 ll()lll)()sitiv(:lmSS, 2.92, 417 ()l)ti('s, il~, 277 l)artially ('()lmr(;~t sig~mls, 2.91 r ~ne('ha~fi('s, i~, 275 r('alit.y l)r()l)(,rty , 283 r(:('tm~gh,-sig~al, 305 r('l)resentability, 3()2,332 s('ali~g l)r()perty, 2!)!) 2"'L~)r(ler h)('al ~()~e~t, h-w~rial)le, 479 2"d-()r(h'r l()cal ~o~nei~l., q-w~riable, 482 self-ter~ns, 286 sii~(:-sig~al, 3()7 si~u~soi(lal plume sig~ml, 320 spatial harmo~fic, 280 s~nn of two (~mmsim~ sig~mls, 324 s~un ()f two i~nl)~lses, :11() symmetry property, 283 trm~sfer laws, ABCD syste~, 433 transfer laws, free ~ne(ti~m~, 425 transfer laws, positive ~nagnifier, 429 trm~sfer laws, tl~ix~ lex~s, 427 transport eq~mtionr, 454 Talbot effect, and, 436 Wigner phase plane, 304 Wig~mr processor Gaussiax~ s~noothed WigImr (listrib~tion fiH~ctio~, 398 1D real signals, 384 1D coinplex sigImls, 394

T 'l'(q(,s('()pi(' systemics, sy~ti~esis ()f, 122 Tlai(:k le~s, 114 'l'l~i~ le~s, 114 (:()~vei'gi~g, ()r p()sitive, 115 (livergi~g, ()r ~egative, 115 i~t)~t-ol~t,l)~d, relati()~, ~-(l()~mi~, 232 i~I)~t,-()~lt,I)~ll. relati()~, q-(h)~nai~, 231 liI~e spr(:a(l fluwt.io~, 231 ray i~mtrix, 115 md)gr()~q) of ~mtri('es fi)r, l l[i wave sprea(l fiu~(:ti()~, 232 ~lbI~ograplw (ol)tical), 4,1.1 U Uiwertai~ty relations, 2()7, 4.()(), 5()1 gh)l)al, 490 lo('al, 4.90 V Varim~ce matrix, 5()() Gm~ssiaI~ sig~ml, 496 transfer laws, 50()

W Wave trm~sfer operator, 222 unitary represex~tatiox~ of lixmar cax~o~ical transformatioim, as, 261-265 Wei-Norman (tecompositio~ metaplectic operators, 240 symplectic Inatrices, 132 Wcyl transform, 420 Window function, 343 Wigner distribution flmction, 271 chirp, 314 315 comb-signal, 312 condition for uifiqueness, 411 convolutio~ property, 300 cosine-sigIml, 308 cross-terms, 286 cubic-phase signal, 317 cylin(lrical wave, 281 :i-fimctioi~, 280