Learn Spanish PDF

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IermIssIon Is granted to copy, dIstrIbute and/or modIIy thIs document under the terms
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ree ocumentatIon IIcense".
mages are eIther IIcensed under the GI or reIeased Into the pubIIc domaIn.
Creators oI GI Images are IIsted In Image captIons.
IrIncIpaI authors. ThomasStrohmann (C) KarI WIck (C) WIntermute (C) MarIeIa
IIa (C) Mxn (C) Sabbut (C) jaIer Carro (C) enoxIeIo (C) ThInk ast (C)
CeIestIanpower (C) AnthonyaIdwIn (C) john 'Adamo (C)
Coer. Zona costera de Ia Coeta uma en eI termIno munIcIpaI de CampeIIo,
AIIcante. y KasIber and CeIestIanpower.
The current ersIon oI thIs WIkIbook may be Iound at.
http.//en.wIkIbooks.org/wIkI/SpanIsh
Contents
ntroductIon.......................................................................................................03
IronuncIatIon....................................................................................................0
ISSS.................................................................................................10
01 - Cmo te IIamas........................................................................................10
02 - Cundo es tu cumpIeaos.......................................................................1
03 - ntroduccIn a Ia gramtIca.......................................................................26
0 - nde Ies.............................................................................................33
0 - ue te gusta hacer..................................................................................1
06 - ue comes...............................................................................................1
0 - ue hora es.............................................................................................61
0 - nde as a Ir.........................................................................................6
0 - CuI es tu trabao....................................................................................3
A!T T K.......................................................................................2
Istory ocument otes...............................................................................2
Authors mage CredIts...................................................................................3
G! ree ocumentatIon IIcense....................................................................
lntroduction
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt IntroductIon comment report an error
Book definition
Scope. ThIs WIkIbook aIms to teach the SpanIsh Ianguage Irom scratch.
t wIII coer aII oI the maor grammar ruIes, moIng sIowIy and oIIerIng
exercIses and pIenty oI exampIes. t's not aII grammar though, as It oIIers
ocabuIary and phrases too, appeaIIng to aII Iearners. y the end, you
shouId be abIe to read and wrIte SpanIsh skIIIuIIy, though you'II need a
human to heIp wIth IIstenIng and speakIng.
Purpose. The purpose oI thIs WIkIbook Is to teach you the SpanIsh
Ianguage In an easy and accessIbIe way. y the end, as mentIoned, you
shouId be a proIIcIent reader and wrIter, though IIstenIng and speakIng
reuIre a human tutor.
Audence. Anyone who wIshes to Iearn SpanIsh, though aduIt and
teenage Iearners are IIkeIy to enoy It more.
Organsaton. ThIs WIkIbook reuIres no prIor knowIedge oI the
subect, and aII reIeant terms are expIaIned as they are encountered. The
book runs chronoIogIcaIIy Irom Iesson 1 to Iesson 2 to Iesson 3 and so on
untII the end.
Narratve. GeneraIIy engagIng and thorough, wIth pIenty oI exampIes
and exercIses to aId IearnIng. nce concepts are Introduced, they are
repeated, buIIdIng a base oI ocabuIary and grammar that wIII stay In your
mInd.
Chapter
StyIe. ThIs book Is wrItten In rItIsh ngIIsh, and the SpanIsh taught Is
generaIIy "SpanIsh" SpanIsh, though key regIonaI dIIIerences are expIaIned
as we go aIong. The IormattIng Is consIstent throughout, wIth SpanIsh In
ItaIIcs and aII tabIes usIng the same IormattIng. ach Iesson begIns wIth a
conersatIon, IncIudIng the key grammar and ocabuIary In the Iesson. At
the end, there Is a summary, expIaInIng what has been achIeed. xercIses
are IInked throughout, and each new concept or set oI ocabuIary Is
accompanIed by exampIes, each wIth a transIatIon underneath.
lntroduction
ou are about to embark on a course IearnIng a second Ianguage, the SpanIsh
Ianguage
The IIrst Iesson begIns wIth sImpIe greetIngs, and coers Important Ideas oI
the SpanIsh Ianguage. Throughout educatIon, methods oI teachIng SpanIsh hae
changed greatIy. ears ago, the SpanIsh Ianguage was taught sImpIy by memory.
Today, howeer, the SpanIsh Ianguage Is taught by moIng sIower and coerIng
grammar and speIIIng ruIes.
AgaIn, thIs Is an IntroductIon. I thIs Is the IIrst tIme you are attemptIng to
Iearn SpanIsh, do not become dIscouraged II you cannot understand, pronounce,
or memorIe some oI the thIngs dIscussed here.
n addItIon, IearnIng a second Ianguage reuIres a basIc understandIng oI
your own Ianguage. ou may IInd, as you study SpanIsh, that you Iearn a Iot
about ngIIsh as weII. At theIr core, aII Ianguages share some sImpIe components
IIke erbs, nouns, adectIes, and pIuraIs. our IIrst Ianguage comes naturaIIy to
you and you don't thInk about thIngs IIke subect-erb agreement, erb
conugatIon, or usage oI the arIous tenses yet, you use these concepts on a
daIIy basIs.
WhIIe ngIIsh Is descrIbed as a ery compIIcated Ianguage to Iearn, many oI
the dIstInguIshIng grammar structures hae been sImpIIIIed oer the years. ThIs
Is not true Ior many other Ianguages. oIIowIng the grammatIcaI conentIons oI
SpanIsh wIII be ery Important, and can actuaIIy change the meanIng oI phrases.
ou'II see what Is meant by thIs as you Iearn your IIrst erbs ser and estcr.
o not become dIscouraged ou can do It.
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt IntroductIon comment report an error
4 SpanIsh
IronuncIatIon
0 PBON1NC1AT1ON
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt chapter comment report an error
ronouncIng SpanIsh based on the wrItten word Is much sImpIer than
pronouncIng ngIIsh based on wrItten ngIIsh. ThIs Is because, wIth Iew
exceptIons, each Ietter In the SpanIsh aIphabet represents a sIngIe sound, and
een when there are seeraI possIbIe sounds, sImpIe ruIes teII us whIch Is the
correct one. n contrast, many Ietters and Ietter combInatIons In ngIIsh
represent muItIpIe sounds (such as the ou and gh In words IIke cough, rough,
through, though, etc.).
I
Letter-sound correspondences in Spanish
The tabIe beIow presents Ietter-sound correspondences In the order oI the
tradItIonaI SpanIsh aIphabet. (IeIer to the artIcIe WrItIng system oI SpanIsh In
WIkIpedIa Ior detaIIs on the SpanIsh aIphabet and aIphabetIatIon.)
1etter
Name of
the
Ietter
1PA Pronuncaton of the Ietter EngIsh appromaton)
A a a a IIke c In jcther
b
be, be
Iarga, be
aIta
b IIke b In bcd.
Beteen voeIs, the IIps shouId not touch when

pronouncIng the sound (somewhat sImIIar to the v In
vclue).
C c ce s/0
Before the voeIs e and i, IIke c In center (AmerIcas) or
th In thin (SpaIn).
k Everyhere eIse IIke c In cojjee
Ch ch che t|
IIke ch In church. n ArgentIna It sounds aImost IIke j In
jump, but It's cIearIy dIIIerent Irom ArgentInIan y (see
beIow).
d de d
oes not hae an exact ngIIsh euIaIent. Sounds sImIIar
to the d In dcy, but Instead oI the tongue touchIng the
rooI oI the mouth behInd the teeth, It shouId touch the
teeth themseIes. etween oweIs, the tongue shouId be
Iowered so as to not touch the teeth (somewhat sImIIar to
the th In the).
e e e IIke e In ten.
I eIe f IIke j In jour.
G g ge x Before the voeIs e and i, IIke a SpanIsh j (see beIow).
g
Everyhere eIse, IIke g In get, but between oweIs
(where the second oweI Is c, o or u), the tongue shouId
WIkIbooks 5
Chapter 0
not touch the soIt paIate (no sImIIar sound In ngIIsh, but
It's somewhat IIke ArabIc ghcin).
h hache
SIent, unIess combIned wIth c (see aboe). u- or hI-
IoIIowed by another oweI at the start oI the word stand
Ior /w/ (ngIIsh w) and /|/ (ngIIsh y). AIso used In IoreIgn
words IIke hmster, where It Is pronounced IIke a
SpanIsh j (see beIow).
I I IIke e In he. eIore other oweIs, It approaches y In you.
j ota x/h
IIke the ch In loch, aIthough In many dIaIects It sounds
IIke ngIIsh h.
K k ka k
IIke the k In csk. nIy used In words oI IoreIgn orIgIn -
SpanIsh preIers c and qu (see aboe and beIow,
respectIeIy).
I I eIe
oes not hae an exact ngIIsh euIaIent. t Is sImIIar to
the ngIIsh "I" In line, but shorter, or "cIIpped." nstead oI
the tongue touchIng the rooI oI the mouth behInd the
teeth, It shouId touch the tIp oI the teeth themseIes.
II II
dobIe eIe,
eIIe
A/|
IroperIy, IIke gl In the taIIan word gli. oes not hae an
ngIIsh euIaIent, but It's somewhat sImIIar to li In
million. ery commonIy sImpIy pronounced as /|/ (ngIIsh
y).
M m eme m IIke m In more.
n ene n
IIke n In no. eIore p, , f and v (and In some regIons m)
sounds as m In importcnt. or exampIe un paso sounds
umpaso. eIore g, ], k sound (c, k , ), and hu sounds
IIke n In cnchor. un gato, un uego, un cubo, un kIIo, un
ueso, un whIsky, un hueso. eIore y sound (y or ll), It
sounds IIke n, see beIow.
ee p
/n/ (ny) vowel, as In ccnyon, where the y Is ery short.
or exampIe, when pronouncIng "aos", thInk oI It as
"anyos", or an-yos. To practIce, repeat the onomatopoeIa
oI chewIng. "am, am, am".
o o o IIke o In more, wIthout the IoIIowIng r sound.
I p pe p IIke p In port.
cu k
IIke q In quit. As In ngIIsh, It Is aIways IoIIowed by a u,
but beIore e or i, the u Is sIIent (liquido Is pronounced
/'.k.o/). The ngIIsh /kw/ sound Is normaIIy wrItten cu
In SpanIsh (cucnto), aIthough qu can be used Ior thIs
sound In Iront oI c or o (qucscr, qurum).
I r ere, erre r
ThIs has two pronuncIatIons, neIther oI whIch exIst In
ngIIsh. The 'soIt' pronuncIatIon sounds IIke AmerIcan
reIaxed pronuncIatIon oI tt In "butter", and Is wrItten r
(aIways wrItten r). The 'hard' pronuncIatIon Is a muItIpIy
IbratIng sound, sImIIar to ScottIsh roIIed r (generaIIy
wrItten rr). 'ard' r Is aIso the sound oI r at the start oI a
word or aIter l, n or s.
SpanIsh
IronuncIatIon
S s ese s
IIke s In six. n many pIaces It's aspIrated In IInaI
posItIon, aIthough In AndaIusIa It Is not ItseII pronounced,
but changes the sound oI the precedIng oweI. (See
regIonaI arIatIons).
T t te t
oes not hae an exact ngIIsh euIaIent. IIke to the t In
ten, but Instead oI the tongue touchIng the rooI oI the
mouth behInd the teeth, It shouId touch the teeth
themseIes.
! u u w efore another voeI (especIaIIy aIter c), IIke w In twig.
1n the comnatons gue and gui', it is silent unless it
hcs c dicresis (ge, gI), in which ccse it is cs cbove w.
Everyhere eIse, IIke oo In pool, but shorter.

ue, e,
e corta,
e baa
b,
dentIcaI to SpanIsh b (see aboe). t can pronuncIated as
"", but It's not common.
W w
ue
dobIe,
dobIe e,
dobIe u
b, ,
w
!sed onIy In words oI IoreIgn orIgIn (SpanIsh preIers u).
IronuncIatIon arIes Irom word to word. wctt Is
pronounced IIke bct, but kiwi Is pronounced IIke quihui.
x euIs ks IIke ks (ngIIsh x) In extrc.
| n words oI AmerIndIan orIgIn, IIke sh In she.
(ote that x used to represent the sound oI sh, whIch
then eoIed Into the sound now wrItten wIth j. A Iew
words hae retaIned the oId speIIIng, but hae modern
pronouncIatIon. Most notabIy, xico and Its derIatIes
are pronounced IIke jico.
y
I grIega,
ye

TechnIcaIIy, It Is sImpIy the preIerred speIIIng oI i oweI
at the begInnIng oI a word or oweI i at the end oI a
word (yeso rather than ieso, hcy rather than hci), and
shouId be pronounced exactIy as i. oweer, In some
pIaces It Is IdentIcaI to ngIIsh y. n ArgentIna Is
pronounced sImIIar to the ngIIsh sh In she, or ngIIsh j
In jump, and In ChIIe Is pronounced /_/ (IIke ngIIsh si In
vision).
Z
eta,
ceda
0, s
AIways the same sound as a soIt c I.e. eIther /0/ (most oI
SpaIn) or /s/ (eIsewhere). See c Ior detaIIs.
One letter, one sound
IronouncIng SpanIsh based on the wrItten word Is much sImpIer than
pronouncIng ngIIsh based on wrItten ngIIsh. ach oweI represents onIy one
sound. WIth some exceptIons (such as w and x), each consonant aIso represents
one sound. Many consonants sound ery sImIIar to theIr ngIIsh counterparts.
As the tabIe IndIcates, the pronuncIatIon oI some consonants (such as b) does
ary wIth the posItIon oI the consonant In the word, whether It Is between oweIs
WIkIbooks 7
Chapter 0
or not, etc. ThIs Is entIreIy predIctabIe, so It doesn't reaIIy represent a breakIng
oI the "one Ietter, one sound" ruIe.
The !nIersIty oI owa has a ery IsuaI and detaIIed expIanatIon oI the
SpanIsh pronuncIatIon.
Local pronunciation differences
just as In the ngIIsh-speakIng worId, peopIe In dIIIerent SpanIsh-speakIng
countrIes and areas speak wIth dIIIerent accents. The maIn dIIIerence Is that In
the AmerIcas two sounds were Iost In comparIson to SpaIn. z sounds IIke s, and II
sounds IIke y. en In SpaIn most peopIe pronounce ll and y the same way
nowadays. n oIIIa and Ieru, z Is Iost but II Is kept. n ArgentIna and !ruguay
ch and II hae a characterIstIc hard sound. n MexIco, oweIs are reduced to
schwa (IIke In ngIIsh cbout, ceIestIaI, gorIIIc). n Iuerto IIco and Cuba they
conIuse r and l. n many countrIes j Is not hard but It's IIke an ngIIsh h (as In
hot). A ChIIean Is heard as sayIng mujier Instead oI mujer. AIso, In most parts oI
SpaIn, speakers pronounce 's and soIt c's as th's. or exampIe, cInco (In
AmerIcas pronounced IIke sInko), wouId be pronounced as "thInko".
n spIte oI these dIIIerences, two SpanIsh speakers Irom dIIIerent pIaces wIII
aIways understand each other, proIded they speak the cuItIated ersIons oI
theIr respectIe cItIes. I Iast coIIouIaI speech Is used, comprehensIon may be
ImpaIred.
Word stress
n SpanIsh there are two IeeIs oI stress when pronouncIng a syIIabIe.
stressed and unstressed. To IIIustrate. In the ngIIsh word "thinking", "think" Is
pronounced wIth stronger stress than "ing". I both syIIabIes are pronounced
wIth the same stress, It sounds IIke "thin king".
WIth one category oI exceptIons (-mente aderbs), aII SpanIsh words hae
one stressed syIIabIe. I a word has an accent mark ( expIIcIt accent), the
syIIabIe wIth the accent mark Is stressed and the other syIIabIes are unstressed.
I a word has no accent mark (ImpIIcIt accent), the stressed syIIabIe Is
predIctabIe by ruIe (see beIow). I you don't put the stress on the correct syIIabIe,
the other person may hae troubIe understandIng you. or exampIe. estc, whIch
has an ImpIIcIt accent In the Ietter e , means "thIs (IemInIne)" and estc, whIch
has an expIIcIt accent In the Ietter c, means "Is." ngls means "ngIIsh," but
ingles means "groIns."
Aderbs endIng In -mente are stressed In two pIaces. on the syIIabIe where
the accent IaIIs In the adectIaI root and on the men oI -mente. or exampIe.
estupido estupidcmente.
8 SpanIsh
IronuncIatIon
The oweI oI an unstressed syIIabIe shouId be pronounced wIth Its true aIue,
as shown In the tabIe aboe. on't reduce unstressed oweIs to neutraI schwa
sounds, as occurs In ngIIsh.
BuIes for pronouncng the mpIct accent
There are onIy two (or one) ruIes Ior pronouncIng the ImpIIcIt accent, The
stressed syIIabIe Is In boId Ietters.
I a word has no accent mark and ends wIth a oweI or wIth n or s , the
next-to-Iast syIIabIe Is stressed.
EampIes.
ccrc (ca-ra) (Iace)
mcno (ma-no) (hand)
cmcrillo (a-ma-r-IIo) (yeIIow)
hcblcn (ha-bIan) (they speak)
mcrtes (mar-tes) (Tuesday)
I a word has no accent mark and ends wIth a consonant other than n or
s, the Iast syIIabIe Is stressed.
EampIes.
jcrol (Ia-roI) (street Iamp)
czul (a-zuI) (bIue)
espcnol (es-pa-oI) (SpanIsh)
sclvcdor (saI-a-dor) (saIor).
The diaeresis ( )
n the cIusters gue and gui, the u Is not pronounced It seres sImpIy to gIe
the g a hard-g sound, IIke In the ngIIsh word gut (gue |ge gui |gI).
oweer, II the u has a the dIaeresIs mark (), It Is pronounced IIke an
ngIIsh w (ge |gwe gi |gwI). ThIs mark Is rather rare.
xampIes.
pingino = penguIn
cgis (2nd person pIuraI, present subunctIe oI the erb cgucr). ere,
the dIaeresIs preseres the u (or |w) sound In aII the erb tenses oI cgucr.
WIkIbooks 9
Chapter 1
1 COMO TE 11AMAS?
ialogue
Ral iHolc e llcmo Rcul. Cmo te llcmcs?
Soja Holc, Rcul. e llcmo Sojic. Cmo se escribe Rcul?
Ral Se escribe R-A--L. Qu tcl?
Soja Bien. Y tu?
Ral Fenomencl, grccics.
Soja iQu jcntcstico Adis, Rcul.
Ral iHcstc luego
Hello!
Spansh VocauIary * Cmo te IIamas?
IHoIaI * HeIIoI
1ngIs EspaoI
eIIo oIa (listen)
Good mornIng
Good day
uenos das (listen)
Good eenIng uenas tardes (listen)
Good nIght uenas noches (listen)
See you Iater asta Iuego (listen)
Goodbye AdIs (listen)
Notes
Hcstc means "untII" luego means "then". n the same eIn, hcstc
mcncnc means "see you tomorrow".
ote the upsIde-down excIamatIon and uestIon marks you wIII Iearn
more about them In Iesson three.
EampIes
iBuenos dics, clcse
Good mornIng, cIass
Holc, Qu tcl hoy?
eIIo, how are you today
Adis, ihcstc luego
ye, see you soon
10 SpanIsh
Cmo te IIamas
Whats your name
To ask someone eIse's name In SpanIsh, use Cmo, then one oI the phrases In
the tabIe beIow (Cmo te llcmcs? Is "What's your name").
n SpanIsh, to say your name, you use the reIIexIe erb llcmcrse, whIch
means IIteraIIy to ccll oneselj (e llcmo Robert Is "My name Is Iobert").
Spansh Ver * Cmo te IIamas?
1Iamarse * To caII oneseIf
1ngIs EspaoI
am caIIed Me IIamo
ou (IamIIIar, sInguIar) are caIIed Te IIamas
e/She/ou (IormaI, sInguIar) Is/are caIIed Se IIama
We are caIIed os IIamamos
ou (IamIIIar, pIuraI) are caIIed s IIamIs
They/ou (IormaI, pIuraI) are caIIed Se IIaman
Notes
"s IIamIs" wouId onIy be used In SpaIn. n aII other SpanIsh-speakIng
countrIes, "Se IIaman" Is used In both IamIIIar and IormaI sItuatIons.
EampIes
e llcmo Chris
My name Is ChrIs
Se llcmcn Feter y Robert
They're caIIed Ieter and Iobert.
Cmo te llcmcs?
What's your name
Cmo se llcmc?
What's hIs/her name
How are you
Qu taI? * Ho are you?
1ngIs EspaoI
ow are you
ue taI (listen)
Cmo ests
Great antstIco
WIkIbooks 11
Chapter 1
antstIca
ery weII Muy bIen
WeII Ien
ad MaI
IeaIIy bad ataI
And you t
Thank you GracIas (listen)
Note
or some oI the words aboe, there are two optIons. The one endIng In "o" Is
Ior maIes, and the one endIng In "a" Is Ior IemaIes. t's aII to do wIth agreement,
whIch Is coered In Iuture chapters.
EampIes
Roberto Holc, Rosc. Qu tcl?
eIIo, Iose. ow are you
Rosa uy bien, grccics. Y tu, Roberto?
ery weII, thanks. And you, Iobert
Roberto Bien tcmbin. iHcstc luego
'm good too. See you Iater
The Spanish alphabet
ere Is the normaI SpanIsh aIphabet. oweer, words aren't aIphabetIed by
It. IIease read the notes and sectIons beIow. (Iue Ietters are a part oI the
normaI ngIIsh aIphabet).
1 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 1 1 14 15 1 17 18 19 0 1 4 5 7 8
a b c d e I g h I k I m n o p r rr s t u w x y
Notes aout and RR
N and are consIdered two dIIIerent Ietters, as are RR and R (though no words
begIn wIth RR). They are aIphabetIed as separate Ietters, so aIways comes
aIter N, regardIess oI where It appears In the word. x. munecc comes aIter
municipcl, and ccrro comes aIter ccrtc.
Notes aout CH and LL
CH and LL used to be consIdered as dIstInct Ietters oI the aIphabet, but In 1,
the IeaI AcademIa spaoIa (SpanIsh IoyaI Academy) decIared that CH and LL
were not Ietters but dIgraphs. AccordIngIy, words begInnIng wIth CH and LL are
now aIphabetIed under C and L, respectIeIy.
Notes aout K and W
1 SpanIsh
Cmo te IIamas
K and W are part oI the aIphabet but are mostIy seen In IoreIgn derIed words
and names, such as karate and whIskey. or Instance, kIIo Is commonIy used to
reIer to a kIIogram.
AIthough the aboe wIII heIp you understand, proper pronuncIatIon oI
SpanIsh consonants Is a bIt more compIIcated.
Most oI the consonants are pronounced as they are In AmerIcan ngIIsh wIth
these exceptIons.
IIke the ngIIsh b at the start oI a word and aIter m or n
c beIore a, o, u and other consonants, IIke ngIIsh k
c beIore and e IIke ngIIsh th In thInk (In IatIn AmerIca Is IIke
ngIIsh s)
ch IIke ch In cheese
d between oweIs (een II It starts a word IoIIowIng a word endIng In a
oweI) or at the end oI a word, IIke ngIIsh d In dentaI
g beIore e or IIke the ScottIsh pronuncIatIon oI ch In Ioch, except
that It Is oIced
g beIore a or o IIke g In get
h Is aIways sIIent (except In the dIgraph ch)
] IIke the h In hoteI
II Is pronounced IIke ngIIsh y In yes
IIke nIo In onIon (or gn In rench cognac)
IIke the ngIIsh k
r sIIghtIy trIIIed IIke a soIt d except at the begInnIng oI a word or aIter
I, n or s where It Is trIIIed
rr shouId be trIIIed Ionger than a sIngIe r
v Is pronounced IIke b, there Is no dIstInctIon whatsoeer between
and .
z IIke the ngIIsh th (In IatIn AmerIca, IIke ngIIsh s)
How do you spell that
Qu taI? * Ho are you?
1ngIs EspaoI
ow Is It speIt Cmo se escrIbe
t Is speIt Se escrIbe
as In arceIona de arceIona
EampIes
Roberto Buenos dics. e llcmo Roberto. Cmo te llcmcs?
Good day. My name Is Iobert. What's your name
WIkIbooks 1
Chapter 1
Benjamn Holc. e llcmo Benjcmin. Cmo se escribe Roberto?
eIIo. 'm enamIn. ow do you speII Iobert
Roberto Se escribe R (de Riojc), (de rcngutcn), B (de Bcrcelonc),
(de spcnc), R (de Riojc), (de igre), (de rcngutcn).
t's speIt I (as In IIoa) (as In rangutan) (as In arceIona) (as
In SpaIn) I (as In IIoa) T (as In TIger) (as In rangutan).
Benjamn uchcs grccics. iAdis, Roberto
Many thanks. Goodbye, Iobert.
Summary
n thIs Iesson, you hae Iearned
ow to greet peopIe (Holc, buenos dics, cdis).
ow to Introduce yourseII (e llcmo Rosc).
ow to Introduce others (Se llcmc Roberto).
ow to say how you are (Fenomencl, jctcl, bien).
ow to speII your name (Se escribe F----R).
ow to ask others about any oI the aboe (Cmo te llcmcs?, Cmo
estcs?, Cmo se escribe?).
ou shouId now do the exercIse reIated to each sectIon (Iound beIow), and
transIate the dIaIogue at the top beIore moIng on to Iesson 2.
Eercises
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt exercIses add an exercIse comment
The answers can be Iound beIow. AIso, try transIatIng the dIaIogue at the top
oI the Iesson page.
HeIIoI
What greetIng wouId you use...
1. At .00pm
2. At 10.00am
3. At 3.00pm
. When you're goIng to bed
hats your name?
TransIate the IoIIowIng phrases.
1. Me IIamo SoIa.
14 SpanIsh
Cmo te IIamas
2. Cmo os IIamIs
3. os IIamamos Ieter y CarIos.
. Cmo se IIaman
1. er name Is SaIIy.
2. What are you caIIed
3. Is name Is IaI.
. My name Is SantIago.
Ho are you?
Iank the IoIIowIng words Irom one to IIe (one beIng the best, IIe beIng the
worst).
Ien
antstIco
ataI
MaI
Muy bIen
Ho do you speII that?
Iut the IoIIowIng Ietters In SpanIsh aIphabetIcaI order. Ironounce them as
you do so.
II

S
I

A

Eercise answers
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt answers add an answer comment
aIogue
Ral Hello m Rcul. Whcts your ncme?
Soja Hi Rcul, m Sojic. How do you spell Rcul?
Ral ts spelt R-A--L. How cre you?
Soja Well. And yourselj?
WIkIbooks 15
Chapter 1
Ral oing grect, thcnks.
Soja How jcntcstic oodbye
Ral See you lcter.
HeIIoI
1. uenas tardes
2. uenas maanas
3. uenos das
. uenas noches
hats your name?
1. My name Is SophIe.
2. What are your names
3. We are Ieter and CarI.
. What are they caIIed
1. Se IIama SaIIy.
2. Cmo te IIamas
3. Se IIama IaI.
. Me IIamo SantIago (cmes In ngIIsh).
Ho are you?
1. antstIco
2. Muy bIen
3. Ien
. MaIa
. ataI
Ho do you speII that?
1. A
2.
3.
.
.
6. I
. II
. S
1 SpanIsh
Cundo es tu cumpIeaos
C1NO ES T1 C1MP1EAOS?
ialogue
Ral. oIa, SoIa Me IIamo IaI. ue Iecha es hoy
Soja. oIa, IaI. oy es eI dIecIsIete de octubre.
Ral. Muchas gracIas. MI cumpIeaos es eI Iernes.
Soja. eII cumpIeaos
Ral. GracIas. Cuntos aos tIenes
Soja. Tengo eInte aos.
Ral. aIe. AdIs, SoIa.
Soja. asta Iuego
The numbers
1. !no
2. os
3. Tres
. Cuatro
. CInco
6. SeIs
. SIete
. cho
. uee
10. Ie
11. nce
12. oce
13. Trece
1. Catorce
1. uInce
16. IecIseIs
1. IecIsIete
1. IecIocho
1. IecInuee
20. eInte
21. eIntIuno
22. eIntIdos
23. eIntItres
2. eIntIcuatro
2. eIntIcInco
26. eIntIseIs
2. eIntIsIete
2. eIntIocho
2. eIntInuee
30. TreInta
0. Cuarenta
0. CIncuenta
60. Sesenta
0. Setenta
0. chenta
0. oenta
100. CIen
otes
To Iorm the numbers Irom thIrty to one hundred, you take the muItIpIe oI ten
beIow It, then y, then Its unIts aIue ("" = cincuentc y cuctro "2" = setentc y
dos).
When usIng "uno", mascuIIne Iorm oIten uses "un" Instead, II the noun that
WIkIbooks 17
Chapter 2
the word "uno" Is reIerencIng to Is In the sentence.
EampIes
engo diecisiete gctos
hae 1 cats.
Hcy treintc y cinco culcs
There are 3 cIassrooms.
engo noventc y seis primos.
hae 6 cousIns.
Hcy veintidos clumnos en estc clcse.
There are 22 students In thIs cIass.
Cucntos hermcnos tienes?
ow many brothers/sIsters do you hae (when askIng , the mascuIIne
Iorm Is used as neutraI, II gender Is unknown)
nounc. (Short cnswer, note thct gender is cpplied cs gender is now
known)
ne.
engo un hermcno. engo unc hermcnc (note the use oI "un" Instead
oI "uno" Ior mascuIIne Iorm)
hae a brother. / hae a sIster
iQuiero un ccrcmelo
want a candy
iQuiero uno
want one
How old are you
To ask someone eIse's age In SpanIsh, use Cucntos cnos, then one oI the
entrIes In the tabIe beIow (Cucntos cnos tienes? means "ow oId are you")
To say someone's age In SpanIsh, you use the IrreguIar erb tener (whIch
means "to hae"), then your age, then cnos (whIch means "years"). or exampIe,
engo trece cnos means " hae 13 years" or " am 13 years oId".
Spansh Ver * Cundo es tu cumpIeaos?
Tener * To have
1ngIs EspaoI
hae Tengo
ou (IamIIIar, sInguIar) hae TIenes
e/She/ou (IormaI, sInguIar)/t has TIene
We hae Tenemos
ou (IamIIar, pIuraI) hae TeneIs
They/ou (IormaI, pIuraI) hae TIenen
18 SpanIsh
Note
"TeneIs" wouId onIy be used In SpaIn. n aII other countrIes one wouId
use "TIenen" In both IamIIIar and IormaI sItuatIons.
EampIes
engo veinte cnos
am 20 years oId.
Cucntos cnos tienes?
ow oId are you
iene ochentc y siete cnos.
e Is years oId.
Cucntos cnos tienen?
ow oId are they
Whats the date today
To ask Ior the date In SpanIsh, you use Qu jechc es hoy? (meanIng "What's
the date today"). n repIy, you wouId say Hoy es dcy oj the week, dcte de
month oj the yecr (or exampIe, Hoy es mcrtes, el veinticinco de mcyo Is
"Today Is Tuesday, the 2th oI May").
Spansh VocauIary * Cundo es
tu cumpIeaos?
1os meses deI ao * The months of
the year
1ngIs EspaoI
january enero
ebruary Iebrero
March maro
AprII abrII
May mayo
june unIo
juIy uIIo
August agosto
September septIembre
ctober octubre
oember noIembre
ecember dIcIembre
Spansh VocauIary * Cundo es
tu cumpIeaos?
1os das de Ia semana * The days
of the eek
1ngIs EspaoI
Monday Iunes
Tuesday martes
Wednesday mIercoIes
Thursday uees
rIday Iernes
Saturday sbado
Sunday domIngo
WIkIbooks 19
Chapter 2
Notes
eIther days oI the week nor months oI the year are capItaIIsed, unIess
at the begInnIng oI sentences.
n the IIrst oI the month, the SpanIsh say primero (Hoy es domingo,
primero de enero).
EampIes
Qu jechc es hoy?
What's the date today
Hoy es mircoles, veintinueve de septiembre.
Today Is Wednesday, the 2th oI September
Hoy es jueves, quince de cgosto.
Today Is Thursday, the 1th oI August.
Hoy es scbcdo, dos de enero.
Today Is Saturday, the 2nd oI january.
Whens your birthday
Spansh VocauIary * Cundo es tu cumpIeaos?
CumpIeaos * The days of the eek
1ngIs EspaoI
When's your bIrthday Cundo es tu cumpIeaos
My bIrthday Is MI cumpIeaos es
n the IIrst oI May I prImero de mayo
n Wednesday I mIercoIes
appy bIrthday eII cumpIeaos
EampIes
i cumplecnos es el once de julio.
My bIrthday Is on the 11th oI juIy.
i cumplecnos es el ocho de diciembre.
My bIrthday Is on the th oI ecember.
Cucndo es tu cumplecnos?
When Is your bIrthday
i cumplecnos es el scbcdo.
My bIrthday Is on Saturday.
0 SpanIsh
Summary
n thIs Iesson, you hae Iearned.
The numbers Irom one to one hundred (uno, veintiocho, noventc, cien)
The days oI the week (lunes, mircoles, viernes)
The months oI the year (enero, cbril, octubre, diciembre)
ow to say your age (engo cucrentc cnos)
ow to ask the age oI others (Cucntos cnos tienes?)
ow to say today's date (Hoy es jueves, el veintinueve de noviembre)
ow to say your bIrthday (i cumplecnos es el primero de cgosto mI
cumpIeaos es eI martes)
ow to ask the bIrthday oI others (Cucndo es tu cumplecnos?)
ou shouId now do the exercIse reIated to each sectIon (Iound beIow), and
transIate the dIaIogue at the top beIore moIng on to Iesson 3.
Eercises
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt exercIses add an exercIse comment
The answers can be Iound beIow. AIso, try transIatIng the dIaIogue at the top
oI the Iesson page.
The numers
WrIte the IoIIowIng numbers usIng SpanIsh words.
1.
2. 2
3. 6
.
.
6. 1
.
. 3
. 3
10. 100
Ho oId are you?
TransIate the IoIIowIng phrases.
1. TIenen seIs aos y dIe aos.
2. TIene
3. Cuntos aos tIenes
. Tengo
. Tengo cuarenta y sIete aos.
6. Tenemos
. Cuntos aos tIenen
. TIene trece aos
WIkIbooks 1
Chapter 2
1. ou (IamIIIar, sInguIar) hae
2. Are you (IamIIIar, pIuraI) 12
3. They hae
. ow oId Is she
. ears
6. 'm 6 years oId.
. hae
. e Is 1 years oId.
hats the date today?
escrIbe the IoIIowIng dates In SpanIsh.
1. The 2th oI ecember
2. The 3rd oI May
3. The 2nd oI AprII
. The th oI ctober
. The 1st oI june
IIst the days oI the week In two coIumns weekends and weekdays.
hens your rthday?
Say the bIrthday oI.
ourseII
our parent(s)
Two oI your IrIends
Eercise answers
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt answers add an answer comment
aIogue
Ral Hello, Sojic m Rcul. Whcts the dcte todcy?
Soja Hi, Rcul. odcy is the th oj ctober.
Ral cny thcnks. y birthdcy is on Fridcy.
Soja Hcppy birthdcy
Ral hcnks. How old cre you?
Soja m yecrs old.
Ral K. Bye Sophie
Soja See you soon
SpanIsh
The numers
1. CInco
2. eIntIsIete
3. Sesenta y nuee
. Cuarenta y ocho
. chenta y
cuatro
6. !no
. Setenta y sIete
. CIncuenta y tres
. TreInta y ocho
10. CIen
Ho oId are you?
1. They are 6 and 10 years oId.
2. e/She/t has
3. ow oId are you
. hae
. 'm years oId.
6. We hae
. ow oId are they
. s he/she 13 years oId.
1. TIenes
2. TeneIs doce aos
3. TIenen
. Cuntos aos tIene
. Aos
6. Tengo sesenta y cInco aos.
. Tengo
. TIene dIecInuee aos.
hats the date today?
1. I eIntIcInco de dIcIembre (naIdad = ChrIstmas)
2. I tres de mayo
3. I dos de abrII
. I nuee de octubre
. I prImero de unIo
Weekends. sbado, domIngo
Weekdays. Iunes, martes, mIercoIes, uees, Iernes
hens your rthday?
ou wIII hae to check thIs one yourseII.
WIkIbooks
Chapter 3
1NTBO1CC1ON A 1A BAMT1CA
Articles
As In many Ianguages, SpanIsh gIes each noun a gender. mascuIne or
femnne, both Ior sInguIar thIngs and pIuraI ones.
SpanIsh, IIke ngIIsh, has two artIcIes. the deIInIte artIcIe ("the") and the
IndeIInIte artIcIe ("a" or "an"). oweer, there are Iorms, dependIng on the
number and gender oI the noun. The pIuraI IndeIInIte artIcIe Is "some" In
SpanIsh.
I the noun ends In a oweI, to make It pIuraI, add s (gcto - "cat" gctos
- "cats").
I the noun ends In a consonant, to make It pIuraI, add es (pcpel -
"paper" pcpeles - "papers").
appIIy, the gender oI SpanIsh nouns Is usuaIIy pretty easy to work out. Some
ery sImpIe ruIes-oI-thumb.
I It ends In c, d, z or in. It's IIkeIy to be IemInIne.
I It ends In o, mc or another consoncnt. It's IIkeIy to be mascuIIne.
efnte artcIes
Spansh rammar * 1ntroduccn a Ia gramtca
The defnte artcIe EI artcuIo defndo
mascuIne
singulcr eI eI hombre the man
plurcl Ios Ios nIos the boys
femnne
singulcr Ia Ia muer the woman
plurcl Ias Ias nIas the gIrIs
1ndefnte artcIes
Spansh rammar * 1ntroduccn a Ia gramtca
The ndefnte artcIe EI artcuIo ndefndo
mascuIne
singulcr un un hombre a man
plurcl unos unos nIos some boys
femnne
singulcr una una muer a woman
plurcl unas unas nIas some gIrI
4 SpanIsh
ntroduccIn a Ia gramtIca
Regular Verbs
We hae aIready seen the present tense conugatIons oI two SpanIsh erbs,
llcmcrse and tener. oweer, both oI these erbs are irregulcr erbs. IuckIIy,
most erbs IoIIow an easy to understand conugatIon scheme.
n SpanIsh, the conugatIon depends on what the Iast two Ietters oI the
InIInItIe are. The injinitive Iorm Is the Iorm that Is gIen In the dIctIonary. An
exampIe oI an ngIIsh erb In the InIInItIe mIght be to run or to speck. SpanIsh
erbs In the InIInItIe end wIth "-ar", "-er" or "-Ir". To conugate them, remoe the
endIng("-Ir", "-er" or "-ar") and add the desIred suIIIx.
!nIIke ngIIsh, SpanIsh erbs conugate dependIng on the person That Is,
they change dependIng on who Is beIng taIked about. ThIs occurs In ngIIsh In
the thIrd person sInguIar (hIghIIghted beIow) but In SpanIsh thIs occurs Ior eery
person. As a resuIt, pronouns are oIten omItted because they can be InIerred
Irom the conugatIon.
Person n EngIsh
SnguIar PIuraI
rst pIay We pIay
Second ou pIay ou aII pIay
Thrd e/She/t pIays They pIay
The Present Tense
BeguIar ar Vers
SnguIar PIuraI
rst -o -amos
Second -as -Is
Thrd -a -an
BeguIar er Vers
SnguIar PIuraI
rst -o -emos
Second -es -eIs
Thrd -e -en
BeguIar r Vers
SnguIar PIuraI
rst -o -Imos
Second -es -s
WIkIbooks 5
Chapter 3
Thrd -e -en
Present Tense EampIes
haIar to speak)
SnguIar PIuraI
rst habIo habIamos
Second habIas habIIs
Thrd habIa habIan
Llorcr ("to cry"). IIoro, IIoras, IIora, IIoramos, IIorIs, IIoran
Cocincr ("to cook"). cocIno, cocInas, cocIna, cocInamos, cocInIs,
cocInan
Comer ("to eat"). como, comes, come, comemos, comeIs, comen
Beber ("to drInk"). bebo, bebes, bebe, bebemos, bebeIs, beben
ivir ("to IIe"). Io, Ies, Ie, IImos, Is, Ien
Cubrir ("to coer"). cubro, cubres, cubre, cubrImos, cubrs, cubren
Notes
There are many more "-ar" erbs than "-er" or "-Ir". Make sure you are
most IamIIIar wIth these endIngs.
The second person pIuraI Is hIghIIghted because that tense Is onIy used
In the arIety oI SpanIsh used In SpaIn. n other SpanIsh dIaIects the thIrd
person pIuraI Iorm Is used Instead.
When readIng texts, you wIII need to know the person oI the erb at a
gIance. otIce the pattern.
1. "" denotes
2. "S" denotes You
3. A oweI that Is not "" denotes HeShet
. "MS" denotes We
. "S" denotes You All
6. "" denotes hey
uestions and Eclamations
n preIous Iessons, you wIII hae notIced that we use the Iunny upsIde-down
uestIon mark "". n SpanIsh, uestIons aIways start wIth that, and IInIsh wIth
the reguIar uestIon mark. t Is the same Ior excIamatIons the Iunny upsIde-
down excIamatIon mark "" precedes excIamatIons.
uestIons In SpanIsh are maInIy done by IntonatIon (raIsIng the oIce at the
SpanIsh
end oI the uestIon), sInce uestIons are oIten IdentIcaI to statements. e llcmcs
Richcrd means "our name Is IIchard", and e llcmcs Richcrd? means "s your
name IIchard".
ou can aIso use uestIons words, as IndIcated beIow.
Spansh VocauIary * 1ntroduccn a Ia gramtca
Questons Preguntas
EspaoI 1ngIs
nde Where
uIen Who
ue What
Cmo ow
Ior ue Why
Cundo When
EampIes
Con quin?
WIth whom
nde estc el bcnco?
Where Is the bank
Cucndo es tu cumplecnos?
When's your bIrthday
Qu jechc es hoy?
What Is the date today
iHcstc luego
See you Iater
Summary
n thIs Iesson, you hae Iearned.
The SpanIsh artIcIes (el, lc, los, lcs, un, uno, unos, uncs).
ow to conugate reguIar erbs In the present tense (lloro, comes, vive,
cocincmos, bebis, cubren).
ow to uestIon peopIe and excIaIm In SpanIsh (Cucntos cnos tienes?
ue IantstIco)
ou shouId now do the exercIse reIated to each sectIon (Iound beIow) beIore
moIng on. ThIs Is a ery Important topIc Ior Iuture Iessons It's Important that
you know It weII.
WIkIbooks 7
Chapter 3
Eercises
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt exercIses add an exercIse (answer) comment
The answers can be Iound In the next sectIon. AIso, try transIatIng the
dIaIogue at the top oI the Iesson.
ArtcIes
TransIate the IoIIowIng Irom SpanIsh Into ngIIsh.
1. !nas nIas
2. Ios hombres
3. !nos hombres
. Ias nIas
. !n nIo
6. I nIo
. Ia muer
. !na muer
TransIate the IoIIowIng Irom ngIIsh Into SpanIsh.
1. The women
2. Some men
3. The boy
. The gIrIs
. Some gIrIs
6. A man
. Some boys
. A gIrI
WhIch oI the IoIIowIng nouns are mascuIIne
1. Ios chIcos
2. !nas nIas
3. I gato
. Ia manana
. !nas uas
6. !n perro
. Ias mesas
. !nas cosas
BeguIar vers
The IoIIowIng are conugated erb Iorms what person are they
1. IIoro
2. CocInIs
3. Tenemos
. abIan
8 SpanIsh
. Compro
6. Abraas
. IIeo
. IImos
Conugate the IoIIowIng erbs Ior the person IndIcated.
1. CocInar they
2. Comer she
3. Amar we
. Tener
. abIar you sInguIar
6. Temer
. Comer you pIuraI
. IIr he
Questons and EcIamatons
TransIate the IoIIowIng uestIons Irom ngIIsh Into SpanIsh, or Ice ersa.
1. Cuntos aos tIenes
2. Why do they cry
3. Cmo te IIamas
. Where do they IIe
. ue comes
6. What's hIs name
. nde Is
. ow oId are you (pIuraI, IamIIIar)
Eercise answers
IIe ersIon dIscussIon edIt answers add an answer (exercIse) comment
ArtcIes
1. Some gIrIs
2. The men
3. Some men
. The gIrIs
. A boy
6. The boy
. The woman
. A woman
1. Ias mueres
2. !nos hombres
WIkIbooks 9
Chapter 3
3. I nIo
. Ias nIas
. !nas nIas
6. !n hombre
. !nos nIos
. !na nIa
1. Ios chIcos
2. I gato
3. !n perro
BeguIar vers
1.
2. ou pIuraI
3. We
. They
.
6. ou sInguIar
.
. We
1. CocInan
2. Come
3. Amamos
. Tengo
. abIas
6. Temo
. ComeIs
. Ie
Questons and EcIamatons
1. ow oId are you
2. Ior ue IIoran
3. What's your name
. nde Ien
. What do you eat
6. Cmo se IIama
. Where do you Iot IIe
. Cuntos aos teneIs
0 SpanIsh
nde Ies
4 ONE V1VES?
ialogue
VocauIary
Iondres Iondon
Iero ut
Iues WeII
Ral. oIa nde Ies
Soja. oIa, IaI. Io en un pIso en Iondres, ngIaterra. t
Ral. aIe. Io en eI sur de spaa.
Soja. n eI campo o Ia cIudad
Ral. I campo. Ias cIudades son ruIdosas.
Soja. S, pero no hay nada para hacer en eI campo.
Ral. Iues, adIs, SoIa
Soja. asta Iuego
Countries of the World
I IeIno !nIdo ngIaterra scocIa GaIes rIanda
spaa rancIa AIemanIa taIIa IusIa
Ios stados
!nIdos
Canad uea ZeIanda AustraIIa MexIco
here do you Ive?
To say you are Irom a country, you use ser (meanIng "to be |a permanent
characterIstIc"), then de (meanIng "oI" or "Irom"), then the country or pIace. To
say you are currentIy IIIng In a pIace or country, you use vivir (meanIng "to
IIe"), then en (meanIng "In"), then the country or pIace.
To ask where someone eIse IIes, you use nde then vivir (nde vives?
means "Where do you IIe"). To ask where someone Is Irom, you use e dnde,
WIkIbooks 1
Chapter
then ser (e dnde eres? means "Where are you Irom").
WhIIe vivir Is totaIIy reguIar (Io, Ies, Ie, IImos, Is, Ien), ser Is
about as IrreguIar as they come. t Is conugated beIow.
Spansh Ver * nde vves?
Ser * To e
1ngIs EspaoI
Soy
ou res
e/She/t s
We Somos
ou aII SoIs
They Son
EampIes
ivo en nglcterrc
IIe In ngIand.
Son de spcnc, pero viven en Alemcnic.
They are Irom SpaIn, but they IIe In Germany.
The compass
I noroeste I norte I noreste
I oeste I este
I sudoeste I sur I sudeste
EampIes
ivo en el suroeste de xico.
IIe In the Southwest oI MexIco.
Soy del norte de Austrclic.
'm Irom the north oI AustraIIa.
Habitations
Spansh VocauIary * nde vves?
Casas * Houses
1ngIs EspaoI
A house !na casa
A detached house !na casa IndIIduaI
A semI-detached house !na casa adosada
SpanIsh
nde Ies
A terraced house
A IIat !n pIso
A bungaIow !n bungaIow
A room !na habItacIn
Note
t's unc hcbitccin, but the pIuraI Is uncs hcbitcciones (wIthout the accent).
EampIes
ivo en un piso.
IIe In a IIat.
ivo en unc ccsc cdoscdc en Ccncdc.
IIe In a semI-detatched house In Canada.
ive en un bungclow que tiene diez hcbitcciones.
e IIes In a bungaIow that has ten rooms.
Adjectives
As we aIready Iearnt, SpanIsh nouns each hae a gender. ThIs doesn't ust
aIIect the artIcIe, but the adectIe It has to cgree. AIso, adectIes go aIter the
noun, not beIore It.
I the adectIe (In Its naturaI Iorm - the Iorm Iound In the dIctIonary), ends In
an "" or an "A", then you remoe that oweI and add...
Ior mascuIIne sInguIar nouns
S Ior mascuIIne pIuraI nouns
A Ior IemInIne sInguIar nouns
AS Ior IemInIne pIuraI nouns.
EampIes
n hombre bueno
A good man
nos hombres buenos
Some good men
nc mujer buenc
A good woman
ncs mujeres buencs
Some good women
WIkIbooks
Chapter
City and Countryside
Ia cIudad
eI campo
(Forest, by lecsscr)
Spansh VocauIary * nde vves?
1a cudad o eI campo? * The cty or the countrysde?
1ngIs EspaoI
The cIty Ia cIudad
The countrysIde I campo
The good thIng about ... Is that Io bueno sobre ... es ue
The bad thIng about ... Is that Io maIo sobre ... es ue
There are Iots oI thIngs to do ay mucho para hacer
There Isn't anythIng to do o hay nada para hacer
ou can waIk In woodIands Se puede camInar en Ios bosues
There Isn't any IoIIage o ueda nIngn IoIIae
Iretty onIto
IIeIy AnImado
uIet TranuIIo
orIng AburrIdo
oIsy IuIdoso
EampIes
Lc ciudcd es ruidosc.
The cIty Is noIsy.
he countryside is boring.
I campo es aburrIdo.
Lo bueno sobre lc ciudcd es que hcy mucho pcrc hccer.
The good thIng about the cIty Is that there are Iots oI the thIngs to do.
Lo mclo sobre lc ciudcd es que no quedc ninguncs plcntcs.
The bad thIng about the cIty Is that there Isn't any IoIIIage.
Summary
n thIs Iesson, you hae Iearned
4 SpanIsh
nde Ies
arIous countrIes oI the worId (Austrclic, tclic, Frcncic, los stcdos
nidos).
ow to say where you and others IIe and come Irom (ivo en
nglcterrc, Somos de cles).
ow to ask where someone IIes (nde vives?).
The poInts oI the compass (el sur, el noroeste, el oeste).
ow to descrIbe your house (unc ccsc, un piso).
The basIcs oI adectIes endIng In "" or "A" (lc mujer mclc, el nino
bonito).
ow to taIk about the cIty oI the countrysIde (lc ciudcd, el ccmpo, no
hcy mucho pcrc hccer).
ou shouId now do the exercIse reIated to each sectIon (Iound In the next
sectIon), and transIate the dIaIogue at the top beIore moIng on to Iesson IIe.
Eercises
Countres of the orId
TransIate the IoIIowIng sentences Irom SpanIsh to ngIIsh.
1. Io en ngIaterra
2. Son de spaa
3. res de AIemanIa
. IImos en eI sur de rancIa
. Is en GaIes
6. s de scocIa
. nde Ie
. Somos deI norte de rIanda
. Ien en eI suroeste de Ios stados !nIdos
10.Soy de Canad
TransIate the IoIIowIng sentences Irom ngIIsh to SpanIsh
1. We come Irom SpaIn
2. IIe In ngIand
3. e comes Irom the north oI MexIco
. Where are you Irom
. Why do you IIe In AustraIIa
6. They come Irom Canada
. o you Iot IIe In WaIes
. e's Irom the !K
. She IIes In eastern Germany
WIkIbooks 5
Chapter
10.Where does he come Irom
Hatatons
Match the SpanIsh to the ngIIsh.
1. Ioom a. ungaIow
2. ouse b. Casa IndIIduaI
3. ungaIow c. abItacIn
. Apartment d. IIr
. To IIe e. abItacIones
6. Terraced house I. IIsos
. Iooms g. Casa
. etatched house h. IIso
. Iats I. Casa adosada
Ad]ectves
Correct the IoIIowIng sentences.
1. Ias hombres maIas
2. !n nIo buenos
3. !nas nIas maIo
. !n muer buena
. I hombre buena
6. Ia nIa bonIto
. !nos hombres maIas
. Ios muers maIos
Cty and countrysde
TransIate the IoIIowIng Irom SpanIsh to ngIIsh and Isa ersa.
1. Ia cIudad es ruIdosa
2. IIe In a house In the countrysIde
3. I campo es IantstIca se puede camInar en Ios bosues
. She Is Irom the cIty
. Ien en eI campo de ngIaterra
6. The cIty Is IIeIy hay mucho para hacer
. Io maIo sobre Ia cIudad es ue no ueda nInguna IoIIae
. o you IIe In the cIty or the countrysIde
SpanIsh
nde Ies
Eercise answers
aIogue
Ral Hello Where do you live?
Soja Hello, Rcul. live in c jlct in London, nglcnd. And you?
Ral K. live in the South oj Spcin.
Soja he the countryside or the city?
Ral he country. Cities cre noisy.
Soja Yes, but theres nothing to do in the countryside.
Ral Well, bye Sophie
Soja See you
Countres of the orId
1. IIe In ngIand
2. They're Irom SpaIn
3. Are you Irom Germany
. We IIe In the South oI rance
. o you Iot IIe In WaIes
6. e/She/t Is Irom ScotIand
. Where does he/she/It IIe
. We are Irom orthern reIand
. They IIe In Southwestern !SA
10. am Irom Canada
1. Somos de spaa
2. Io en ngIaterra
3. s deI norte de MeIco
. e dnde eres
. Ior ue Ies en AustraIIa
6. Son de Canad
. Is en GaIes
. s deI IeIno !nIdo
. Ie en eI este de AIemanIa
10.e dnde es
Hatatons
1. c
2. g
3. a
. h
WIkIbooks 7
Chapter
. d
6. I
. e
. b
. I
Ad]ectves
1. Ios hombres maIos
2. !n nIo bueno
3. !nas nIas maIas
. !na muer buena
. I hombre bueno
6. Ia nIa bonIta
. !nos hombres maIos
. Ias mueres maIas
Cty and Countrysde
1. The cIty Is noIsy
2. Io en una casa en eI campo
3. The countrysIde Is IantastIc you can waIk In woodIand
. s de Ia cIudad
. They IIe In the ngIIsh countrysIde
6. Ia cIudad es anImada there's Ioads to do
. The bad thIng about the cIty Is that there Isn't any IoIIage
. Ies en Ia cIudad o eI campo
8 SpanIsh
ue te gusta hacer
5 Q1 TE 1STA HACEB?
ialogue
VocauIary
Todo eI tIempo AII the tIme
asta maana See you tomorrow
IertIdo un
Ral. oIa, SoIa Te gustan Ios deportes
Soja. uenos das. Me encanta ugar aI ItboI. t
Ral. o mucho. SIn embargo, practIco natacIn todo eI tIempo.
Soja. Ah, no puedo nadar. juegas aI aedre
Ral. S, me encanta es un uego muy dIertIdo.
Soja. S. AdIs, IaI
Ral. asta maana
Sports and Activities
Spansh VocauIary * Qu te gusta hacer?
eportes y Actvdades * Sports and Actvtes
1ngIs EspaoI
A sport !n deporte
A game !n uego
An actIIty !na actIIdad
To pIay jugar
To practIce IractIcar
ootbaII I ItboI
AmerIcan ootbaII I ItboI amerIcano
Iugby I rugby
TennIs I tenIs
CrIcket I cruet
SwImmIng Ia natacIn
judo I udo
Chess I aedre
To sIng Cantar
To read Ieer
To swIm adar
To watch T er Ia teIe
WIkIbooks 9
Chapter
A Iot
Many
Mucho
otes
n SpanIsh, II an actIIty Is a game, then you "pIay" It (jugcr), otherwIse
you "practIce" It (prccticcr). or exampIe, It's jugcr el tenis ("to pIay
tennIs") but prccticcr lc nctccion ("to go swImmIng").
The erbs are aII reguIar, except.
ugcr (thIs Is dIscussed In detaII beIow)
er (eo, es, e, emos, es, en)
EampIes
eo lc tele mucho.
watch T a Iot
Frcctico nctccin.
go swImmIng.
Frccticcs judo?
o you do udo
Frccticcmos muchcs cctividcdes.
We do many actIItes
For qu ccntcis?
Why do you sIng a Iot
Cucndo lee?
When does he or she read
Stem-changing Verbs
ugcr the IIrst type oI IrreguIar erb known as a stemchangng ver.
asIcaIIy, In the "", "you, "he/she/It" and "they" Iorms, the u or o changes to a ue.
The jugcr exampIe Is wrItten out beIow.
Spansh Ver * Qu te gusta hacer?
ugar * To pIay
1ngIs EspaoI
juego
ou juegas
e/She/t juega
We jugamos
ou aII jugIs
They juegan
ther erbs that IoIIow thIs pattern
poder ("to be abIe to"). puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podeIs, pueden
40 SpanIsh
ue te gusta hacer
dormir ("to sIeep"). duermo, duermes, duerme, dormImos, dorms,
duermen
encontrcr ("to IInd"). encuentro, encuentras, encuentra, encontramos,
encontrIs, encuentran
Notes
The erb jugcr aIways has c aIter It. jugcr c. n SpanIsh, c el gets
contracted to cl and de el gets contracted to del. So, It wouId be juego cl
rugby.
Foder (meanIng "to be abIe to") Is usuaIIy IoIIowed by another erb,
makIng " can do somethIng". The IoIIowIng erb must be In the InIInItIe.
or exampIe, puede leer ("he can read").
EampIes
uego cl tenis.
pIay tennIs.
ugcis cl cjedrez?
o you pIay chess
Qu deportes juegcs?
What sports do you pIay
Cucndo juegcn cl jutbol?
When do they pIay IootbaII
Fuedes ccntcr?
Can you sIng
nde duermes?
Where do you sIeep
Compound Sentences
So Iar, eerythIng we'e wrItten has been sImpIe sentences "My name Is
SantIago" (e llcmo Scnticgo) "The cIty Is noIsy" (Lc ciudcd es ruidosc) " pIay
amerIcan IootbaII" (uego cl jutbol cmericcno). WouIdn't It be IantastIc II we
couId oIn them up eIow are some IIttIe words that wIII make our sentences
Ionger, and more meanIngIuI. ou use them ust IIke you do In ngIIsh.
AIso, eerythIng we'e wrItten has been posItIe (" do thIs, do that"). To
make It negatIe, we ust add a word In Iront oI the erb. no (meanIng "not") or
WIkIbooks 41
Chapter
nuncc (meanIng "neer"). or exampIe, No juego cl rugby ( don't pIay rugby")
Nuncc como mcnzcncs (" neer eat appIes"). t's as sImpIe as that.
Spansh VocauIary * Qu te gusta hacer?
Con]unctons * Con]uncones
1ngIs EspaoI
And
r
ecause Iorue
ut Iero
AIso TambIen
So As
ote
Forque ("because") and For qu ("why") are sImIIar and easy to mIx up
make sure you don't
xampIes
e llcmo Chris y mi cumplecnos es el veinte de cgosto.
My name Is ChrIs and my bIrthday Is on the 20th oI August.
e llcmo Rcul, pero l se llcmc Roberto.
My name Is IaI, but hIs name Is Iobert.
No prccticc judo.
e doesn't do udo.
uego cl jutbol cmericcno y prcctico nctccin tcmbin.
pIay amerIcan IootbaII and go swImmIng too.
No vivo en unc ciudcd porque lcs ciudcdes son ruidoscs.
don't IIe In the cIty because cItIes are noIsy.
ue opinas sobre los deportes
To ask someone about theIr opInIons In SpanIsh, use Qu opincs sobre ("What
Is your opInIon about") then the thIng you want theIr opInIon on (Que opincs
sobre los deportes? means "What do you thInk about sport").
ustar
There Is no erb Ior "to IIke" In SpanIsh. nstead, you use gustc (meanIng "It
pIeases") and a personaI pronoun you say that "It pIeases me" or " am pIeased
by It". The personaI pronouns are shown beIow.
Spansh Ver * Qu te gusta hacer?
ustar * To pIease
4 SpanIsh
ue te gusta hacer
1ngIs EspaoI
Me Me
ou Te
Im/er/t Ie
!s os
AII oI you s
Them Ies
otes
IIke any other erb, you can put no In Iront oI It, to say " don't IIke"
(No me gustc).
I you IIke an actIIty rather than a thIng, ust use the InIInItIe
aIterwards. " IIke swImmIng" (e gustc ncdcr).
ustc means "It pIeases", so onIy works Ior sInguIar thIngs. I the thIng
that you IIke Is pIuraI (the women Ior exampIe), you add "n" (e gustcn lcs
mujeres - " IIke the women").
1ove and Hate
just sayIng you IIke or dIsIIke somethIng Is a bIt duII. SayIng you Ioe
somethIng Is reaIIy easy. nstead oI gustc, use enccntc (e enccntc leer means "
Ioe readIng"). To say you hate somethIng, use the reguIar erb dicr (odIo,
odIas, odIa, odIamos, odIIs, odIan).
ou can aIso use ncdc or mucho to add emphasIs to gustc. or exampIe, No
me gustc ncdc ver lc tele (" don't IIke watchIng T at aII") e gustc mucho el
cjedrez (" IIke chess a Iot").
xampIes
Que opincs sobre el cjedrez?
What do you thInk oI chess
e gustc el criquet.
IIke crIcket.
No le gustcn los deportes.
e doesn't IIke sports.
Nos gustc jugcr cl rugby y jutbol.
We IIke pIayIng rugby and IootbaII.
Les gustc mucho ncdcr, pero no pueden ccntcr.
They IIke swImmIng but they can't sIng.
e gustc prccticcr lc nctccion?
o you IIke goIng swImmIng
For qu os gustc el tenis?
Why do you IIke tennIs
dicn el cjedrez.
They hate chess.
WIkIbooks 4
Chapter
e enccntcn los deportes, csi vivo en lc ciudcd.
Ioe sports, so IIe In the cIty.
Summary
n thIs Iesson, you hae Iearnt.
ow to say some sports and actIItIes (el rugby, lc nctccin, ccntcr).
ow to say you pIay and do these thIngs (juego cl rugby, prccticcmos
nctccin).
About a Iew stem-changIng erbs (encuentro, encuentrcs, encuentrc,
encontrcmos, encontrcis, encuentrcn)
ow to make Ionger and negatIe sentences (no, nuncc, csi, pero).
ow to ask Ior opInIons (Qu opincs sobre el jutbol?, e enccntc
leer?)
ow to express opInIons (e gustc, Le gustcn, e enccntc, dicmos)
sectIon), and transIate the dIaIogue at the top beIore moIng on to Iesson sIx.
Eercises
Sports and Actvtes
Match the ngIIsh to the SpanIsh
1. ootbaII a. Iugby
2. CrIcket b. er Ia teIe
3. SwImmIng c. tboI
. To sIng d. Ieer
. Iugby e. judo
6. judo I. atacIn
. To read g. Aedre
. To watch T h. CrIcket
. TennIs I. Cantar
10. Chess . TenIs
44 SpanIsh
ue te gusta hacer
Stemchangng Vers
olver ("to return") conugates ust IIke poder. Conugate It beIow.
1. ..............
2. ..............
3. ..............
. ..............
. ..............
6. ..............
1. IractIco natacIon.
2. jugo aI rugby.
3. Iodemos cantamos en spaa.
. jugIs eI ItboI.
. Ior ue ueges eI cruet.
Compound sentences
TransIate the IoIIowIng sentences Irom SpanIsh to ngIIsh.
1. MI cumpIeaos es eI once de enero, as tengo cuarenta y ocho
aos.
2. Tengo ochenta y nuee aos y tIene ochenta y nuee aos
tambIen.
3. juega aI rugby y tenIs.
. o practIcamos natacIn.
. IImos en Ia cIudad porue eI campo es aburrIdo.
6. o practIco natacIn porue no puedo nadar.
. Cundo ugIs aI cruet
TransIate the IoIIowIng sentences Irom ngIIsh to SpanIsh.
1. pIay tennIs, but can't swIm.
2. They IIe In taIy because they don't IIke sports.
3. Can't you swIm
. er name Is GeorgIna too.
. So, what's your name
6. They can't pIay chess.
. When do you sIeep
Qu opnas sore Ios deportes?
TransIate the IoIIowIng sentences Irom SpanIsh to ngIIsh and Isa ersa.
1. What do you thInk oI rugby
2. Me encanta eI aedre.
3. don't IIke sIngIng at aII.
WIkIbooks 45
Chapter
. Me gustan mucho Ios deportes porue son anImados.
. o you IIke swImmIng
6. o me gusta IIr en oston no hay nada para hacer.
. The boys are cute when they sIng.
. As, por ue no pueden cantar
. She IIkes the countrysIde because It's uIet.
10.o me gusta IIorar.
Eercise answers
aIogue
Ral Hi Sophie o you like sports?
Soja ood cjternoon. love plcying jootbcll. And yourselj?
Ral Not much. However, go swimming cll the time.
Soja Ah, ccnt swim. o you plcy chess?
Ral Yes, love it, its c jun gcme.
Soja Yes, bye Rcul
Ral See you
Sports and Actvtes
1. c
2. h
3. I
. I
. a
6. e
. d
. b
.
10.g
Stemchangng vers
1. ueIo
2. ueIes
3. ueIe
. oIemos
. oIeIs
6. ueIen
4 SpanIsh
ue te gusta hacer
1. IractIco natacIn
2. juego aI rugby.
3. Iodemos cantar en spaa.
. jugIs aI ItboI.
. Ior ue uegas aI cruet?
Compound sentences
1. My bIrthday's on the 11th oI january, so 'm years oId.
2. 'm and he's too.
3. e pIays rugby and tennIs.
. We don't go swImmIng.
. We IIe In the cIty because the countrysIde Is borIng.
6. don't go swImmIng because can't swIm.
. When do you aII pIay crIcket
1. juego aI tenIs pero no puedo nadar.
2. Ien en taIIa porue no Ies gustan Ios deportes.
3. o puedes nadar
. Se IIama GeorgIna tambIen.
. As, cmo te IIamas
6. o pueden ugar aI aedre.
. Cundo duermes
Que opnas sore Ios deportes?
1. ue opInas sobre eI rugby
2. Ioe chess
3. o me gusta nada cantar.
. IIke sports a Iot because they're IIeIy.
. Te gusta nadar
6. don't IIke IIIng In oston there's nothIng to do.
. Ios nIos son bonItos cuando cantan.
. So, why can't you sIng
. Ie gusta eI campo porue es bonIto.
10. don't IIke cryIng.
WIkIbooks 47
Chapter 6
Q1 COMES?
ialogue
VocauIary
Me he agotado 'e run out
ecesItar To need
Zumo de juIce oI
Ral. oIa. ue compras
Soja. oIa, IaI. Compro una barra de pan y una boteIIa de Ieche.
Ral. aIe. As, tomas Ieche y pan tostada para tu desayuno
Soja. S. Me he agotado. ue desayunas
Ral. ormaImente, como umo de narana y una manana.
Soja. tIenes Ia comIda ue necesItas
Ral. S. AdIs.
Soja. asta Iuego
Food and rink
Ian (m)
(French brecd, by
cvid onnicux)
ueso (m)
ueo (m)
(Freercnge eggs, by
Fir)
Arro (m)
(Brown rice, by
Fir)
Iasta (j)
(S-Rotelle-C-
, by Chiejio)
Tomate (m)
(omcto je, by Sojteis)
Iechuga (j)
(Lettuce hecd bctcvic
vcriety, by Rcsbck)
IepIno (m) ZanahorIa (j)
Iatata (j)
(Fotctos cultivcr
crcbel, by ilmcnn)
Manana (j)
(Red elicious, by
Bcngin)
IItano (m) arana (j)
Iera (j)
(FecrFhoto, by FoeNyx)
!a (j)
48 SpanIsh
ue comes
Agua (j)
(Stilles inerclwcsser,
by W..Filsck)
Ieche (j)
(ilk glcss, by Stejcn
Khn)
Ino (m)
CaIe (m)
(urkishcojjee, by
Bertilvidet)
Te (m)
(eissen-teccup
pinkrose, by iyc)
Notes
m IndIcates that the noun Is mascuIIne (el queso "the cheese" los
plctcnos "the bananas"), wheras j IndIcated IemInIne (lc lechugc "the
Iettuce" lcs uvcs "the grapes")
n South AmerIca, pcpc Is used Instead oI pctctc.
WhIIe cguc Is IemInIne, It takes the mascuIIne artIcIes un and el. or
exampIe, el cguc curiosc ("the strange water") and lcs cgucs curioscs ("the
strange waters").
Con means "wIth", sin means wIthout (ccj con leche means "coIIee
wIth mIIk", ccj sin leche means "coIIee wIthout mIIk").
WIne comes In two arIetIes, "red" and "whIte". n SpanIsh, they are
vino tinto and vino blcnco.
EampIes
e gustcn los huevos.
IIke eggs.
No me gustc ncdc lc lechugc.
don't IIke Iettuce at aII.
e enccntc el t con leche.
Ioe tea wIth mIIk
e gustcn mucho lcs zcnchorics, pero los pepinos son cburridos.
IIke carrots a Iot, but cucumbers are borIng.
hat do you eat?
To ask what someone eIse eats, use Qu IoIIowed by a Iorm oI one oI the
erbs beIow (Qu comes? means "What do you eat"). To ask what someone
IIkes to eat, use Qu te gustc then any oI the erbs beIow (Qu te gustc comer?
means "What do you IIke to eat").
Spansh Vers * Qu comes?
Eatng and rnkng * Comer y Beer
EspaoI 1ngIs
Comer To eat
eber To drInk
WIkIbooks 49
Chapter 6
Tomar To hae (Iood/drInk)
esayunar To (eat) breakIast
AImorar To (eat) Iunch
Cenar To dIne (eat dInner)
Note
AII oI these erbs are reguIar except clmorzcr, whIch Is one oI the ! erbs
we Iearnt about In the Iast chapter clmuerzo, clmuerzcs, clmuerzc, clmorzcmos,
clmorzcis, clmuerzcn.
EampIes
Qu te gustc clmorzcr?
What do you IIke to eat Ior Iunch
Como ncrcnjcs y plctcnos, pero no me gustcn lcs percs.
eat oranges and bananas, but don't IIke pears.
e gustc comer lcs uvcs.
IIke to eat grapes.
Bebes leche?
o you drInk mIIk
A ottIe of ne
Eatng and rnkng * Comer y Beer
EspaoI 1ngIs
AIgo de Some
!n aso de
!na copa de
A gIass oI
!na boteIIa de A bottIe oI
!na barra de A IoaI oI
!n kIIo de A kIIo oI
!n kIIo y medI de ne and a haII kIIos oI
!n kIIo y cuarto de ne and a uarter kIIos oI
edIo kIIo de aII a kIIo oI
!n cuarto de kIIo de A uarter oI a kIIo oI
Notes
ou wIII hae notIced "some" on the IIst, but "unos/unas" Is some es, It
wouId be uncs mcnzcncs ("some appIes") but that onIy works Ior pIuraIs.
"Some bread" has to be transIated as clgo de pcn.
AIso, there are two ways oI sayIng "a gIass oI". Copc Is Ior gIasses wIth
50 SpanIsh
ue comes
a stem (mostIy wIne. unc copc de vino), and vcso Is used Ior wIthout a
stem.
bIousIy, In aII these phrases, the un can be repIaced wIth any number
(os vcsos de leche means "two gIasses oI mIIk").
EampIes
res botellcs de vino tinto
Three bottIes oI red wIne
n medio kilo de crroz
aII a kIIo oI rIce
nc bcrrc de pcn
A IoaI oI bread
Cinco kilos y medic de pctctcs
Ie and a haII kIIos oI potatoes
ln the Shop
n SpanIsh, as In ngIIsh, there are many ways oI expressIng what you wouId
IIke to buy, some oI whIch are IIsted beIow. ou wIII aIso see some other useIuI
words and phrases Ior when shoppIng Ior Iood.
1 ouId Ike * Me gustara
EspaoI 1ngIs
uIsIera
uerra
Me gustara
wouId IIke
Ah est(n) There you go oIIa.
Comprar To buy
Ia cuenta The receIpt
Costar To cost
!na tIenda A shop
Notes
Comprcr Is a totaIIy reguIar erb (compro, comprcs, comprc,
comprcmos, comprcis, comprcn).
WIth chi estc(n), wIth the n Is Ior pIuraI. WIthout Is Ior sInguIar.
Costcr Is a = ! erb (cuesto, cuestcs, cuestc, costcmos, costcis,
cuestcn), but obIousIy, you onIy use the thIrd person.
AIso, II you want to say "ow much does It cost, you use Cucnto
cuestc(n)? (cuestc Is Ior sInguIar thIngs, cuestcn Ior pIuraIs, as seen
WIkIbooks 51
Chapter 6
beIow).
EampIes
Quisierc unc mcnzcnc, por jcvor.
wouId IIke an appIe, pIease.
Querric comprcr unc bcrrc de pcn.
'd IIke to buy a IoaI oI bread.
e gustcric comprcr unc botellc de vino tinto, por jcvor.
'd IIke to buy a bottIe oI red wIne, pIease.
Cucnto cuestcn lcs uvcs?
ow much do the grapes cost
Cucnto cuestc un kilo de pctctcs?
What does a kIIo oI potatoes cost
Adjectives
E and Consonant Ad]ectves
n SpanIsh, cIearIy not aII adectIes end In "o" or "a". The good thIng about
these Is that they stay the same, IrrespectIe oI gender.
AdectIes endIng In "e" add an "s" when In the pIuraI.
AdectIes endIng In a consonant add an "es" when In the pIuraI.
Notes
When an adectIe (or Indeed a noun) ends In z, It changes to a c In
pIuraI, then adds the "es" (jeliz/jelices "happy").
EampIes
l hombre cmcble
The IrIendIy man
Lc mujer cmcble
The IrIendIy woman
Los ninos cmcbles
The IrIendIy boys
Lcs nincs cmcbles
The IrIendIy gIrIs
l hombre dijicil
The dIIIIcuIt man
Lc mujer dijicil
The dIIIIcuIt woman
Los ninos dijiciles
The dIIIIcuIt boys
Lcs nincs dijiciles
The dIIIIcuIt gIrIs
5 SpanIsh
ue comes
CoIours
CoIours In SpanIsh are ust adectIes, so they stIII hae to agree and go aIter
the noun. They are shown beIow.
Spansh VocauIary * Qu comes?
1os coIores * The coIours
1ngIs EspaoI
Ied Ioo
range arana
eIIow AmarIIIo
Green erde
Iue AuI
IurpIe Morado
rown Marrn
IInk Iosa
WhIte Ianco
Grey GrIs
Iack egro
Notes
AII oI these wIII IunctIon as nouns, II you add an artIcIe In Iront oI them.
or exampIe, el morcdo means "the purpIe one".
The pIuraI Iorm oI mcrrn Is mcrrones (wIthout the accent) lcs
zcnchorics mcrrones means "the brown carrots".
The coIours ncrcnjc and rosc end In "a" een II they are appIIed to a
mascuIIne el coche ncrcnjc, "the orange car" lc ccsc rosc, "the pInk
house"
EampIes
Lc mcnzcnc verde
The green appIe
Los huevos blcncos
The whIte eggs
l queso cmcrillo
The yeIIow cheese
Lcs ncrcnjcs ncrcnjcs
The orange oranges
Summary
n thIs Iesson, you hae Iearnt
WIkIbooks 5
Chapter 6
ow to say some Ioods and drInks (lc lechugc, unc mcnzcnc, lc leche).
ow to say you eat and drInk thIngs (como, comes, come, comemos,
comis, comen).
ow to say some sImpIe uantItIes (un kilo de pctctcs, unc copc de vino
tinto)
What to say In a shop (quisierc, querric, lc cuentc).
ow to Iorm adectIes that don't end In "" or "A" (lc tiendc verde, los
quesos czules)
sectIon), and transIate the dIaIogue at the top beIore moIng on.
Eercises
ood and rnk
Match the ngIIsh to the SpanIsh.
1. !n pepIno a. Water
2. ueso b. The carrots
3. !na manana c. IIce
. Ias peras d. WhIte wIne
. Te e. An egg
6. Ias anahorIas I. A cucumber
. !n hueo g. Tea
. Agua h. Cheese
. Arro I. The pears
10. Ino bIanco . An appIe
hat do you eat?
Conugate the erb beber ("to drInk") and cencr ("to dIne") beIow.
1. ..............
2. ..............
3. ..............
. ..............
. ..............
6. ..............
54 SpanIsh
ue comes
1. ..............
2. ..............
3. ..............
. ..............
. ..............
6. ..............
A ottIe of ne
Match up the IoIIowIng to make sentences that make sense.
1. !n kIIo y medIa de... a. ...Ino tInto
2. AIgo de... b. ...Ieche
3. !na copa de... c. ...patatas
. !n aso de... d. ...pan
. !na barra de... e. ...pasta
1n the shop
Iretend that you are a customer In a shop. n the IoIIowIng dIaIogue, IIII In
your part.
Buenos dics.
.........................
uy bien, grccics. Qu quisiercs?
.........................
cle. Ahi estcn.
.........................
Cuestcn tres euros.
.........................
iAdis
Ad]ectves
Ah est tres tomates erde.
Ios mueres son dIIcIIes.
Me gusta hombres amabIe.
dIe pepInos.
o Ies gustan comer patatas con ueso.
TransIate the IoIIowIng between SpanIsh and ngIIsh.
hate eatIng tomatoes. they're borIng.
o toma ueso o Ieche porue es egano. | egano = egan
don't drInk mIIk because It's whIte.
uerras comprar una manana
oes she IIke pasta wIth tomatoes and carrots
WIkIbooks 55
Chapter 6
Eercise answers
ood and rnk
1. I) A cucumber
2. h) Cheese
3. ) An appIe
. I) The pears
. g) Tea
6. b) The carrots
. e) An egg
. a) Water
. c) IIce
10.d) Ied wIne
hat do you eat?
1. ebo
2. ebes
3. ebe
. ebemos
. ebeIs
6. eben
1. Ceno
2. Cenas
3. Cena
. Cenamos
. CenIs
6. Cenan
A ottIe of ne
1. c) !n kIIo y medIa de patatas
2. e) AIgo de pasta
3. a) !na copa de Ino tInto
. b) !n aso de Ieche
. d) !na barra de pan
1n the shop
Buenos dics.
5 SpanIsh
ue comes
uenos das. ue taI
uy bien, grccics. Qu quisiercs?
uIsIera seIs hueos. | can be anythIng, so Iong as It's pIuraI
cle. Ahi estcn.
Cunto cuestan
Cuestcn tres euros.
GracIas. AdIs.
iAdis
Ad]ectves
Ah estn tres tomates erdes.
Ias mueres son dIIcIIes.
Me gustan hombres amabIes.
dIa pepInos.
o Ies gusta comer patatas con ueso.
dIo comer Ias patatas. son aburrIdas.
e doesn't hae cheese or mIIk because he's egan.
o bebo Ieche porue es bIanca.
WouId you IIke to buy an appIe
Ie gusta pasta con tomates y anahorIas
WIkIbooks 57
Chapter
7 Q1 HOBA ES?
ialogue
VocauIary
Iuego Then
SaIgo Ieae
Ral. oIa SoIa ue hora es
Soja: Son Ias ocho y cuarto.
Ral. GracIas. ue haces normaImente por Ia maana
Soja. Me Ieanto a Ias sIete. Iuego, me ducho y tomo mI desayuno.
!suaImente, saIgo a Ias ocho.
Ral. Ah, aIe. As, cundo aImueras
Soja. SueIo aImorar a Ia una.
Ral. CIaro. AdIs
Soja. asta Iuego
Telling the time
TeIIIng the tIme Is easy In SpanIsh, and ery sImIIar to ngIIsh. ou use thIs
constructIon.
Son Ias hours y mnutes
So, Son lcs tres y veinte wouId mean "t's twenty past three". To ask the tIme,
you ust use the uestIon Qu horc es? (IIteraIIy. "What hour Is It"). oweer,
thIs onIy works Ior tImes up to haII-past the hour. ow do you say "t's twenty to
three", hear you cry or thIs, you hae to use menos (meanIng "Iess") Instead
oI y (Son lcs cuctro menos diez means "t's ten to Iour".
ther typIcaI tIme-teIIIng phrases are depIcted In the tabIe beIow.
Spansh VocauIary * Qu hora es?
EI tempo * The tme
1ngIs EspaoI
a.m. de Ia maana
p.m. de Ia tarde
t's haII-past |hour Son Ias |hour y medIa
t's uarter-past |hour Son Ias |hour y cuarto
t's uarter-to |hour Son Ias |hour menos cuarto
58 SpanIsh
ue hora es
Notes
I there aren't any mInutes, ust say son lcs cinco ("t's o'cIock") or
son lcs once ("t's 11 o'cIock").
Iemember. son means "they are", so son lcs... onIy works Ior numbers
greater than one. To say "It's one o'cIock", you hae to say s lc unc.
EampIes
Son lcs ocho
t's o'cIock
Son lcs nueve y medic
t's haII-past nIne
Son lcs seis menos cucrto
t's uarter-to sIx
Son lcs dos y veinte de lc mcncnc
t's 2.20 a.m.
When
So, you now know how to teII the tIme In SpanIsh. ow Iet's use It to descrIbe
when somethIng happens. To do thIs, you use c lcs IoIIowed by the tIme as
descrIbed aboe (c lcs tres means "at 3 o'cIock"). ut what II you don't know a
specIIIc tIme What about ust "n the eenIng" just use por lc, IoIIowed by one
oI the entrIes In the tabIe (por lc noche means "at nIght").
1os tempos deI da * The tmes of the day
1ngIs EspaoI
MornIng Maana
AIternoon
Tarde
enIng
Ight oche
Notes
SInce It's aIways "por Ia", thIs means that these tImes-oI-day are aII
IemInIne.
EampIes
A lcs ocho de lc mcncnc, tomo mi descyuno.
At .00am, eat breakIast.
For lc tcrde, le gustc ver lc tele.
WIkIbooks 59
Chapter
n the eenIng, e IIkes watchIng T.
For lc noche, les gustc mucho beber leche.
At nIght,they Ioe drInkIng mIIk.
Time-related Adverbs
t's aII ery weII knowIng how to say that you do thIngs at a partIcuIar tIme,
but what about more habItuaI actIons What do you do usuaIIy ormaIIy
SometImes
EI tempo * The tme
1ngIs EspaoI
!suaIIy !suaImente
ormaIIy ormaImente
Iten A menudo
SometImes A eces
ccasIonaIIy
e e en cuando
casIonaImente
IareIy Iaramente
SoIer To be In the habIt oI
Notes
ou shouId notIce that aII the words endIng In "Iy" In ngIIsh end In
mente In SpanIsh. To turn an adectIe Into an aderb. take the IemInIne
Iorm oI the adectIe, then add mente.
Thus, normcl, rcro, occsioncl and usucl are aII adectIes.
AIso, ruidoscmente, trcnquilcmente, etc, are aderbs (you met
trcnquilo and ruidoso In Iesson ...)
Soler Is a ! stem-changIng erb (suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, solis,
suelen), and It Is IoIIowed by the InIInItIe (Suelo comer queso con pcn,
meanIng " usuaIIy eat cheese wIth bread").
EampIes
A veces, bebemos vino tinto, pero nuncc vino blcnco.
SometImes, we drInk red wIne, but neer whIte wIne.
Suelo vivir en pisos, vivir en unc ccsc es muy dijicil.
usuaIIy IIe In IIats IIIng In a house Is reaIIy dIIIIcuIt.
e vez en cucndo, juego cl cjedrez, pero usuclmente, prcctico judo.
SometImes, pIay chess, but usuaIIy do udo.
Normclmente c lcs cinco de lc tcrde, juego cl jutbl.
ormaIIy at pm, pIay IootbaII.
0 SpanIsh
ue hora es
Refleive verbs
IeIIexIe erbs are erbs where the subect and obect are the same. "To
wash oneseII" or "to get oneseII up". n SpanIsh, we do thIs by usIng a refIeve
pronoun beIore the erb. We'e aIready met these reIIexIe pronouns, aIong
wIth a reIIexIe erb In the IIrst Iesson. llcmcrse ("to caII oneseII"). So, here are
the reIIexIe pronouns.
BefIeve pronouns * Pronomres refIevos
1ngIs EspaoI
MyseII Me
ourseII Te
ImseII/erseII/tseII Se
urseIes os
ourseIes s
ThemseIes Se
So, here Is an exampIe, usIng the erb lcvcrse ("to wash oneseII").
Spansh Ver * Qu hora es?
1avarse * To ash oneseIf
1ngIs EspaoI
wash myseII Me Iao
ou wash yourseII Te Iaas
e/she/It washes hImseII/herseII/ItseII Se Iaa
We wash ourseIes os Iaamos
ou wash yourseIes s IaIs
They wash themseIes Se Iaan
So, now that know how to conugate them, It'd be useIuI to gIe you some
exampIes.
BeIfeve vers * Veros refIevos
1ngIs EspaoI
Ieantarse To get (oneseII) up
ucharse To shower (oneseII)
aarse To bathe (oneseII)
IeInarse To comb one's haIr
MauIIIarse To put one's make-up on
IeIaarse To reIax (oneseII)
WIkIbooks 1
Chapter
Notes
These are very sImIIar to the IndIrect obect pronouns used wIth gustcr.
Make sure you don't get them mIxed up.
When In the InIInItIe, the reIIexIe pronoun goes on the end oI the erb
as a suIIIx. or exampIe, me gustc duchcrme means " IIke showerIng".
EampIes
For lc mcncnc, me mcquillo y me peino.
n the mornIng, put my make-up on and comb my haIr.
Cucndo te bcncs?
When do you bathe
A lcs ocho de lc mcncnc, nos levcntcmos.
At am, we get up.
Nuncc nos bcncmos por lc mcncnc, nos gustc duchcrnos.
We neer hae a bath In the mornIng we IIke to hae a shower.
e enccntc bcncrme por lc noche - es muy trcnquilo.
Ioe haIng a bath In the eenIng - It's ery uIet.
ccsionclmente, se duchc por lc mcncnc, pero usuclmente, le gustc
bcncrse por lc tcrde.
cassIonaIIy, he showers In the mornIng, but usuaIIy, he IIkes to hae a
bath In the aIternoon.
A lcs nueve de lc tcrde, me gustc mucho relcjcrme. Normclmente, bebo
vino.
At pm, IIke to reIax. ormaIIy, drInk wIne.
Summary
ow to ask Ior the tIme (Qu horc es?)
ow to teII the tIme (Son lcs cuctro y medic, es lc unc menos cucrto)
ow to say the tImes oI the day (por lc mcncnc, tcrde, c lcs tres y diez)
arIous aderbs (occsionclmente, normclmente, de vez en cucndo, c
menudo)
ow to use reIIexIe erbs (me bcno, te relcjcs, se duchc, nos lcvcmos,
os lcvcntcis, se mcquillcn)
sectIon), and transIate the dIaIogue at the top beIore moIng on to Iesson eIght.
Eercises
SpanIsh
ue hora es
TeIIng the tme
WrIte the IoIIowIng tImes In IuII SpanIsh.
1. 3.00
2. .00
3. 2.2
. .10
. 10.30
6. 6.1
. 1.3
. .
. 1.1am
10..pm
TmereIated advers
TransIate the IoIIowIng Irom ngIIsh to SpanIsh and Ice ersa.
1. ormaImente, cenamos a Ias sIete.
2. ccasIonaIIy, pIay IootbaII, but reaIIy IIke rugby.
3. juegas aI aedre a menudo
. SometImes eat Iettuce, but neer eat tomatoes.
. Ior Ia noche, me gusta mucho comer arro.
6. rareIy hae Iunch at 1pm.
. !suaImente, aImuera a Ias dos.
. usuaIIy pIay tennIs at 3pm.
BefIeve vers
III In the gaps In the IoIIowIng text. ou mIght not need to put anythIng In
the gap.
Holc. () llcmo ilcgros, y tengo diecisis cnos. () vivo en un piso
grcnde en cdrid, en spcnc. Normclmente, () lc mcncnc, ()
levcnto c lcs seis () medic. Luego, () peino, y descyuno con Rosc
(mi hermcnc). espus, () mcquillcmos. Nuncc () duchcmos por
() mcncnc - me gustc bcncrme por lc noche.
suclmente, c () cuctro () lc tcrde, prccticcmos () lc
nctccin. () gustc mucho ncdcr. For lc tcrde, () relcjo me gustc
leer, () ver lc tele, pero usuclmente, no hcy ncdc () hccer.
WIkIbooks
Chapter
Eercise answers
aIogue
Ral. I SoIa What's the tIme
Soja. t's .1.
Ral. Thanks.What do you normaIIy do In the mornIng
Soja. get up at .00. Then, hae a shower, do my make-up and eat
breakIast. !suaIIy, Ieae at .00.
Ral. Ah, ok. So, when you you hae Iunch
Soja. normaIIy hae Iunch at 1.00.
Ral. k. Goodbye
Soja. See you soon
TeIIng the tme
1. Son Ias tres.
2. Son Ias cuatro.
3. Son Ias dos y eIntIcInco.
. Son Ias nuee y dIe.
. Son Ias dIe y medIa.
6. Son Ias seIs y cuarto.
. Son Ias dos menos eIntIcInco.
. Son Ias ocho menos cuarto.
. s Ia una y cuarto de Ia maana.
10.Son Ias nuee menos cInco de Ia noche.
TmereIated advers
1. ormaIIy, we hae dInner at .00.
2. e e en cuando, uego aI IutbI, pero me gusta mucho eI rugby.
3. o you oIten pIay chess
. A eces, como Iechuga, pero nunca como tomates.
. At nIght, reaIIy IIke eatIng rIce.
6. AImuero raramente a Ia una.
. !suaIIy, he has Iunch at 2.00.
. SueIo ugar aI tenIs a Ias tres de Ia tarde.
BefIeve vers
Holc. () llcmo ilcgros, y tengo diecisis cnos. () vivo en un piso
grcnde en cdrid, en spcnc. Normclmente, () lc mcncnc, ()
4 SpanIsh
ue hora es
levcnto c lcs seis () medic. Luego, () peino, y descyuno con Rosc
(mi hermcnc). espus, () mcquillcmos. Nuncc () duchcmos por
() mcncnc - me gustc bcncrme por lc noche.
suclmente, c () cuctro () lc tcrde, prccticcmos () lc
nctccin. () gustc mucho ncdcr. For lc tcrde, () relcjo me gustc
leer, () ver lc tele, pero usuclmente, no hcy ncdc () hccer.
1. Me
2. -
3. Ior
. Me
.
6. Me
. os
. os
. Ia
10.Ias
11.e
12.-
13.os
1.Me
1.-
16.Iara
WIkIbooks 5
Chapter
8 ONE VAS A 1B?
ialogue
Ral. oIa SoIa. Ia semana ue Iene, oy a Ir a taIIa.
Soja. Cmo as a Ir n tren
Ral. o. dIo Ios trenes - son muy ruIdosos.
Soja. CIaro. IreIIero Ios aInes tambIen.
Ral. !suaImente, oy a rIanda pero tengo un bIIIete para taIIa.
VocauIary
para Ior
otro other
tomarme
un
mes IIbre
take
myseII
a month
oII work
Soja. As, as a comprar un otro bIIIete
Ral. o - taIIa es buena tambIen. Iuedo tomar eI soI y experImentar Ia
cuItura natIa.
Soja. Cunto tIempo as a pasar aII
Ral. os semanas. uIero pasar un mes, pero no puedo tomarme un mes
IIbre.
Soja. ntIendo. asta Iuego
The Simple Future tense
xpressIng what you're goIng to do In the Iuture Is sImpIe In SpanIsh, and the
same as In ngIIsh. ou use thIs constructIon.
1r a nfntve
Iet's Iook at thIs more cIoseIy. Irst, you must conugate the (sadIy IrreguIar)
erb ir (meanIng "to go"), IoIIowed by c (meanIng "to"). Then you hae the
InIInItIe oI the erb you are goIng to do. So, voy c comer means "'m goIng to
eat". t's as sImpIe as that
r Is conugated thus.
Spansh Ver * nde vas a r?
1r * To go
SpanIsh
nde as a Ir
1ngIs EspaoI
go oy
ou go as
e/She/t goes a
We go amos
ou aII go aIs
They go an
Notes
or reIIexIe erbs, you hae two optIons Ior where to put the reIIexIe
pronoun. ou can eIther hae It beIore ir (me voy c bcncr, meanIng "'m
goIng to hae a bath") or as a suIIIx oI the InIInItIe (voy c bcncrme,
meanIng "'m goIng to hae a bath"). t doesn't matter whIch you choose.
EampIes
oy c cencr c lcs ocho
'm goIng to hae dInner at .00.
cs c jugcr cl jutbl con Fculo?
Are you goIng to pIay IootbaII wIth IauIo
c c duchcrse por lc tcrde.
She's goIng to hae a shower In the eenIng.
cmos c ir c Frcncic, nos vcmos c relcjcr.
We're goIng to go to rance We're goIng to reIax.
For lc noche, vcn c jugcr cl cjedrez.
At nIght, they're goIng to pIay chess.
ln the future...
ow that we know how to express Iuture actIons, It'd be great to be abIe to
say when we're goIng to do them. ere are a Iew key expressIons Ior sayIng
when somethIng Is goIg to happen.
Spansh VocauIary * nde vas a r?
1n the future * En eI futuro
1ngIs EspaoI
Tomorrow Maana
Tomorrow mornIng Maana por Ia maana
The day aIter tomorrow Iasado maana
ext week
Ia semana ue Iene
Ia semana prxIma
ext month I mes ue Iene
WIkIbooks 7
Chapter
I mes prxImo
ext year
I ao ue Iene
I ao prxImo
n the Iuture n eI Iuturo
Notes
otIce viene In some oI the phrases. ThIs Is Irom the = stem-
changIng erb venir, meanIng "to come". So, IIteraIIy, these phrases mean
"the week that comes" (lc semcnc que viene) or "the year that comes" (el
cno que viene). ThIs aIso means that you hae to conugate It when you're
taIkIng In the past tense. "The year that came", but don't worry about that
Ior uIte some tIme yet.
cncnc por lc mcncnc means "tomorrow mornIng". n the same eIn,
mcncnc por lc tcrde means "tomorrow aIternoon" and mcncnc por lc
noche means "tomorrow nIght".
EampIes
cncnc por lc tcrde, voy c jugcr cl tenis.
Tomorrow aIternoon, 'm goIng to pIay tennIs.
l cno prximo, vcmos c ir c Frcncic.
ext year, we're goIng to go to rance.
n el juturo, me gustcric vivir en el ccmpo.
n the Iuture, wouId IIke to IIe In the countrysIde.
cs c tener ocho cnos el mes que viene?
Are you goIng to be eIght years-oId next month
cmos c cencr c lcs siete y medic lc semcnc prximc?
Are we goIng to hae dInner at .30 next week
Lcs mujeres vcn c vivir en un piso en noviembre.
The women are goIng to IIe In a IIat In oember.
Holidays
Grab your swImmIng trunks. you're oII to the south coast oI SpaIn
ourney
So, when, where are how are you goIng to go Iook at the IoIIowIng phrase,
expIaIned beIow.
EI ao prmo voy a r a Espaa en avn
ThIs Is made up oI arIous parts.
8 SpanIsh
nde as a Ir
IrstIy, we hae the tIme expressIon.
Then, ir ("to go") In the sImpIe Iuture tense.
Then c spcnc, meanIng "to SpaIn" - the IocatIon.
Then en cvin, meanIng by ceroplcne. IIteraIIy, thIs means "In
aeropIane", as en means "In".
ou hae aII oI the ocabuIary here, except Ior the modes oI transport, some
oI whIch are beIow.
Autocar (m)
AIn (m)
(Air Fullmcntur ,
by Antti Hcvukcinen)
Coche (m) Tren (m) arco (m)
EampIes
cs c ir c Alemcnic en coche?
Are you goIng to go to Germany by car
Cmo vcmos c ir c cls? n cutoccr?
ow are we goIng to go to WaIes y coach
Normclmente, voy en tren, pero el mes que viene, voy c ir en bcrco.
ormaIIy, go by traIn, but next month, 'm goIng to go by boat.
cn c ir c los stcdos nidos en cvin.
They're goIng to go to the !SA by pIane.
or ho Iong?
To say how Iong you're goIng to spend somewhere (or doIng somethIng), you
use the erb pcscr (meanIng "to spend", as In tIme). t Is a perIectIy reguIar erb
(pcso, pcscs, pcsc, pcscmos, pcscis, pcscn). ou wouId then IoIIow It by a
tImespan (pcscmos dos semcncs en rlcndc means "we spend two weeks In
reIand").
To ask how Iong someone eIse Is goIng to spend somewhere, you use cucnto
tiempo ("how much tIme") IoIIowed by pcscr. Cucnto tiempo vcn c pcscr en
nglcterrc? means "ow Iong are they goIng to spend In ngIand".
EampIes
cis c pcscr un mes en Nuevc elcndc.
ou're aII goIng to spend a month In ew ZeaIand.
Normclmente, cucnto tiempo pcscs en Ccncdc?
ormaIIy, how much tIme do you spend In Canada
nde voy c pcscr el mes que viene? Los stcdos nidos?
WIkIbooks 9
Chapter
Where am goIng to spend the next month AmerIca
Accommodaton
To say "to stay" In SpanIsh, you use the reIIexIe erb clojcrse, whIch Is
reguIar (me clojo, te clojcs, se clojc, nos clojcmos, os clojcis, se clojcn). Then,
you use en (meanIng "In"), then the type oI accommodatIon, as shown In the
tabIe beIow.
oweer, hear you cry, what II you're aIready In SpaIn ow do you ask Ior
accomodatIon eIow are a Iew useIuI phrases Ior askIng Ior accommodatIon...
IeceptIon desk at a hoteI.
ienes cucrtos libres?
o you hae any Iree rooms
Cucnto cobrc por noche?
ow much does It cost per nIght
Fuedes recomendcrme un hotel bcrcto?
Can you recommend a cheap hoteI
Se puede jumcr en el cucrto?
Can you smoke In the room
AIo]amento * Accommodaton
1ngIs EspaoI
A sIngIe room !na habItacIn IndIIduaI
A doubIe room !na habItacIn dobIe
A IamIIy room !na habItacIn IamIIIar
A hoteI !n hoteI
A youth hosteI !n aIbergue uenII
A IIIa !n chaIet
A camp sIte !n cmpIng
Notes
A "camp sIte" Is un ccmping (remember the accent), "to go campIng" Is
ir de ccmping and "a tent" Is unc tiendc.
When In pIuraI, hcbitccin Ioses the accent (unc hcbitccin, dos
hcbitcciones).
70 SpanIsh
nde as a Ir
EampIes
l cno que viene, vcmos c ir de ccmping en Frcncic.
et year, we're goIng to go campIng In rancIa.
Lc semcnc prximc, voy c pcscr un dic en un clbergue juvenil.
ext week, 'm goIng to spend a day In a youth hosteI.
Normclmente, cucndo vcn c spcnc, se clojcn en un chclet, pero el cno
prximo, vcn c clojcrse en un hotel.
ormaIIy, when they go to SpaIn, they stay In a IIIa, but next year,
theIr goIng to stay In a hoteI.
ienes hcbitcciones dobles libres?
o you hae any Iree doubIe rooms
Cucnto cobrc por noche en un hcbitccin singulcr? Se puede jumcr
clli?
ow much does a sIngIe room cost per nIght Are you aIIowed to
smoke there
Fuedes recomendcrme un hotel bcrcto que tiene hcbitcciones jcmilcres
libres?
Can you recommend a cheap hoteI that has Iree IamIIy rooms
Actvtes
IIght. So you'e arrIed and unpacked. What now ow are you goIng to
spend your tIme bIousIy, you couId jugcr cl jutbl ("pIay IootbaII") or beber
vino ("drInk wIne"), but cIearIy there are more actIItIes than ust these...
rse de uerga Tomar eI soI adar
What about more generaI thIngs Why do you want to go there What do you
want to get out oI the trIp To say "In order to", you use pcrc (meanIng "Ior"),
IoIIowed by the InIInItIe.
Poru vas aII? hy go there?
1ngIs EspaoI
xperImentar una cuItura dIIerente To experIence a dIIIerent cuIture
Irobar Ia comIda natIa To try the IocaI Iood
Aprender eI IdIoma To Iearn the Ianguage
WIkIbooks 71
Chapter
Notes
There are uIte a Iew new erbs here. IuckIIy, most are reguIar...
Scccr Is reguIar (scco, scccs, sccc, scccmos, scccis, scccn).
omcr Is reguIar (tomo, tomcs, tomc, tomcmos, tomcis, tomcn).
rse Is expIaIned In more detaII beIow.
Bcilcr Is reguIar (bcilo, bcilcs, bcilc, bcilcmos, bcilcis, bcilcn).
Ncdcr Is reguIar (ncdo, ncdcs, ncdc, ncdcmos, ncdcis, ncdcn).
xperimentcr Is reguIar (experimento, experimentcs,
experimentc, experimentcmos, experimentcis, experimentcn).
Frobcr Is an =! stem-changIng erb (pruebo, pruebcs,
pruebc, probcmos, probcis, pruebcn).
Aprender Is reguIar (cprendo, cprendes, cprende, cprendemos,
cprendis, cprenden).
rse Is uIte compIIcated. t's the same ir as descrIbed aboe (voy, vcs,
vc, vcmos, vcis, vcn), but the se means that It's reIIexIe too, so It uses the
reIIexIe pronouns Iearnt Iast Iesson. Thus, It's conugated. me voy, te vcs,
se vc, nos vcmos, os vcis, se vcn.
WIth the nouns mentIoned here, most oI the genders are obIous.
oweer, watch out Ior idiomc and joto, sInce they hae the opposIte
genders to what you wouId expect. diomc Is mascuIIne and Foto Is
IemInIne.
bIousIy, nctivo and dijerente are adectIes. Another useIuI adectIe
to use In these phrases Is nuevo, meanIng "new".
EampIes
l mes prximo, voy c ir c bizc pcrc irme de juergc.
ext month, 'm goIng to go to bIa to go cIubbIng.
Cucndo en Frcncic, puedo rejcrme - me enccntc ncdcr y tomcr el sol.
When In rance, can reIax - Ioe swImmIng and sunbathIng.
For qu te gustcric ir c spcnc? Fcrc cprender el idiomc?
Why wouId you IIke to go to SpaIn To Iearn the Ianguage
cn c ir c recic en noviembre. Les gustc probcr comidcs nuevcs y
experimentcr culturcs dijerentes.
They're goIng to go to Greece In oember. They IIke tryIng new Ioods
and experIencIng dIIIerent cuItures.
Cucndo vcmos c nglcterrc, nuncc scccmos jotos buencs.
When we go to ngIand, we neer take good photos.
s gustc bcilcr y iros de juergc?
o you aII IIke dancIng and goIng cIubbIng
Stem-changing Verbs
The second type oI IrreguIar erb Is another stemchangng ver. ThIs tIme,
the e changes to ie In the "", "you", "he/she/It" and "they" Iorms. An exampIe
(querer, meanIng "to want") Is wrItten In the tabIe beIow.
7 SpanIsh
nde as a Ir
Spansh Ver * nde vas a r?
Querer * To ant
1ngIs EspaoI
uero
ou ueres
e/She/t uere
We ueremos
ou aII uereIs
They ueren
ther erbs that IoIIow thIs pattern
entender ("to understand"). entiendo, entiendes, entiende, entendemos,
entendis, entienden.
empezcr ("to start"). empiezo, empiezcs, empiezc, empezcmos,
empezcis, empiezcn.
prejerer ("to preIer"). prejiero, prejieres, prejiere, prejeremos,
prejeris, prejieren.
penscr ("to thInk"). pienso, pienscs, piensc, penscmos, penscis,
pienscn.
Notes
Querer can be IoIIowed by the InIInItIe (quiero empezcr means " want
to start").
Iemember tener WeII, that Is a stem changIng erb too. tengo, tienes,
tiene, tenemos, tenis, tienen
Fenscr Is normaIIy IoIIowed by que, meanIng "to thInk that".
EampIes
Quiero clmorzcr c lcs dos menos cucrto.
want to hae Iunch at 1..
suclmente, vcmos c Rusic en noviembre, pero ucn prejiere ir c
spcnc quiere cprender el idiomc.
!suaIIy, we go to IussIa en noember, but juan preIers goIng to SpaIn
he wants to Iearn the Ianguage.
Fcscdo mcncnc, vcis c cencr en el hotel. ntendis?
The day aIter tomorrow, you're goIng to dIne In the hoteI. o you aII
understand
Cucndo voy c Nuevc elcndc, quiero clojcrme en un clbergue juvenil,
pero Scnticgo prejiere los chcletes.
WIkIbooks 7
Chapter
When go to ew ZeaIand, want to stay In a youth hosteI, but
SantIago preIers IIIas.
ntiendo que se puede jumcr en lcs hcbitcciones individucles, no?
understand you can smoke In the sIngIe rooms, rIght
Fienscs que lcs mujeres vcn c ser cmcbles?
o you thInk the women are goIng to be nIce
Summary
ow to Iorm the sImpIe Iuture tense In SpanIsh (voy c comer, vcis c
clmorzcr, vcn c ir)
ow to say arIous Iuture tIme phrases (pcscdo mcncnc, mcncnc por lc
noche, en el juturo)
ow to say when, where and how you're goIng on hoIIday (el mes que
viene, vcmos c ir c rlcndc en cutoccr)
ow to say Ior how Iong you're goIng to stay (voy c pcscr un mes, pcsc
unc semcnc)
ow to say what sort oI accomodatIon you'II be In (un ccmping, un
clbergue junenil, voy c clojcrme en unc hcbitccin jcmilicr)
ow to ask Ior accommodatIon (ienes cucrtos libres?, Cucnto cobrc
por noche?)
ow to say arIous hoIIday actIItIes (me voy de juergc, bcilcn, probcr
comidcs nuevcs)
ow to Iorm = stem-changIng erbs (quiero, entendemos, cierrcn)
sectIon), and transIate the dIaIogue at the top beIore moIng on to Iesson nIne.
Eercises
The SmpIe uture tense
Iut the IoIIowIng Into the sImpIe Iuture tense.
1. Como a Ias seIs.
2. juegan aI ItboI.
74 SpanIsh
nde as a Ir
3. AImuera a Ias seIs.
. Me peIno a Ias tres.
. IImos en un pIso en ngIaterra.
6. Se IIama MIgueI.
. uermes a Ia una
. SoIs de scocIa.
. Tengo doce aos.
1n the future
Iut the IoIIowIng In chonoIogIcaI order.
1. Iasado maana
2. I ao prxImo
3. Ia semana ue Iene
. Maana por Ia noche
. I mes ue Iene
6. n eI Iuturo
. Maana por Ia maana
HoIdays
III In the gaps In the IoIIowIng text. ou mIght not need to put anythIng In
the gap.
l cno () viene, voy () ir () xico en tren. oy c () dos
semcncs clli. Normclmente, pcso solcmente unc semcnc, pero ()
gustcric () relcjcrme totclmente.
oy c clojcrme en () chclet jcmilicr con hombres cmcbles que ()
en () stcdos nidos tcmbin. l chclet cobrc () veinte euros
() noche.
Cucndo clli, hcy () pcrc hccer. cmos c tomcr () sol durcnte el
dic, y () lc noche, vcmos c bcilcr y () de juergc. cmbin,
() enccntc lc comidc clli - los huevos () jcntcsticos. () c
cencr en un restcurcnte dijerente ccdc noche.
Finclmente, () voy c ir c xico porque quiero cprender ()
idiomc - espcnol es jcntcsticc.
StemChangng Vers
Comnugate the IoIIowIng erbs In the present tense.
1. Iensar
1. ..............
2. ..............
WIkIbooks 75
Chapter
3. ..............
. ..............
. ..............
6. ..............
2. Tener
1. ..............
2. ..............
3. ..............
. ..............
. ..............
6. ..............
3. The IoIIowIng are aII erbs you hae Iearnt. Say II they are stem-
changIng, or not, and say II they're = or /!=!.
1. jugar
2. Comer
3. AImorar
. uerer
. IIr
6. Cenar
. ntender
. Ioder
Eercise answers
aIogue
Ral. I SoIa. ext week, 'm goIng to go to taIy.
Soja. ow are you goIng to get there y traIn
Ral. o. hate traIns they're ery noIsy.
Soja. I course. preIer aIrpIanes, too.
Ral. !suaIIy go to reIand, but hae a tIcket Ior taIy.
Soja. So, are you goIng to buy another tIcket
Ral. o, taIy Is good too. can sunbathe and experIence the natIe
cuIture.
Soja. ow much tIme are you goIng to spend there
Ral. Two weeks. 'd IIke to spend a month, but can't take myseII a month
oII work.
Soja. understand. See you Iater
The SmpIe uture tense
1. oy a comer a Ias seIs.
2. an a ugar aI ItboI.
7 SpanIsh
nde as a Ir
3. a a aImorar a Ias seIs.
. oy a peInarme a Ias tres.
. amos a IIr en un pIso en ngIaterra.
6. a a IIamarse MIgueI.
. as a dormIr a Ia una
. aIs a ser de scocIa.
. oy a tener doce aos.
1n the future
1. Maana por Ia maana
2. Maana por Ia noche
3. Iasado maana
. Ia semana ue Iene
. I mes ue Iene
6. I ao prxImo
. n eI Iuturo
HoIdays
1. ue
2. a
3. a
. pasar
. me
6. un
. Ien
. Ios
. por
10.para
11.eI
12.por
13.Irnos
1.me
1.son
16.oy
1.eI
StemChangng Vers
Comnugate the IoIIowIng erbs In the present tense.
1. Iensar
1. IIenso
2. IIensas
3. IIensa
WIkIbooks 77
Chapter
. Iensamos
. IensIs
6. IIensan
2. Tener
1. Tengo
2. TIenes
3. TIene
. Tenemos
. TeneIs
6. TIenen
3. The IoIIowIng are aII erbs you hae Iearnt. Say II they are stem-
changIng, or not, and say II they're = or /!=!.
1. !=! stem changIng erb
2. IeguIar erb
3. =! stem changIng erb
. = stemn changIng erb
. IeguIar erb
6. IeguIar erb
. = stem changIng erb
. =! stem changIng erb
78 SpanIsh
CuI es tu trabao
9 C11 ES T1 TBABAO?
ialogue
VocauIary
cIIentes customers
Ral. oIa, SoIa. CuI es tu trabao
Soja. Trabao en una tIenda.
Ral. aIe.
Soja. t, cuI es tu trabao
Ral. Ah, soy proIesor de IngIes.
Soja. ue bueno abIas IngIes natIamente
Ral. o, me encanta aprender IdIomas.
Soja. S, uIero aprender eI IngIes para mI trabao, tambIen. SIempre hay
cIIentes ue uIeren habIar en IngIes. s muy dIcII.
Rul. S, entIendo. AdIs
]obs and ocupations
n SpanIsh, to say someone's ob, you use ser ("to be"), IoIIowed by the name
oI the ob (some oI whIch are gIen beIow). ou use no artIcIes - " am dentIst"
(Soy dentistc), rather than " am a dentIst" IIke In ngIIsh. To ask what someone
eIse does Ior a IIIng, you use the phrase Cucl es tu trcbcjo? (the name oI thIs
Iesson).
So, some obs.
Spansh VocauIary * CuI es tu traa]o?
Traa]os * os
1ngIs EspaoI
IectrIcIan IectrIcIsta
IIumber IIomero (m) or IIomera (j)
uIIder Constructor (m) or Constructora (j)
Teacher IroIesor (m) or IroIesora (j)
Iawyer Abogado (m) or Abogada (j)
octor MedIco (m) or MedIca (j)
entIst entIsta
ngIneer ngenIero (m) or ngenIera (j)
CheI CocInero (m) or CocInera (j)
WIkIbooks 79
Chapter
Notes
or some oI the aboe obs, there are two optIons. one Ior maIes and
one Ior IemaIes. or electricistc and dentistc, there Is no dIIIerence
between the genders. en men can be dentistcs.
EampIes
s dentistc.
e's a dentIst.
cs c ser mdico?
Are you goIng to be a doctor
Quiero ser cbogcdc, pero cuestc mucho.
want to be a Iawyer, but It costs a Iot.
Son projesores de espcnol csi qu hcblcn espcnol muy bien.
They're SpanIsh teachers so they speak SpanIsh reaIIy weII.
Cucl es tu trcbcjo? res electricistc?
What do you work as Are you an eIectrIcIan
A Few lmportant Words
At thIs poInt, we reaIIy need to go through a Iew Important words that hae
been oerIooked In preIous Iessons, haen't reaIIy got a home, or hae generaIIy
not got much aIr-tIme. These are reaIIy Important, and ImmedIateIy raIse your
IeeI oI SpanIsh II you use them.
PaIartos * 1ttIe ords
1ngIs EspaoI
Too emasIado
Today oy
ow Ahora
n order to Iara
A Iot Mucho
That ue
ow ue
CurrentIy ActuaImente
AIways SIempre
80 SpanIsh
CuI es tu trabao
Notes
emcsicdo means "too" as In " am too nIce" (Soy demcsicdo cmcble). t
aIso means "too much" or "too many", as In "t costs too much" (Cuestc
demcsicdo) or "t has too many rooms" (iene demcsicdcs hcbitcciones).
When It's used as a sort oI adectIe, It has to agree wIth the noun.
Fcrc, In the sense "In order to" Is aIways IoIIowed by the InIInItIe. oy
c ir c jrcncic pcrc relcjcrme means "'m goIng to rance In order to reIax".
ucho means "a Iot" ("t has a Iot oI rooms" - tiene muchcs
hcbitcciones), but aIso "many" (" IIe In many dIIIerent houses" - vivo en
muchcs ccscs dijerentes). IIke demcsicdo, It has to agree wIth the noun It
descrIbes.
Qu means "how" onIy In the sense oI "ow IantastIc", iQu
jcntcstico. Cmo Is the uestIon word meanIng "how".
on't conIuse cctuclmente wIth "actuaIIy". t means currently.
EampIes
For qu vcs c Ccncdc? Fcrc cprender el idiomc?
Why are you goIng to Canada n order to Iearn the Ianguage
ivo en unc ccsc cdoscdc en Neuvc elcndc que tiene muchcs
hcbitcciones.
IIe In a terrace In ew ZeaIand that has many rooms.
Qu vcs c comer chorc?
What are you goIng to eat now
Normclmente, quiere clmorzcr c lc unc menos cucrto, pero hoy, quiere
comer c lcs dos.
ormaIIy, he wants to hae Iunch at uarter to one, but today, he
wants to eat at two.
cn c jugcr cl tenis? iQu jctcl
They're goIng to pIay tennIs ow awIuI
Siempre ceno c lcs siete de lc tcrde.
aIways dIne at pm.
Workplaces
As weII as hat your ob Is, It wouId be undoubtedIy useIuI to be abIe to say
here you work. A shop An oIIIce A Iactory
To do thIs, you use the reguIar erb trcbcjcr (trabao, trabaas, trabaa,
trabaamos, trabaIs, trabaan), then our IrIend en (meanIng "In"), then one oI
the optIons Irom thIs tabIe, or any other buIIdIng or IIrm.
Another Important IIttIe phrase to mentIon here Is gcncr dinero, meanIng "to
earn money". t's reguIar, so Is conugated gcno dinero, gcncs dinero, gcnc
dinero, gcncmos dinero, gcncis dinero, gcncn dinero.
WIkIbooks 81
Chapter
orkpIaces * 1ugares de traa]o
1ngIs EspaoI
An oIIIce !na oIIcIna
A Iactory !na IbrIca
A shop !na tIenda
A schooI !n coIegIo
A restaurant !n restaurante
A studIo !n taIIer
A garage !n taIIer mecnIco
Notes
As part oI thIs phrase, you can aIso use a company name (rcbcjo en
esco meanIng " work at Tesco"), or een a country or pIace name
(rcbcjcs en Alemcnic? meanIng "o you work In Germany").
EampIes
rcbcjcmos en un tcller meccnico en spcnc.
We work In a garage In SpaIn.
rcbcjo en unc tiendc que se llcmc Woolworths.
work In a shop caIIed WooIworths.
nde trcbcjcs? n un colegio? res projesor?
Where do you work n a schooI Are you a teacher
Actuclmente trcbcjo en unc jcbricc pcrc gcncr dinero.
'm currentIy workIng In a Iactory, In order to earn money.
rcbcjcn en unc ojicinc, pero prejieren trcbcjcr en restcurcntes.
They work In an oIIIce, but they preIer workIng In restuarants.
The Future Tense
or the past two Iessons, we hae been usIng the phrase ir c to reIer to the
Iuture. ow, there Is a reaI Iuture tense In SpanIsh, whIch Is Iormed by changIng
the erb ItseII, and Is transIated at "wIII". t Is Iormed thus.
future stemendng
Iet's expIaIn thIs.
The Iuture stem Is a Iorm oI the erb. IuckIIy Ior us, In most cases, It's
the same as the InIInItIe. So, Ior hcblcr (meanIng "to taIk"), the Iuture
stem Is sImpIy hcblcr.
The endIngs are shown In the tabIe beIow. ou add them to the Iuture
8 SpanIsh
CuI es tu trabao
stem as suIIIxes.
Suffes * Suf]os
1ngIs EspaoI
e
ou s
e/She/t
We emos
ou aII eIs
They n
Notes
Some erbs are hae IrreguIar Iuture stems. Assume a erb Is reguIar
unIess you know otherwIse. I the erbs you hae Iearnt so Iar, thIs onIy
appIIes to three.
ener ("to hae"). tendr, tendrcs, tendrc, tendremos, tendris,
tendrcn
Foder ("to be abIe to"). podr, podrcs, podrc, podremos, podris,
podrcn
Querer ("to want"). querr, querrcs, querrc, querremos, querris,
querrcn
EampIes
Comer unc mcnzcnc.
wIII eat an appIe.
Fcscdo mcncnc, ircs c lcs tiendcs?
The day aIter tomorrow, wIII you go to the shops
Serc jontcnerc.
She wIII be a pIumber.
l mes que viene, tendr ochentc cnos.
ext month, wIII be 0.
l cno prximo, vivircn en unc ccsc nuevc.
ext year, they wIII IIe In a new house.
Summary
ow to say what you and others do Ior a IIIng (soy ingeniero, son
cbogcdos)
ow to ask what someone does Ior a IIIng (Cucl es tu trcbcjo?)
WIkIbooks 8
Chapter
ow to say arIous IIttIe, but Important words (que, demcsicdo, mucho)
ow to say arIous workpIaces (unc jcbricc, un tcller)
ow to Iorm the Iuture tense (podrcn, querr, clmorzcremos)
sectIon), and transIate the dIaIogue at the top beIore moIng on.
Eercises
os and occupatons
Match the ngIIsh to the SpanIsh.
1. IectrIcIsta a. IIumber
2. ontanera b. Iawyer
3. Constructor c. ngIneer
. Abogado d. IectrIcIan
. IroIesora e. octor
6. MedIco I. entIst
. ConcInera g. Teacher
. entIsta h. uIIder
. ngenIero I. CheI
A e 1mportant ords
TransIate the IoIIowIng Irom ngIIsh to SpanIsh and Ice ersa.
1. hae too many appIes.
2. oy, trabao en una tIenda para ganar dInero.
3. ou're a pIumber ow IantastIc
. Muchos nIos uIeren ser constructores.
. preIer men that pIay rugby.
6. e e en cuando, uIero ugar aI ItboI, pero no ahora.
. !suaIIy, we go swImmIng, but today, we're goIng to pIay tennIs.
orkpIaces
CompIete the IoIIowIng sentences.
84 SpanIsh
CuI es tu trabao
1. Soy proIesora. trabao en .
2. s concInero. trabaa en .
3. o me gusta mI trabao en , porue es demasIado ruIdoso.
. dIo mI trabao en , porue es muy aburrIdo. o hay mucho para
hacer.
. Trabaamos en ue se IIama arrods. SIempre es anImado y me
encanta habIar
The uture Tense
IewrIte the IoIIowIng sentences, so that the erb Is In the Iuture tense.
1. oy a Canad
2. Trabaamos en un restaurante en Ia cIudad.
3. Ganas eInte euros por hora ue bueno
. TIenen cuarenta y ocho aos.
. uIero dormIr.
6. jugIs aI tenIs
. a a rIanda para experImentar una cuItura dIIerente.
. Soy IngenIera.
Eercise answers
aIogue
Ral. I, SoIa. What do you do Ior a IIIng
Soja. work In a shop.
Ral. k.
Soja. What about you, what do you do Ior a IIIng
Ral. Ah, 'm an ngIIsh teacher.
Soja. Great o you speak ngIIsh natIeIy
Ral. o, Ioe IearnIng new Ianguages.
Soja. eah, want to Iearn ngIIsh Ior my ob, too. There are aIways
customers who want to speak ngIIsh. t's ery dIIIIcuIt.
Rul. eah, understand. Goodbye
os and occupatons
1. d
2. a
3. h
. b
WIkIbooks 85
Chapter
. g
6. e
. I
. I
. c
A e 1mportant ords
1. Tengo demasIadas mananas.
2. Today, 'm workIng In a shop to earn some money.
3. res Iontanero ue IantstIco
. Many boys want to be buIIders.
. IreIIero hombres ue uegan aI rugby.
6. ccassIonaIIy, want to pIay IootbaII, but not now.
. !suaImente, practIcamos Ia natacIn, pero hoy, amos a ugar aI tenIs.
orkpIaces
1. !n coIegIo
2. !n restaurante
3. !n taIIer mecnIco una IbrIca
. !na oIIcIna
. !na tIenda
The uture Tense
1. re a Canad
2. Trabaaremos en un restaurante en Ia cIudad.
3. Ganars eInte euros por hora ue bueno
. Tendrn cuarenta y ocho aos.
. uerre dormIr.
6. jugareIs aI tenIs
. r a rIanda para experImentar una cuItura dIIerente.
. Sere IngenIera.
8 SpanIsh
Istory ocument otes
10 H1STOB OC1MENT NOTES
Wikibook History
ThIs book was created on 2003-0-02 by ThomasStrohmann and was
deeIoped on the WIkIbooks proect by the contrIbutors IIsted In the next sectIon.
t was the IIrst Ianguage book on WIkIbooks. urIng ecember 2006, It
underwent a compIete archIe and rewrIte by CeIestIanpower. The Iatest ersIon
may be Iound at http.//en.wIkIbooks.org/wIkI/SpanIsh.
PF lnformation & History
ThIs I was created on 200-0-1 based on the 200-0-1 ersIon oI the
SpanIsh WIkIbook. A transparent copy oI thIs document Is aaIIabIe at
WIkIbooks.SpanIsh/IrInt ersIon. The SW source oI thIs I document Is
aaIIabIe at WIkIbooks.mage.SpanIsh.sxw. The tempIate Irom whIch the
document was created Is aaIIabIe at WIkIbooks.mage.I tempIate.sxw.
WIkIbooks 87
Chapter 11
11 A1THOBS 1MAE CBE1TS
Principal Authors
ThomasStrohmann ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
KarI WIck ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
WIntermute ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
MarIeIa IIa ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
Mxn ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
Sabbut ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
jaIer Carro ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
enoxIeIo ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
ThInk ast ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
CeIestIanpower ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
john 'Adamo ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
AnthonyaIdwIn ( taIk emaII contrIbs )
All Authors
AInokta, AnthonyaIdwIn, Aphedox, AustenId, A16, aryonIc eIng, atew,
eeey, Cano, CeIestIanpower, Chyera, CommonseIInker, erbeth, erIong,
enoxIeIo, Gen Sherman, oogII, jaIer Carro, jguk, john 'Adamo, KarI WIck,
Iaerdad, ManueIGI, Mxn, aso, IabIo.cI, Sabbut, SamueI, SupernaturaIIst,
Tawagoto, ThInk ast, ThomasStrohmann, West rom eer, anIa, anonymous
users
lmage Credits
mages are eIther IIcensed under the GI or reIeased Into the pubIIc
domaIn. Creators oI GI Images are IIsted In Image captIons.
88 SpanIsh
G! ree ocumentatIon IIcense
1 N1 BEE OC1MENTAT1ON
11CENSE
ersIon 1.2, oember 2002
Copyrigh (C) 2000,2001,2002 Eree Sofware Eoundaion, Inc.
51 Eran'1in S, Eifh E1oor, Boson, A 021101301 USA
veryone is permied o copy and disriue veraim copies
of his 1icense documen, u changing i is no a11owed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose oI thIs IIcense Is to make a manuaI, textbook, or other
IunctIonaI and useIuI document "Iree" In the sense oI Ireedom. to assure
eeryone the eIIectIe Ireedom to copy and redIstrIbute It, wIth or wIthout
modIIyIng It, eIther commercIaIIy or noncommercIaIIy. SecondarIIy, thIs IIcense
preseres Ior the author and pubIIsher a way to get credIt Ior theIr work, whIIe
not beIng consIdered responsIbIe Ior modIIIcatIons made by others.
ThIs IIcense Is a kInd oI "copyIeIt", whIch means that derIatIe works oI the
document must themseIes be Iree In the same sense. t compIements the G!
GeneraI IubIIc IIcense, whIch Is a copyIeIt IIcense desIgned Ior Iree soItware.
We hae desIgned thIs IIcense In order to use It Ior manuaIs Ior Iree
soItware, because Iree soItware needs Iree documentatIon. a Iree program
shouId come wIth manuaIs proIdIng the same Ireedoms that the soItware does.
ut thIs IIcense Is not IImIted to soItware manuaIs It can be used Ior any textuaI
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We recommend thIs IIcense prIncIpaIIy Ior works whose purpose Is InstructIon or
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1. APPLlCABlLlTY AN EFlNlTlONS
ThIs IIcense appIIes to any manuaI or other work, In any medIum, that
contaIns a notIce pIaced by the copyrIght hoIder sayIng It can be dIstrIbuted
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you copy, modIIy or dIstrIbute the work In a way reuIrIng permIssIon under
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A "ModIIIed ersIon" oI the ocument means any work contaInIng the
ocument or a portIon oI It, eIther copIed erbatIm, or wIth modIIIcatIons and/or
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WIkIbooks 89
Chapter 12
A "Secondary SectIon" Is a named appendIx or a Iront-matter sectIon oI the
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(Thus, II the ocument Is In part a textbook oI mathematIcs, a Secondary SectIon
may not expIaIn any mathematIcs.) The reIatIonshIp couId be a matter oI
hIstorIcaI connectIon wIth the subect or wIth reIated matters, or oI IegaI,
commercIaI, phIIosophIcaI, ethIcaI or poIItIcaI posItIon regardIng them.
The "narIant SectIons" are certaIn Secondary SectIons whose tItIes are
desIgnated, as beIng those oI narIant SectIons, In the notIce that says that the
ocument Is reIeased under thIs IIcense. I a sectIon does not IIt the aboe
deIInItIon oI Secondary then It Is not aIIowed to be desIgnated as narIant. The
ocument may contaIn ero narIant SectIons. I the ocument does not IdentIIy
any narIant SectIons then there are none.
The "Coer Texts" are certaIn short passages oI text that are IIsted, as ront-
Coer Texts or ack-Coer Texts, In the notIce that says that the ocument Is
reIeased under thIs IIcense. A ront-Coer Text may be at most words, and a
ack-Coer Text may be at most 2 words.
A "Transparent" copy oI the ocument means a machIne-readabIe copy,
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dIscourage subseuent modIIIcatIon by readers Is not Transparent. An Image
Iormat Is not Transparent II used Ior any substantIaI amount oI text. A copy that
Is not "Transparent" Is caIIed "paue".
xampIes oI suItabIe Iormats Ior Transparent copIes IncIude pIaIn ASC
wIthout markup, TexInIo Input Iormat, IaTe Input Iormat, SGMI or MI usIng a
pubIIcIy aaIIabIe T, and standard-conIormIng sImpIe TMI, IostScrIpt or
I desIgned Ior human modIIIcatIon. xampIes oI transparent Image Iormats
IncIude IG, C and jIG. paue Iormats IncIude proprIetary Iormats that can
be read and edIted onIy by proprIetary word processors, SGMI or MI Ior whIch
the T and/or processIng tooIs are not generaIIy aaIIabIe, and the machIne-
generated TMI, IostScrIpt or I produced by some word processors Ior
output purposes onIy.
The "TItIe Iage" means, Ior a prInted book, the tItIe page ItseII, pIus such
IoIIowIng pages as are needed to hoId, IegIbIy, the materIaI thIs IIcense reuIres
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as such, "TItIe Iage" means the text near the most promInent appearance oI the
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90 SpanIsh
A sectIon "ntItIed Z" means a named subunIt oI the ocument whose tItIe
eIther Is precIseIy Z or contaIns Z In parentheses IoIIowIng text that
transIates Z In another Ianguage. (ere Z stands Ior a specIIIc sectIon name
mentIoned beIow, such as "AcknowIedgements", "edIcatIons", "ndorsements",
or "Istory".) To "Iresere the TItIe" oI such a sectIon when you modIIy the
ocument means that It remaIns a sectIon "ntItIed Z" accordIng to thIs
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The ocument may IncIude Warranty IscIaImers next to the notIce whIch
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2. VERBATlM COPYlNG
ou may copy and dIstrIbute the ocument In any medIum, eIther
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ou may aIso Iend copIes, under the same condItIons stated aboe, and you
may pubIIcIy dIspIay copIes.
3. COPYlNG lN ANTlTY
I you pubIIsh prInted copIes (or copIes In medIa that commonIy hae prInted
coers) oI the ocument, numberIng more than 100, and the ocument's IIcense
notIce reuIres Coer Texts, you must encIose the copIes In coers that carry,
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and ack-Coer Texts on the back coer. oth coers must aIso cIearIy and
IegIbIy IdentIIy you as the pubIIsher oI these copIes. The Iront coer must
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condItIons, can be treated as erbatIm copyIng In other respects.
I the reuIred texts Ior eIther coer are too oIumInous to IIt IegIbIy, you
shouId put the IIrst ones IIsted (as many as IIt reasonabIy) on the actuaI coer,
and contInue the rest onto adacent pages.
I you pubIIsh or dIstrIbute paue copIes oI the ocument numberIng more
WIkIbooks 91
Chapter 12
than 100, you must eIther IncIude a machIne-readabIe Transparent copy aIong
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uantIty, to ensure that thIs Transparent copy wIII remaIn thus accessIbIe at the
stated IocatIon untII at Ieast one year aIter the Iast tIme you dIstrIbute an
paue copy (dIrectIy or through your agents or retaIIers) oI that edItIon to the
pubIIc.
t Is reuested, but not reuIred, that you contact the authors oI the
ocument weII beIore redIstrIbutIng any Iarge number oI copIes, to gIe them a
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. MOlFlCATlONS
ou may copy and dIstrIbute a ModIIIed ersIon oI the ocument under the
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ersIon under precIseIy thIs IIcense, wIth the ModIIIed ersIon IIIIIng the roIe oI
the ocument, thus IIcensIng dIstrIbutIon and modIIIcatIon oI the ModIIIed
ersIon to whoeer possesses a copy oI It. n addItIon, you must do these thIngs
In the ModIIIed ersIon.
A !se In the TItIe Iage (and on the coers, II any) a tItIe dIstInct Irom that
oI the ocument, and Irom those oI preIous ersIons (whIch shouId, II there
were any, be IIsted In the Istory sectIon oI the ocument). ou may use the
same tItIe as a preIous ersIon II the orIgInaI pubIIsher oI that ersIon gIes
permIssIon.
B IIst on the TItIe Iage, as authors, one or more persons or entItIes
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together wIth at Ieast IIe oI the prIncIpaI authors oI the ocument (aII oI Its
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C State on the TItIe page the name oI the pubIIsher oI the ModIIIed ersIon,
as the pubIIsher.
Iresere aII the copyrIght notIces oI the ocument.
E Add an approprIate copyrIght notIce Ior your modIIIcatIons adacent to
the other copyrIght notIces.
ncIude, ImmedIateIy aIter the copyrIght notIces, a IIcense notIce gIIng
the pubIIc permIssIon to use the ModIIIed ersIon under the terms oI thIs
IIcense, In the Iorm shown In the Addendum beIow.
Iresere In that IIcense notIce the IuII IIsts oI narIant SectIons and
reuIred Coer Texts gIen In the ocument's IIcense notIce.
H ncIude an unaItered copy oI thIs IIcense.
1 Iresere the sectIon ntItIed "Istory", Iresere Its TItIe, and add to It an
Item statIng at Ieast the tItIe, year, new authors, and pubIIsher oI the
9 SpanIsh
ModIIIed ersIon as gIen on the TItIe Iage. I there Is no sectIon ntItIed
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Iresere the network IocatIon, II any, gIen In the ocument Ior pubIIc
access to a Transparent copy oI the ocument, and IIkewIse the network
IocatIons gIen In the ocument Ior preIous ersIons It was based on.
These may be pIaced In the "Istory" sectIon. ou may omIt a network
IocatIon Ior a work that was pubIIshed at Ieast Iour years beIore the
ocument ItseII, or II the orIgInaI pubIIsher oI the ersIon It reIers to gIes
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or any sectIon ntItIed "AcknowIedgements" or "edIcatIons", Iresere
the TItIe oI the sectIon, and presere In the sectIon aII the substance and
tone oI each oI the contrIbutor acknowIedgements and/or dedIcatIons gIen
thereIn.
1 Iresere aII the narIant SectIons oI the ocument, unaItered In theIr
text and In theIr tItIes. SectIon numbers or the euIaIent are not consIdered
part oI the sectIon tItIes.
M eIete any sectIon ntItIed "ndorsements". Such a sectIon may not be
IncIuded In the ModIIIed ersIon.
N o not retItIe any exIstIng sectIon to be ntItIed "ndorsements" or to
conIIIct In tItIe wIth any narIant SectIon.
O Iresere any Warranty IscIaImers.
I the ModIIIed ersIon IncIudes new Iront-matter sectIons or appendIces that
uaIIIy as Secondary SectIons and contaIn no materIaI copIed Irom the
ocument, you may at your optIon desIgnate some or aII oI these sectIons as
InarIant. To do thIs, add theIr tItIes to the IIst oI narIant SectIons In the
ModIIIed ersIon's IIcense notIce. These tItIes must be dIstInct Irom any other
sectIon tItIes.
ou may add a sectIon ntItIed "ndorsements", proIded It contaIns nothIng
but endorsements oI your ModIIIed ersIon by arIous partIes--Ior exampIe,
statements oI peer reIew or that the text has been approed by an organIatIon
as the authorItatIe deIInItIon oI a standard.
ou may add a passage oI up to IIe words as a ront-Coer Text, and a
passage oI up to 2 words as a ack-Coer Text, to the end oI the IIst oI Coer
Texts In the ModIIIed ersIon. nIy one passage oI ront-Coer Text and one oI
ack-Coer Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one
entIty. I the ocument aIready IncIudes a coer text Ior the same coer,
preIousIy added by you or by arrangement made by the same entIty you are
actIng on behaII oI, you may not add another but you may repIace the oId one,
on expIIcIt permIssIon Irom the preIous pubIIsher that added the oId one.
The author(s) and pubIIsher(s) oI the ocument do not by thIs IIcense gIe
permIssIon to use theIr names Ior pubIIcIty Ior or to assert or ImpIy endorsement
oI any ModIIIed ersIon.
WIkIbooks 9
Chapter 12
. COMBlNlNG OCMENTS
ou may combIne the ocument wIth other documents reIeased under thIs
IIcense, under the terms deIIned In sectIon aboe Ior modIIIed ersIons,
proIded that you IncIude In the combInatIon aII oI the narIant SectIons oI aII oI
the orIgInaI documents, unmodIIIed, and IIst them aII as narIant SectIons oI
your combIned work In Its IIcense notIce, and that you presere aII theIr
Warranty IscIaImers.
The combIned work need onIy contaIn one copy oI thIs IIcense, and muItIpIe
IdentIcaI narIant SectIons may be repIaced wIth a sIngIe copy. I there are
muItIpIe narIant SectIons wIth the same name but dIIIerent contents, make the
tItIe oI each such sectIon unIue by addIng at the end oI It, In parentheses, the
name oI the orIgInaI author or pubIIsher oI that sectIon II known, or eIse a unIue
number. Make the same adustment to the sectIon tItIes In the IIst oI narIant
SectIons In the IIcense notIce oI the combIned work.
n the combInatIon, you must combIne any sectIons ntItIed "Istory" In the
arIous orIgInaI documents, IormIng one sectIon ntItIed "Istory" IIkewIse
combIne any sectIons ntItIed "AcknowIedgements", and any sectIons ntItIed
"edIcatIons". ou must deIete aII sectIons ntItIed "ndorsements."
. COLLECTlONS OF OCMENTS
ou may make a coIIectIon consIstIng oI the ocument and other documents
reIeased under thIs IIcense, and repIace the IndIIduaI copIes oI thIs IIcense In
the arIous documents wIth a sIngIe copy that Is IncIuded In the coIIectIon,
proIded that you IoIIow the ruIes oI thIs IIcense Ior erbatIm copyIng oI each oI
the documents In aII other respects.
ou may extract a sIngIe document Irom such a coIIectIon, and dIstrIbute It
IndIIduaIIy under thIs IIcense, proIded you Insert a copy oI thIs IIcense Into
the extracted document, and IoIIow thIs IIcense In aII other respects regardIng
erbatIm copyIng oI that document.
. AGGREGATlON WlTH lNEPENENT WORS
A compIIatIon oI the ocument or Its derIatIes wIth other separate and
Independent documents or works, In or on a oIume oI a storage or dIstrIbutIon
medIum, Is caIIed an "aggregate" II the copyrIght resuItIng Irom the compIIatIon
Is not used to IImIt the IegaI rIghts oI the compIIatIon's users beyond what the
IndIIduaI works permIt. When the ocument Is IncIuded In an aggregate, thIs
IIcense does not appIy to the other works In the aggregate whIch are not
themseIes derIatIe works oI the ocument.
I the Coer Text reuIrement oI sectIon 3 Is appIIcabIe to these copIes oI the
94 SpanIsh
ocument, then II the ocument Is Iess than one haII oI the entIre aggregate, the
ocument's Coer Texts may be pIaced on coers that bracket the ocument
wIthIn the aggregate, or the eIectronIc euIaIent oI coers II the ocument Is In
eIectronIc Iorm. therwIse they must appear on prInted coers that bracket the
whoIe aggregate.
. TRANSLATlON
TransIatIon Is consIdered a kInd oI modIIIcatIon, so you may dIstrIbute
transIatIons oI the ocument under the terms oI sectIon . IepIacIng narIant
SectIons wIth transIatIons reuIres specIaI permIssIon Irom theIr copyrIght
hoIders, but you may IncIude transIatIons oI some or aII narIant SectIons In
addItIon to the orIgInaI ersIons oI these narIant SectIons. ou may IncIude a
transIatIon oI thIs IIcense, and aII the IIcense notIces In the ocument, and any
Warranty IscIaImers, proIded that you aIso IncIude the orIgInaI ngIIsh ersIon
oI thIs IIcense and the orIgInaI ersIons oI those notIces and dIscIaImers. n case
oI a dIsagreement between the transIatIon and the orIgInaI ersIon oI thIs
IIcense or a notIce or dIscIaImer, the orIgInaI ersIon wIII preaII.
I a sectIon In the ocument Is ntItIed "AcknowIedgements", "edIcatIons",
or "Istory", the reuIrement (sectIon ) to Iresere Its TItIe (sectIon 1) wIII
typIcaIIy reuIre changIng the actuaI tItIe.
. TERMlNATlON
ou may not copy, modIIy, subIIcense, or dIstrIbute the ocument except as
expressIy proIded Ior under thIs IIcense. Any other attempt to copy, modIIy,
subIIcense or dIstrIbute the ocument Is oId, and wIII automatIcaIIy termInate
your rIghts under thIs IIcense. oweer, partIes who hae receIed copIes, or
rIghts, Irom you under thIs IIcense wIII not hae theIr IIcenses termInated so
Iong as such partIes remaIn In IuII compIIance.
10. FTRE REVlSlONS OF THlS LlCENSE
The ree SoItware oundatIon may pubIIsh new, reIsed ersIons oI the G!
ree ocumentatIon IIcense Irom tIme to tIme. Such new ersIons wIII be sImIIar
In spIrIt to the present ersIon, but may dIIIer In detaII to address new probIems
or concerns. See http.//www.gnu.org/copyIeIt/.
ach ersIon oI the IIcense Is gIen a dIstInguIshIng ersIon number. I the
ocument specIIIes that a partIcuIar numbered ersIon oI thIs IIcense "or any
Iater ersIon" appIIes to It, you hae the optIon oI IoIIowIng the terms and
condItIons eIther oI that specIIIed ersIon or oI any Iater ersIon that has been
pubIIshed (not as a draIt) by the ree SoItware oundatIon. I the ocument does
not specIIy a ersIon number oI thIs IIcense, you may choose any ersIon eer
WIkIbooks 95
Chapter 12
pubIIshed (not as a draIt) by the ree SoItware oundatIon.
Eternal links
G! ree ocumentatIon IIcense (WIkIpedIa artIcIe on the IIcense)
IIIcIaI G! I webpage
9 SpanIsh

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