Theory

Of Combustion Term Paper on Fluidic Control Of Combustion Instability

Submitted By Ramana Sreenivas B 11101030

Table of contents
Abstract....3 Introduction. 4 Active control methods Governing equations .5 Active control methods-Periodic Fuel injection 6 Active control methods-Periodic Air injection ..8 Discussion 8 References. 9

 Abstract
The goal of this paper is to provide a perspective on the current status and future directions for active flow-control technology with particular emphasis on fluidic control of combustion instability. Active control using periodic fuel injection has the potential of suppressing combustion instability without radically changing the engine design or sacrificing performance.. This term paper deals with different Flow Control techniques such as Periodic Fuel injection, Periodic Air injection and PERM (Periodic Equivalence Ration Modulation). This paper also deals with Governing Equations of Active Control Methods for Combustion Instability and role of perturbation function how it affects the control of instabilities.

1. Introduction
Among the many issues that need to be considered in the design and operation of combustion systems those associated with combustion instabilities are the most difficult. Combustion instability involves coupling between the Pressure oscillations and heat release rates [13]. This phenomenon has many undesirable effects such as high level of noise, Structural vibrations, higher heat fluxes to combustion chamber walls (which eventually disrupts the boundary layer) and in extreme cases may also lead to failure of the system [2, 15,13]. The dynamics of combustion and control of combustion instabilities has been the subject of intensive research. This has lead to the identification of driving processes, system dynamics and developments of control methods. There are three main control strategies are available which can control the combustion instabilities [4,5]: 1) Active Control Methods (ACM), 2) Passive Control Methods (PCM), 3) Flame Dynamics Control Method (FDCM). Three control schemes were discussed below. 1) Active Control Methods (ACM): ACM aims to modify the feedback loop [20], which eliminates the coupling of Pressure oscillations and heat release rates. ACM includes controlling the injection quantities such as fuel supply or Air (oxygen in case of Rocket engines) supply so that decoupling occurs between the physical processes and system (acoustic) oscillations. Actively modulating the acoustic boundary is also one of the methods, which can be used to control the combustion instabilities. That means all ACMs include a feedback control. Its an indirect controlling method. 2) Passive Control Methods (PCM): In this method dissipation of energy (acoustic) is improved by damping systems such as (acoustic liners, Helmholtz resonators, quarter wave cavities and other devices), which enhances absorption. There is no feedback mechanism in this method. Its a direct controlling method. 3) Flame Dynamics Control Method (FDCM): The flame geometry has an important impact on the combustion response to the incoming perturbations. The modification of flow and and flame configuration can be used to control the system response. In this term paper only Active Control Methods are discussed in details. 4

2. Active Control Methods - Governing equations:

Conservation laws governing the motion and changes in a multicomponent fluid with chemical reaction can be written as [1] + . = Where V is the velocity vector, is the density, m is the mass + = . + where p is the pressure tensor ,S is the Viscous Stress tensor and F represents the momentum. ! + = : . +

q represents the Heat flux vector e represents the internal energy Q represents the heat source term. + . = + , . . i= 1,2,.,N, By perturbing the medium slightly through the addition of mass or heat or species mass fractions derived an equation for a positive definite quantity E that can be considered as general fluctuation energy of the system. This quantity vanishes where perturbations are ZERO. The equation can be written as + . = + . . Where J is the flux of the perturbed energy E and also a positive definite quantity, dissipation of E responsible for pumping energy to the perturbation (when >0) or extracting energy from it (when <0 ) When above equation is integrated over a region R enclosed by a surface s it takes the form 5

. =

Where first term represents the rate of increase of energy in the disturbance inside the region R and second term is the rate at which the energy is dissipated by molecular action. Last term represents the energy transfer to or from the region R. whole equation represents, energy of a disturbance in a system can be diminished or enhanced by working on (the dissipation term is always be positive definite and acts always to diminish the energy). So term develops the control strategies. This term has following expression. ! ! ! . ! ! = + ! . ! +

! .
!

Where 0 and T0 are undisturbed density and temperature, and 0 is the undisturbed chemical potential of species i. It is evident from equation 6 that perturbation energy will decay if last term is negative in that equation and perturbation energy will grow if last term exceeds the dissipation. So quantity dt dV plays a vital role here, if sign of this equation determines whether perturbation grow or decay with time. The structure of makes the integral negative by following methods. a) Periodic mass addition antiphase with pressure fluctuations. b) Periodic body force antiphase with velocity fluctuations. c) Periodic heat release rates antiphase with temperature fluctuations. d) Species generation antiphase with the appropriate chemical potential. It should be noted that temperature and pressure fluctuations are in phase with each other for the case of a purely acoustic disturbance. Then the energy can be extracted from the disturbance by adding heat antiphase with pressure fluctuations. This is called the Rayleighs criterion.

3. Active Control MethodsPeriodic fuel injection:

Active control of combustion instability using periodic fuel injection is considers to be the best method since it does not demands any specific change in the geometry or other systems changes [11]. Periodic fuel modulation can be done by a servo valve [8], which will be mounted on the burner head. For controlling this servo valve a control algorithm is required. As it was mentioned earlier this method is closed loop system, any disturbances present in the system 6

will be communicated to this control algorithm which controls the servo valve. A dynamic sensor will measure pressure pulsation in the combustion chamber. The schematic diagram of this method is looks like this

Servo valve which controls the fuel flow Combustion chamber

Dynamic pressure sensor

Control algorithm

There are other methods with which this fuel modulation can be done. A standard on-off valve[6], which is having an on-off characteristic, can be used to modulate the fuel flow. Working principle of this on-off valve in this set up is same as that of servo valve what was mentioned earlier. In both the methods the content of NOx [14] emission in the flue gases gives a true picture of combustion dynamics. In a purely controllable combustion case the NOx emission is same as that of baseline conditions. In the case of instability NOx emission will go up by around 23%. There is another method called Periodic Equivalence ratio modulation (PERM)[9], which is generally accomplished, by this active control method, which ensures the combustor to operate outside the identified instability region. In this method low frequency fuel pulses are injected into the main fuel delivery. Importantly here in this method, the fuel pulses are injected at a rate so as not to affect the desired time-average equivalence ration for the combustion system.

4.

Active Control MethodsPeriodic Air injection:

Periodic Air modulation involves, supply of secondary airflow, which changes the velocity field and disrupting the flame-vortex interactions. This method involves formation of Stable flame, which eliminates the occurrence of possible Thermo-Acoustic Combustion instabilities in Gas Turbines [17,19]. Results by H Murat [10] showed that interaction between the flame and unsteady vortex shedding is the leading cause of the Thermo Acoustic instabilities.

5.

Discussion:

This Active Control Methods are Excellent in controlling the combustion instabilities. These methods are not going to alter the design process of Combustor or Injector [11]. Any change that is required will takes place at upstream of the Combustion Chamber. Where as the Passive Control Methods changes the design process [5]. If Baffles are to be employed means, the whole injector configuration and its suiting to combustor has to change. As per literature [16), flow control using a servo valve is much effective than using a On-Off Valve. Another literature [10], mentioned in this paper that steady air injection near the flame-anchoring zone could suppress thermoacoustic instabilities.

6.

References:

1. K.R.Sreenivasan & S.Raghu Instabilities, Transition and Turbulence, Vol79, sept 2000 .The control of combustion instability: A perspective. 2. Luigi Crocco, The combustion institute 1965 Theoretical studies on Liquid Propellant Rocket Instability. 3. Knight, Peter Howard. Fluidic control of fuel flow. 4. Sebastian Ducruix, Handbook of Combustion vol4. Control of acoustically coupled combustion instabilities. 5. Nidal Al- Masoud Transactions on Control system technology vol3 Nov 2005. Parametric control of combustion Thermo acoustic instabilities. 6. Daniel Guyot, Mirko PAMM . Mech. 7 (2007). Active control of combustion instability using fuel flow modulation. 7. Kastnori Tanaka 5th Asia-pacific conference on combustion, 17-20July 05. An effect of fuel flow modulation on the combustion instability in a modern gas turbine combustor. 8. DEICON, Dynamics& Control. Mitigating combustion driven oscillations in industrial combustors . 9. George A Richards. Periodic Equivalence Ratio Modulation and apparatus for controlling combustion instability. 10. H. Murat Altay Combustion and Flames 2010. Mitigation of thermoacoustic instability utilizing the steady air injection near the flame-anchoring zone. 11. A.M.Annaswamy Journal of Propulsion and Power Vol 18,No. 2, March-April 2002. Combustion Instability Active Control Using Periodic Fuel Injection. 12. Norbert Peters RWTH Aachen University. Combustion Theory 13. Wolfgang Polifke TU Munchen, Germany. Combustion Instabilities 14. D.U.Campos Transactions On Control Systems Technology. Thermoacoustic Instabilities: Modelling and Control. 15. F.E.C.Culick California Institute of Technology CA. Dynamics of Combustion Systems: Fundamentals, Acoustics and Control. 16. Anuradha M.Annaswamy Dec 1995. Active Control of Combustion systems. 17. Hao Zhang Journal of Engineering and Gas Turbine and power ASME 2012.Experimental Investigation of Thermoacoustic Instabilities for a Model Combustor with Varying Fuel Components. 18. Jonas P.Moeck, Technical University Berlin. Phase-Shift Control Of combustion Instabilities Using Secondary Fuel injection and Acoustic Forcing. 19. J. Hermann, A. Orthmann symposium 8-11 May 2000. Combination of Active Instability Control and Passive Measures to Prevent Combustion Instabilities in a 260MW Heavy Duty Gas Turbine. 20. S.Scott Collis, Issues in Active Flow Control: Theory ,Control,Simulation and Experiemnt.