1147

APPENDIX

Table A2. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SOME

COMMON SI UNITS
An asterisk ( ) denotes an exact relationship.
Length

Time

1
1
1
1
1

in
ft
yd
mile
A (Angstrom)

1
1
1

min
h
day
1 year

:
:
:
:
:

25.4 mm
0.3048 m
0.9144 m
1.6093 km
1010 m

:
:
:
:

60 s
3.6 ks
86.4 ks
31.5 Ms

Area

1
1
1
1
1

in2
ft2
yd2
mile2
acre

:
:
:
:
:

645.16 mm2
0.092903 m2
0.83613 m2
2.590 km2
4046.9 m2

Volume

1
1
1
1
1

in3
ft3
yd3
UK gal
US gal

:
:
:
:
:

16.387 cm3
0.02832 m3
0.76453 m3
4546.1 cm3
3785.4 cm3

1 oz
lb
1 cwt
1 ton

:
:
:
:

28.352 g
0.45359237 kg
50.8023 kg
1016.06 kg

1 pdl
1 lbf
kgf
1 tonf
1 dyn

:
:
:
:
:

0.13826 N
4.4482 N
9.80665 N
9.9640 kN
105 N

5
9

:
:

1.3558 J
0.04214 J

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4.1868 J
107 J
1.05506 kJ
2.6845 MJ
3.6 MJ
105.51 MJ
4.1855 MJ

Mass

Force

Temperature difference
Energy (work, heat)

deg F (deg R)

1 ft lbf
1 ft pdl
1 cal
(international table)
1 erg
1 Btu
1 hp h
1 kWh
1 therm
1 thermie

deg C (deg K)

Calorific value (volumetric)

1 Btu/ft3

37.259 kJ/m3

Velocity

1 ft/s
1 mile/h

:
:

0.3048 m/s
0.44704 m/s

Volumetric flow

1 ft3 /s

0.028316 m3 /s

ft3 /h

1
1 UK gal/h
1 US gal/h

:
:
:

7.8658 cm3 /s
1.2628 cm3 /s
1.0515 cm3 /s

1 lb/h

0.12600 g/s

1 ton/h

0.28224 kg/s

lb/in2

703.07 kg/m2

Mass flow
Mass per unit area

1148

Density

Pressure

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

1 lb/ft2
1 ton/sq mile

:
:

4.8824 kg/m2
392.30 kg/km2

1 lb/in3

27.680 g/cm3

1 lb/ft3
1 lb/UK gal
1 lb/US gal

:
:
:

16.019 kg/m3
99.776 kg/m3
119.83 kg/m3

1 lbf/in2

6.8948 kN/m2

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

15.444 MN/m2
47.880 N/m2
101.325 kN/m2
98.0665 kN/m2
105 N/m2
2.9891 kN/m2
249.09 N/m2
3.3864 kN/m2
133.32 N/m2

745.70 W

:
:
:
:

735.50 W
107 W
1.3558 W
0.29307 W

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Power (heat flow)

tonf/in2
lbf/ft2
standard atmosphere
atm (1 kgf/cm2 )
bar
ft water
in. water
in. Hg
mm Hg (1 torr)

1 hp (British)
1
1
1
1
1

hp (metric)
erg/s
ft lbf/s
Btu/h
ton of
refrigeration

3516.9 W

Moment of inertia

1 lb

ft2

0.042140 kg m2

Momentum

1 lb ft/s

0.13826 kg m/s

Angular momentum

1 lb ft2 /s

0.042140 kg m2 /s

0.1 N s/m2

:
:

0.41338 mN s/m2
1.4882 N s/m2

104 m2 /s

0.25806 cm2 /s

103 J/m2

(103 N/m)

1.3562 g/s m2

Viscosity, dynamic

P (poise)

1 lb/ft h
1 lb/ft s
Viscosity, kinematic

Surface energy (surface tension)

S (stokes)

1 ft2 /h
(1

Mass flux density

Heat flux density

erg/cm2
dyn/cm)

1 lb/h

ft2

1 Btu/h ft2
1

kcal/h

3.1546 W/m2

m2

1.163 W/m2

ft2 F

5.6783 W/m2 K
2.326 kJ/kg

Heat transfer coefficient

1 Btu/h

Specific enthalpy (latent heat, etc.)

1 Btu/lb

Specific heat capacity

1 Btu/lb F

4.1868 kJ/kg K

:
:

1.7307 W/mK
1.163 W/mK

Thermal conductivity

1 Btu/h ft F
1 kcal/h m C

Taken from MULLIN, J. W.: The Chemical Engineer 211 (Sept. 1967), 176. SI units in chemical engineering.

791,

APPENDIX
Table 5.

Viscosity of water*

Temperature (f>)
<K.)

Viscosity (/j,)
(niN s/in2)

Temperature (0)
(K)

Viscosity (fj,)
(m'N s/rrr)

Temperature (60
(K)

Viscosity. (//)
(mN s/m 2 )

273
274
275
276
277
2,78
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
293.2
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305

1 .792 1
1.7313
i .6728
1.619!
1.5674
1,5188
1,4728
1.4.284
1 .3860
1 .3462
1.3077
1.2713
1.2363
1 .2028
1.1709
1.1404
1.1 1H
1 .0828
1.0559
1.0299
1 .0050
1 .0000
0.9810
0.9579
0.9358
0.9142
0.8937
0.8737
0.8545
0.8360
0,8180
0.8007
0.7840
0.7679

306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339

0.7523
0.7371
0.7225
0.7085
0.6947
0.6814
0.6685
0.6560
0.6439
0.632.1
0.6207
0.6097
0.5988
0.5883
0.5782
0.5683
0.5588
0.5494
0.5404
0.5315
0.5229
0.5146
0.5064
0.4985
0.4907
0.4832
0.4759
0.4688
0.4618
0.4550
0.4483
0.441.8
0.4355
0.4293

340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
36.3
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373

0.4233
0.4 j 7,4
0.4117
0.4061
0.4006
0,3952
0,3900
0.3849
0.3799
0.3750
0,3702
0.365.5
0.3610
0.3565
0.3521
0.3478
0,3436
0.3395
0,3355
0.3315
0.3276
0.3239
0.3202
0.3165
0.3130
0.3095
0.3060
0.3027
0,2994
0.296,2
0.2930
0.2899
0.2868
0.2838

*Calculated by the formula:

i
r
I/At = 21.482 (9 - 281.435) + y'(8078.4 + ((> - 281.435)2 - 1200 (/n in Ns/m 2 )

(By permission from Fluidity and Plasticity, by B.C. Bingham. Copyright 1922, McGraw-Hill Book.
Company Inc.)

798

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 7. Viscosities of gases*
Co-ordinates for use with graph on facing page
No.
!
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

Gas
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acetylene

Air
Ammonia
Argon
Benzene
Bromine
Buterte
Butylene
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulphide
Carbon monoxide
Chlorine
Chloroform
Cyanogen
Cyclohexane
Ethane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl ether
Ethylene
Fluorine
Freon-11 (CClgF)
Freon-12 (CC12F2)
Freon-21 (CHC12F)
Freon-22 (CHC1F2)
Freon-11 3 (CC12F-CCIF3)
Helium
Hexane
Hydrogen
3H2 + IN 2
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen sulphide
Iodine
Mercury
Methane
Methyl alcohol
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen
Nitrosyl chloride
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Pentane
Propane
Propyl alcohol
Propylene
Sulphur dioxide
Toluene
2, 3, 3-trimethylbutane
Water
Xenon

X
7.7
8.9
9.8
1 1 .0

8.4
10.5

8.5
8.9
9.2
8.9
9.5
8.0
11.0

9.0
8.9
9.2
9.2
9.1
8.5
9.2
8.5
8.9
9.5
7.3
10.6
11.1
10.8
10.1
11.3
10.9

8.6
11.2
11.2

8.8
8.8
9.8
9.0
8.6
9.0
5.3
9,9
8.5
10.9
10.6

8.0
8.8
11.0

7.0
9.7
8.4
9.0
9.6
8.6
9.5
8.0
9.3

Y
14.3
13.0
14.9
20.0
16.0
22.4
33.2
19.2
13.7
13.0
18.7
16.0
20.0
18.4
15.7
15.2
12.0
14.5
13.2
14.2
15.6
13.0
15.1
23.8
15.1
16.0
15.3
17.0
14.0
20.5
11.8
12.4
17.2
20.9
18.7
14.9
21.3
18.0
18.4
22.9
15.5
15.6
20.5
20.0
17.6
19.0
21.3
12.8
12.9
13.4
13.8
17.0
12.4
10.5
16.0
23.0

(By permission from Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook,

by Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (eds) 6th edn. Copyright
1984, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.)

[To convert to Ib/ft h multiply by 2.42.]

799

APPENDIX

Viscosities of gases
Temperature

Viscosity
(mN s/m2) or |cP}

-0.09
100

200-

-0.08
-0,07

250-

-0.06
-0

-100

30
28

-0.04

26

1
-0.03

f-0.05
300-

-200

^
22

400-300

20

500-
-500
\-

18

0.02

16
Y

600- -600

14

^700

12

700- -800
-900
800- -1000

10

900- -1200

1000- -1300
-1400
1100- -1500
^1600
1200- -1700
-1800

8
g

-0.01
-0.009

-0.008

2
0

-0.007
2 4

8 10 12 14 16 18
X

-0.006
-0.005

800

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Table 8.

Viscosities and densities of liquids*

Co-ordinates for graph on following page

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

Liquid
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid, 100 per cent
Acetic acid, 70 per cent
Acetic anhydride
Acetone, 100 per cent
Acetone, 35 per cent
Ally! alcohol
Ammonia, 100 per cent
Ammonia, 26 per cent
Amyl acetate
Arayl alcohol
Aniline
Anisole
Arsenic trichloride
Benzene
Brine, CaCI2, 25 per cent
Brine, NaCl, 25 per cent
Bromine
Bromotoluene
Butyl acetate
Butyl alcohol
Butyric acid
Carbon dioxide
Carbon di sulphide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chioro benzene
Chloroform
Chlorosulphooic acid
Chiorotoluene, ortho
Chlorotoluenc, ineta
Chloroiuene, para
Cresol, meta
Cyclohexanol
Dibromoethane
Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Diethyl oxalate
Dimethyl oxalate
Diphenyl
Dipropyl oxalate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol, 1 00 per cent
Ethyl alcohol, 95 per cent
Ethyl alcohol, 40 per cent
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl bromide
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl ether
Ethyl formate
Ethyl iodide
Ethylene glycol
Formic acid
Freon-11 (CChF)
Freon-12(CCl 2 F 2 )
Freon-21 (CHC12F)
Freon-22 (CHOF2)

15.2 4.8
12.1 14.2
9.5 17.0
12.7 12.8
14.5 7.2
7.9 15.0
10.2 14.3
12.6 2.0
10.1 13.9
11.8 12.5
7.5 18.4
8.1 18.7
12.3 13.5
13.9 14.5
12.5 10.9
6.6 15.9
10.2 16.6
14.2 13.2
20.0 15.9
12.3 11.0
8.6 17.2
12.1 15.3
1 1 .6 0.3
16.1 7.5
12.7 13.1
12.3 12.4
14.4 10.2
11.2 18.1
13.0 13.3
13.3 12.5
13.3 12.5
2.5 20.8
2.9 24.3
12.7 15.8
13.2 12.2
14.6 8.9
11.0 16.4
12.3 15.8
12.0 18.3
10.3 17.7
13.7 9.1
10.5 13.8
9.8 14.3
6.5 16.6
13.2 11.5
14.5 8.1
14.8 6.0
14.5 5.3
14.2 8.4
14.7 10.3
6.0 23.6
10.7 15.8
14.4 9.0
16.8 5.6
1.5.7 7.5
17.2 4.7

Density at
293 K
(kg/m3)
783 (291 K)
1049
1069
1083
792
948
854
817 094 K)
904
879
817
1022
990
2163
880
1228
1186 (298 K)
3119
1410
882
810
964
1101 (236 K)
1 263
1595
1 107
1489
1787 (298 K)
1082
1072
1070
1034
962
2495
1256
1336
1079
1148 (327 K)
992 (346 K)
1038 (273 K)
901
789
804
935
867
1431
917 (279 K)
708 (298 K)
923
1933
1113
1220
1494 (290 K)
1486 (293 K)
1426 (273 K)
3870 (273 K)

No.
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110

Liquid
Freon-11 3 (CC12F-CC1F2)
Glycerol, 100 per cent
Glycerol, 50 per cent
Heptane
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid,
3 1 .5 per cent
Isobutyl alcoho!
Isobutyric acid
Isopropyl alcohol
Kerosene
Linseed oil, raw
Mercury
Methanol, 100 per ceat
Methanol, 90 per cent
Methanol, 40 per cent
Methyl acetate
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Naphthalene
Nitric acid, 95 per cent
Nitric acid, 60 per cent
Nitrobenzene
Nitrotoluene
Octane
Octyl alcohol
Pentachloroethane
Pentane
Phenol
Phosphorus tribromide
Phosphorus trichloride
Propionic acid
Propyl alcohol
Propyi bromide
Propyl chloride
Propyl iodide
Sodium
Sodium hydroxide, 50%
Stannic chloride
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphuric acid, 1 10 per cent
Sulphuric acid, 98 per cent
Sulphuric acid, 60 per cent
Sulphuryl chloride
Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethy lene
Titanum tetrachloride
Toluene
Trich loroethy lene
Turpentine
Vinyl acetate
Water
Xylene, ortho
Xylene, meta
Xylene, para

12.5 11.4
2.0 30.0
6.9 19.6
14.1 8.4
14.7 7.0

Density at
293 K
(kg/m3)
1576
1261
1126
684
659

13.0 16.6 1157

7.! 18.0
779 (299 K)
12.2 14.4
949
789
8.2 16.0
10.2 16,9 780- 820
7.5 27.2 934 4 (288 K)
18.4 16.4 13546
12.4 10.5
792
12.3 11.8
820
935
7.8 15.5
924
14.2 8.2
952 (273 K)
15.0 3.8
805
13.9 8.6
7.9 18.1 1 .1 45
12.8 13.8 1493
10.8 17.0 1367
10.6 16.2 1205 (291 K)
11.0 17.0 1 160
13.7 10.0
703
6.6 21.1
827
10.9 17.3 1671 (298 K)
14.9 5.2
630 (291 K)
6.9 20.8 1071 (298 K)
13.8 16.7 2852 (288 K)
16.2 10.9 1574
12.8 13.8
992
804
9.1 16.5
14.5 9.6 1353
14.4 7.5
890
14.1 11.6 1749
970
16.4 13.9
3.2 25.8 1325
13.5 12.8 2226
15.2 7.1 1434 (273 K)
7.2 27.4 1980
7.0 24.8 1836
10.2 21.3 1498
15.2 12.4 1667
11.9 15.7 1600
14.2 12,7 1624 (288 K)
14.4 12.3 1726
13.7 10.4
866
14.8 10.5 1466
861-867
11.5 14.9
14.0 8.8
932
10.2 13.0
998
881
13.5 12.1
867
13.9 10.6
13.9 10.9
861

*By permission from Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, by Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (eds), 6th edn. Copyright
1984. McGraw-Hill.

801

APPENDIX

Viscosities of liquids
Temperature

IK)

Viscosity
{mN s/m2) or (cP)

(F)

475-1h-3 |g

F1QO

~s 70

80

18

-60
r50
j-40

*"

60
450- >
*
?
130
* 20
" %
"
425- _> 00
-; 90
-280
-270
400-250
-240
-230
-220
375-200
-190

f-30
_

^20
-10

30
28

100
loU

oft

350- -170
-160
-150
-140
-130
325-120
-110
-100
-90
300- ^80
^70
u

24

ZO
|9

r4
=

22

20

L2

18

-4

i
t"
- -

12

E||

10

0,6

rO.5
t-ft d.

16
Y

=-0;9

r-50

-40
275-30
-20

^
250-

"lu
20

f-0.3

^-0.2

2
0

2 4

f>

(J 10 12 14 16 18 20
Y

~
A