ABORTION It comes from the Latin word aboriri which means "to perish".

It is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death. According to Cathecism of the Catholic Church No. 2270 , Human life must be respected absolutely from the moment of conception. The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines , abortion, or the deliberate ejection of a non-viable fetus from the mothers womb, is strictly prohibited by the 5th Commandment as the killing of an innocent human being. Statistics says There are approximately 42 million abortions per year worldwide and 115 000 abortions per day worldwide. In United States (1996), there are 1.37 million abortions per year and approximately 3,700 abortions per day. In the Philippines, there is approximately 800, 000 abortions every year or 2 abortions per minute. In the United States: In 2003, about 16 women for every 1,000 women aged 15-44 years had an abortion, and for every 1,000 live births, about 241 abortions were performed. In the world: Abortion causes at least 13% of all deaths among pregnant women. New estimates are that 50 million abortions are performed world wide each year, with 30 million of them in developing countries. Approximately 20 million of these are performed unsafely because of conditions or lack of provider training.

Why ABORTION ? Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines states: "The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The issue of the right to life or abortion covers many aspects: human rights, moral beliefs, medical basis, and social implications. According to The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1% of all abortions occur because of rape or incest; 6% of abortions occur because of potential health problems regarding either the mother or child, and 93% of all abortions occur for social reasons (i.e. the child is unwanted or inconvenient). PRO ABORTION CASES In January 22, 1973, Roe v. Wades case, the Supreme Court of America ruled that abortion is allowed before 40 days for a male embryo and before 80 to 90 days for female ones, following the thinking of Aristotle. Thus, abortion was declared to be legal in Texas as long as it is in the purview of the forecited number of days during pregnancy. A philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson wrote a pro- abortion stance that the mother has the absolute right over her body. For him, A very early abortion is surely not killing of a person. Is ABORTION a MURDER? According to Article 248 of our Revised Penal code, Any person whoshall kill another, shall be guilty of murder and shall be punished by reclusion perpetua. Article 256 provides that abortion can be committed by any third person, while in Article 258, abortion can be can be committed by the pregnant woman herself on her parents for purposes of concealing her dishonor. And Article 259, it can be

committed by a physician or midwife. Although the Revised Penal Code fails to more thoughtful meaning, the general idea it generates is that if killing is done by any person to another person, it is considered murder. But if killing is done by any person to another who is specifically a fetus, it is an abortion. According to Vincent Genovesi, between murder and abortion, the former is deemed a morally charged word while the latter is not. To him, murder means the malicious, unwarranted, or unjust killing of a human being, taking a persons life with evil intent. While abortion is definable in physical, non moral terms: the termination of pregnancy at a gestational age or by a method that ordinarily precludes survival of the embryo or fetus. Catholic Church, once fertilization or conception has occurred, the resulting leaving organism, variously described as a zygote, pre embryo, or embryo is to be respected in an absolute way and treated as a person. Pope John Paul II, From the standpoint of moral obligation, the mere probability that a human person is involved would suffice to justify an absolute clear prohibition of any intervention aimed at killing a human embryo. Genetic Theory, this upholds that human life or human personhood begins at fertilization, although such cannot be determined with utmost certainty. As A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER You are act as the totality of the entire human act in having a responsible to the health care of the patient. You must be extra careful to the moral obligation not to endorse abortion to their clients but to make them realize the worth of living of a human- even if it is just an

embryo. They must be careful of doing such things because they can be a model and also a teacher to their patients. Specifically, client has the more right to choose in their own decision. But if we are going to put GOD in our hearts: what the Church and Bible said, it would be difficult to choose from making the right into wrong. If we put Church into abortion, then this topic would have an ending. Abortion is really an everlasting topic, these includes the Penalties to those who commit abortion. A penalty of Catholic Church is a sin to heaven. Once a mother proceeds to abortion the Church attaches the canonical penalty of excommunication to the crime against life. It would be a heavy punishment that could be given to a person. This is disobeying the 5th commandment of God: Thou shall not kill. Maternal fetal relationship is always connected to pregnancy and abortion. Although the mechanisms by which the fetal allograft escapes rejection are still poorly understood, abundant evidence has accumulated suggesting multiple roles for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in pregnancy. Specific maternal MHC genotypes and maternal-fetal histocompatibility have been associated with recurrent spontaneous abortion, decreased fecundity, segregation distortions, altered sex ratios, fetal growth rates, and maternal autoimmune disease progression. Professor Judith Thomson argues that even if a fetus is determined to be human, the carrier has the right to abort whether or not her life is at risk. In order to have a wellness to the mother and child, it is really important that they must cooperate to the health care providers in submitting treatments to their fetus. With these, new development can arouse the interest of the technologys power for a better life. It can be done by doing this fetal surgery. FETAL SURGERY

 Myelomeningocele. (spina bifida), a condition in which the spine fails to close properly during early fetal development. The spinal cord may be exposed through an opening in the lower back. Paralysis, neurological problems, bowel and bladder problems, and hydrocephalus) may result. It affects one out of every 1,000 babies born in the United States. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) . In babies with CDH, the diaphragm doesn't develop properly. The abdominal organs may enter the chest cavity through a hole and cause pulmonary hyperplasia. CDH occurs one out of every 2,000 births. Urinary tract obstruction . The urethra may become obstructed in utero or fail to develop normally. When this happens, urine can back up into the kidneys and destroy tissue or cause the bladder to become enlarged. Pulmonary hypoplasia usually results because the lungs rely on amniotic fluid in their development. Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM) . A large mass of malformed lung tissue that does not function properly. As a result of its large size, it may put pressure on the heart and lead to heart failure. Lung development is also affected, and pulmonary hyperplasia may result. Twin/twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). In some twin pregnancies, the two fetuses will share a placenta. TTTS occurs in approximately 15% of these twins when blood volume between the fetuses is unequal, causing abnormally low blood volume in the donor twin and abnormally high blood volume in the "recipient" twin. Approximately 7080% of fetuses suffering from TTTS will die without intervention. Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT). A fetal tumor develops at the base of the spine (coccyx) and affects approximately one in 35,000 to 40,000 newborns in the U.S. It took for the Catholic Church to disapprove this new development. With these, health care providers for them have the most quality service that they can give

to the clients in this particular undertaking. Once you carried out a human embryo: respect the life and integrity of it and do not involved disproportionate risks for it but to heal one condition and assisting her to its survival.

Euthanasia - Derived from Greek words, eu which means well or good and thanatos which means death. A practice of ending life in a painless way. Two Forms of Euthanasia 1. Voluntary- means that the person consents or decides for himself to be killed painlessly. 2. Involuntary- refers to a situation when the person(patient) cannot decide for himself to die painlessly so that another person will decide for him. This type of Euthanasia is resorted to patients who are terminally ill, comatose, or in Persistent Vegetative State (PVS), including defective newborns with Downs syndrome, with anencephaly, with hydrocephaly and

myelomeningocele. Three ways of administering Euthanasia 1. Passive- avoiding the intake of common treatments like antibiotics and other medications and by avoiding chemotherapy based on the patients knowledge that the avoidance will lead to his death. 2. Non-active- in where life support systems shall be withdrawn from the patient. 3. Active- pertains to one where lethal substances shall be used to kill a person, wherein one may decide to use a euthanasia machine to kill himself. Lethal substances such as: Nesdonal (sodium thiopental), Physiological Saline, Pavulon (pancuronium bromide), Norcurom (vecuronium bromide). Controversy in Active Euthanasia

Cases of assisted suicide or physician-assisted suicide, is up until now debated upon because active euthanasia is considered as suicide. But in Oregon Death with Dignity Act in 1994 where it is not classified as suicide, still, some scholars take it as suicide.

Doctor Death or Angel of Death (named given in assisting their patients to death) Jack Kevorkian- invented the suicide machine. Philip Nitschke- invented the euthanasia devise(machine) and campaign for the legalization of assisted suicide in Australia. Harold Shipman- the most prolific serial killer Aribert Heim- Autralian doctor, killed almost a million of people during Nazi Germany Josef Mengele- Angel of Death Physician, killed thousands of people during the time of Hitler reigned over Germany. Advocacy of Immorality and wrongfulness of Euthanasia To J. Gay-Williams there are the following reasons why Euthanasia should be condemned: 1. Violation of natural inclination to preserve life and for him the truth is that all human beings have that intrinsic fear of death. 2. It leads medical practitioners to become less efficient, patients may just be subjected to painless death. 3. Accepting euthanasia may result in certain undesirable long-term

consequences. Doctors and nurses might not try hard simply because patients will be better off dead. To E. J. Hayes, P. J. Hayes and D. E. Kelly , Euthanasia is immoral and ought not to be legalized.

1. Legalized euthanasia would lessen the incentive for medical research. 2. Would possible to arrange for the death of an enemy or a wealthy relative. 3. The purpose of the medical profession is to preserve life not to destroy it. 4. Many patients can recover with a miracle of life. 5. The practice of Euthanasia would make the doctor a man from whom we would wish to flee in terror when we are seriously ill. According to:

Catechism of the Catholic Church, Whatever its motives and means, direct
euthanasia consists In putting an end to the lives of the handicapped, sick or dying persons. It is morally unacceptable.

Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Healthcare Services, A person

has a moral obligation to use ordinary means of preserving his life. Proportionate means are those that in the judgment of the patient offer reasonable hope of benfit and do not entail burden or impose excessive expense on the family or the community.

Questions About Medically Assisted Nutrition and Hydration, Our tradition

does not demand heroic measures in fulfilling the obligation to sustain life. A person may legitimately refuse even procedures that effectively prolong life, if he or she believes that would impose excessively grave burdens on himself, or on his family and community.

Catechism of the Catholic Church, Discontinuining medical procedures that are

burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary, or disproportionate to the expected outcome can be legitimate. One does not will to cause death; ones inability to impede it is merely accepted. The decisions should be made by the patient if he is competent and

able or, if not , by those legally entitled to act for the patient, whose reasonable will and legitimate interest must always be respected.

Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Healthcare Services, The use of
life-sustaining technology must be judged in light of the Christian meaning of life, suffering and death. On the other hand, patient may legitimately wish to forgo it and, on the other hand, the withdrawal of technology with the intention of causing death to the patient.

Catechism for Filipino Catholics, The principle that killing of the innocent is
always wrong holds also for mercy killingdoing away with the handicapped and terminally ill. Also, when there is no real hope for the patients genuine benefit, there is no moral obligation to prolong life artificially by the use of various drugs and machines.

Pope John Paul II, the intrinsic value and personal dignity of every human being
do not change, no matter what the concrete circumstances of his life. A man, even if seriously ill or disabledis and always will be a man, and he will never become a vegetable nor animal. As he also remark that The sick person in a vegetative state, awaiting recovery or a natural end, still has the right to basic healthcare (nutrition, hydration, cleanliness and other basic principles in life). NOW THERE ARE QUESTIONS THE WORLD MUST ANSWER AND BEYOND KNOWING EVERYTHING WHICH IS MORAL AND IMMORAL IN MERCY KILLING OR EUTHANASIA. A cancer patient who desires of having painless death, must the patient be killed or die in pain? A PVS patient, should we continue artificial way of eating and drinking when the family is in financial burden or withdraw the life-support machines? What about defective newborns? Must they be allowed to die painlessly or should they

be treated with utmost care and love so that all medical measures and similar efforts are made for them to recover? Is the withdrawal of AHN safe as far as morality is concerned? Wouldnt they be pricked by their conscience, and some unexplainable uneasiness in allowing their loved ones to eventually die as a result of the removal of AHN?

Republic of the Philippines CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS Indang, Cavite

ABORTION AND EUTHANASIA

Submitted by: GROUP 1

ANGUE, AILEEN T. OLFINDO, KRISTINE JOY CATAHAN, NOLINDA JELEEN DAITO, APRIL SARABIA, RAECHELINE GALLEGOS, JOVI DALE TEC, EMICAR VILANIO, SHEENA MARIE PEREA, CLARISSE

BSN 2 2

Submitted to: MS. KAREN RINT, RN

July 04, 2011