AND BRAUER' S T -H --E GR E E N C OR RESPONDENCE cHARACTERS oF CHnRACTERIZATIoN

T H E G R E E N C O R R E S P O N D E N CA EN D B R A U E R ' S CHARACTERIZATION OF CHARACTERS

J.ALPERIN

An analogy between the role of vertices in the Grecn correspondenceand s u b g r o u p si n B r a u e r ' si n d u c t i o nt h e o r c m h a s b c c n m a d e b y J . A . G r e e n elementary Wc shall show that thcrc is. in fact. a direct connection: the Green il] theorem. c o r r e s p o n d e n cie m p l i e sB r a u e r ' s Let us fix some notation. Let K be a number field which is a splitting field for the subgroups o f t h e n o n i d e n t i t yg r o u p G . F o r e a c hp r i m e d i v i s o r p o f t h e o r d e r o f G l e t R, be the completion of the integersR of K with respectto a prime divisor of p in R. We shall implicitly assumethat all RoG-modulesare finitely generatedand free as R n - m o d u l e sW . e shall say that an RnG-module is p-localif it is the direct sum of modules induced from p-l<lcal subgrclups of C. THronr.v. I.l M is uu R,,G-ntodulc tlrcn there existp-ktcul R,,G-modules L, L antl projectirc R,,G-ntotlulas P. P' suchthut M @ L@ P = L @ P'. Prool. We may assumethat A,Iis indecomposable. We proceedby induction on the order of the vertex of M. If this vertex is l, that is, M is projective,the result is clear. Hence. let Q be a vertex of tVf so we may assume the theorem holds for indecomposable modules with smaller vertices. Let U be the Green correspondento[ M so U is an R,,Nc(Q)-module an<l V = M @ M,. where lz is the RnG-module induced by U and M, is an R,,G-module each of whose indecomposabledirect s u m m a n d s h a s v e r t i c e ss m a l l e r t h a n Q ( s c e [ 2 ] ) . H c n c e . b y i n d u c t i o n , t h e r e a r e p - l o c a l R , , ( J - m o d u l e sL , , I a n d p r o j e c t i v c R , , ( i - m r l d u l e sP , , P ' s u c h t h a t NIt@Lt @P' = L@P'. Hcncc. V @ Lr@P, = NI @ Mt@Lr as required. An,On C o n o r u n v l . I . l l i s a c h a r u c t e r o f ' G t h e n t h e r e u r e q e n e r u l i : etth l aructers of G such thut 7. : n p+O,,, tthere A,, is un intetlrul linear <ttnthinutiotr oJ churucters intluc'etl ol G uil O,, r'arri.s/rt,s on p-sinuulu'clcments ol G. lront p-ktcul subaroups Prool. Let M be an RnG-modulewith character y.The corollary follows from the theorem since charactersof projectivemodules vanish on p-singularelements. Conoruny 2. Ererv clruracteroJ'G is un integrul linear c'onrhinution ol c'haructerS oJ'G. inducedfrom bcal subglroups
R e c e i v e dI M a y , 1 9 8 0 :r e v i s e d2 9 M a y , l 9 t i 0 . Supported in part by National ScienceFoundation Grant MCS 7904469 I B U L L L o N D o NM e r H . S t x ' . l 3 ( 1 9 8 1 ) l, - ] 8 - 1 4 0 1

@ P, = M @ [@P',

THE GREEN CORRESPONDENCE

r39

1oof G inasmuch Proof. It suffices to provethe resultfor the principalcharacter from II of G induced a subgroup linear of characters combinations as the integral p let generalized prime of G. For each ideal in ring of all characters form an the : : (Ao+Oo) result. Hence, lc andeachterm in the 1o Ar+Oo asin the previous fl savethe product of the O' is clearlyuri int.g.ul linear combinationof expansion, However,the product of the Oo vanishes inducedfrom local subgroups. characters and so is element of G so it is a multipleof the regularcharacter on eachnon-identity inducedfrom any subgroupof G. Induction Theorem). Euerycharacter of G is an integral Conoru,Rv3 (Brauer's of G. induced elementary subgroups of characters Iinearcombination from Of course, as usual, this immediately implies Brauer's characteization of characters. of minimal order. We shall analyzethe Proof. Let G be a counterexample structureof G in a numberof stepsand finally reacha contradiction. (1) The principal character 1o is not an integral linear combination of subgroups. inducedfrom elementary characters is an idealin the ring of all Indeed,the collectionof all suchlinear combinations generalized of G. characters (2) Thereis a prime p such that Oo(G)* l. If everylocal subgroupof G is proper then Corollary 3 and the minimality of G to the theorem. would contradictthe fact that G is a counterexample (3) Every proper homomorphicimageof G is elementary. imageof G and G is not elementary. By Suppose that G is a properhomomorphic of G is an integrallinearcombinationof the minimalityof G, the principalcharacter inducedfrom proper subgroups of G; hence the sameis true in G. But the characters theoremholds in everyproper subgroupof G so againwe havea contradiction. This allows us to give a detaileddescriptionof G. Let p be a prime such that Or(G) + I and let N be a minimal normal subgroupof G with N a p-group,so N is (Thus,G/N is the direct product of a abelian. Hence,G/N is elementary. elementary q-groupQIN , for a prime q, and a cyclic4'-groupC/N.) (4) G is not nilpotent. G hasa homomorphicimageof If G is nilpotentthen,sinceG is not elementary, G is isomorphic with the form Z,xZ,xZ"xZ" for distinctprimesr and s. Hence, and Sylows-subgroup of G. this group,by (3).Let R and S be the Sylowr-subgroup inducedfrom the principalcharacters r1* is the sum of the characters The character Hence, r1ois an of order r in R minusthe regularcharacter. of eachof the subgroups inducedup from elementary subgroups of integrallinear combinationof characters s1ohas the form S and Ro x S, whereRo is a subgroupof order r in R. The character a similar expression so that we have a contradictionto (1). (5) N is the uniqueminimal normal subgroupof G. Suppose that M is another such subgroup so M n N : 1. Hence, G I S isomorphic with a subgroup of GlMxGlN. However,each of these factors I S nilpotent,by (3), so that G is also,contradicting(4).

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THE CREEN CORRESPONDENCE

(6) N: Op(G). certainly N c oe(G).since G/N is nilpotent we have that G/or(N) is a p'-group. Hence, if oe(G) is elementary abelian then Maschke's theorem yields that Oe(N) : N. If o?(G) is not elementaryabelianthen the Frattini subgroupD(o,(G)) of oo(G) is not I so must contain N, by (5). But then oop)lD(oo(G)) is a central factor of G so that N will be also.Hence,N is a centralfactor and GIN is nilpotent so we have contradicted (4). The Schur-Zassenhaus theorem now applies and G : KN is a semi-direct product of N and a subgroupK. The uniqueness of N now givesus that N is not a central factor of G; hence,no non-trivial character of N is stabilized by G. The character (1*)c of G induced by the principal characterof K is the sum of r.o and characters of G whoserestrictionsto N do not involve 1". Hence,by Clifford theory, eachofthesecharacters is inducedfrom a proper subgroupof G. This showsthat 1o is a linear combination of characters inducedfrom proper subgroupsand we have a final contradiction.

References
1. J. A. Green,'Axiomatic representation theory for finite groups",J . Pure Appl. Alg. l (1971\,41J7. L J. A. Green,*A transfertheoremfor modular representations", J. Alg. | (1964\73-U.

Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637. U.S.A.