Q1.Explain the scope of Operations Research. What are the features of Operations Research? Ans.

Meaning of Operations Research

Operations research OR means to apply scientific and mathematical methods for decision making and problem solving. OR does not provide decisions else it provides quantitative data to the managers. The managers use this data for making decisions. OR tries to find better solutions to different problems. Hence, it is used to solve complex management problems. OR helps to take decisions about operations and production. OR was first used during the Second World War by England to solve their complex war problems. England made OR teams. These teams included expert mathematicians, statisticians, scientists, engineers, etc. These OR teams were very successful in solving England's war problems. Therefore, United States of America (USA) also started using OR to solve their war problems. After the war, soon industries and businesses also started using OR to solve their complex management problems.

Features of Operations Research

The main characteristics or features of operations research (OR) are:-

Creating a Model : OR first makes a model. A model is a logical representation of a problem. It shows the relationships between the different variables in the problem. It is just like a mathematical formula. For e.g. Assets - Liabilities = Capital + Accumulated Reserves. Shows Important Variables : OR shows the variables which are important for solving the problem. Many of the variables are uncontrollable. Symbolises the Model : The OR model, its variables and goals are converted into mathematical symbols. These symbols can be easily identified, and they can be used for calculation. Achieving the Goal : The main goal of OR is to select the best solution for solving the problem. Quantifying the Model : All variables in the OR model are quantified. That is, they are converted into numbers. This is because only quantified data can be put into the model to get results.

Using Mathematical Devices : Data is supplemented with mathematical devices to narrow down the margin of error. Use of Computer : The main focus is on decision-making and problem solving. For this purpose computers are widely used. Interdisciplinary : OR is interdisciplinary, because it uses techniques from economics, mathematics, chemistry, physics, etc. Highest Efficiency : The main aim of OR is to make decisions and solve problems. This results in the highest possible efficiency. Q2 .Six Operators are to be assigned to five jobs with the cost of assignment in Rs. given in the matrix below. Determine the optimal assignment. Which operator will have no assignment?

Operators 1 2 6 1 2 2 7 3 6 4 9 5 4 6

Jobs 3 2 5 8 2 3 7 5 8 6 3 8 4 4 2 7 9 4 9 6 5 6 7 8 5 7 8

Q3.a. Explain the Monte Carlo Simulation. Ans. Monte Carlo Simulation.- Monte Carlo simulation is a computerized mathematical technique that allows people to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making. The technique is used by professionals in such widely disparate fields as finance, project management, energy, manufacturing, engineering, research and development, insurance, oil & gas, transportation, and the environment.

Monte Carlo simulation furnishes the decision-maker with a range of possible outcomes and the probabilities they will occur for any choice of action.. It shows the extreme possibilities the outcomes of going for broke and for the most conservative decisionalong with all possible consequences for middle-of-the-road decisions.

The technique was first used by scientists working on the atom bomb; it was named for Monte Carlo, the Monaco resort town renowned for its casinos. Since its introduction in World War II, Monte Carlo simulation has been used to model a variety of physical and conceptual systems.

b. A Company produces 150 cars. But the production rate varies with the distribution.

147 Producti on Rate 0.05 Probabili ty

148

149

150

151

152

153

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.30

0.15

0.05

At present the track will hold 150 cars. Using the following random numbers determine the average number of cars waiting for shipment in the company and average number of empty space in the truck. Random Numbers 82, 54, 50, 96, 85, 34, 30, 02, 64, 47. Q4.Explain the Characteristics and Constituents of a Queuing System. Ans. CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUEUING MODEL

A queuing model may be looked for four basic characteristics:

(i)

Arrival characteristics (or input source or calling population)

(ii)

Queue or the waiting line itself

(iii)

Service facility (or service mechanism), and

(iv)

Customer behavior.

A schematic framework of queuing system is shown in the figure:

Queue representation

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Transtutors has a vast panel of experienced industrial management tutors who specialize in the characteristics of a queuing model and can explain the different concepts to you effectively. You can also interact directly with our industrial management tutors for a one to one session and get answers to all your problems in your school, college or university level industrial management. Our tutors will make sure that you achieve the highest grades for your industrial management assignments. We will make sure that you get the best help possible for exams such as the AP, AS, A level, GCSE, IGCSE, IB, Round Square e Q5.a. What do you mean by dominance? State the dominance rules for rows and columns. b. Find the saddle point of the following game and state the optimum strategies for players A and B

A B
1 2 3 4

1 9 6 2 5

2 3 5 4 6

3 1 4 4 2

4 8 6 3 2

5 0 7 8 1

Ans.a Dominance.- While I think that the term is over-used - and often incorrectly used - I disagree that "dominance" is a human trait. It is very much a trait in every group dwelling mammal.

One definition of 'dominant' as follows: "commanding, controlling, or prevailing over all others" There is a leader in every pack, every tribe, every pride, every troupe. One that controls, one that prevails, one that the others follow.

There are dominant dogs in my pack at home. These are the dogs that exude confidence, and control the resources when allowed to operate on their own. Leadership in a vacuum, which is precisely what many people misinterpret as "aggression" (another often spouted and mis-used term) when their dogs resource guard, or refuse to yield their spot on the couch.

I see dominance in body language. Yes, it does occur between dogs, as hierarchy occurs between all group dwelling mammals. Without hierarchy, without those who lead and those who follow, a social unit cannot function, and cannot exist. I'm not sure why some people think this must have been bred out of dogs (particularly primitive and pack-oriented breeds), as it is a fundamental principle of social order.

Does it occur between dogs and humans? Two illustrations:

1. A kennel owner brings two visitors into the dog yard. One visitor is overwhelmed by the number of dogs at the kennel and the size of the dogs themselves, and a little nervous about them. The other visitor owns and trains dogs in their own kennel, has seen this before, is relaxed.

The kennel owner lets 3 dogs out of their runs to greet the visitors. These exuberant, friendly dogs are excited by the new people. They bound to the strangers and, forgetting their manners, jump up on the visitors. Visitor 1 recoils a bit and says things like, "Oh, no no no, stay down, sweetie". The dogs generally ignore this.

Visitor 2 stands tall, looks a bit affronted by the offense, and says quickly, decisively, "NO. OFF." The dogs drop to the ground and come in for a wiggling leg-lean instead.

Throughout the visit, Visitor 1 is occasionally buffeted and bounced off by a random dog. Visitor 2 is greeted respectfully every time.

2. A new student brings his unruly 2 y.o. male Lab to an obedience trainer. The dog is dragging him to strangers, ignoring his weak demands to "Sit!", and generally being boisterous. He complains to the trainer that the dog is uncontrollable, and "can't learn". The trainer greets the dog, confidently takes the leash, pops the dog's collar to focus his attention, and tells him to sit. The dog sits, tail wagging. The trainer rewards him with a small treat and some praise...maybe too much. The dog gets over-excited and stands up. The trainer makes a negative noise and repeats the command. The dog sits.

Can you see the relationships, here?

I think the Cesar Milan phenomenon has made instant experts out of many TV watchers, who use "dominance" as an excuse to alpha-roll and such stupid things. But even if you watch Milan, he has a natural confidence - which is a good part of the reason, I believe, that he can walk into households with spoiled dogs and make them behave in minutes. No, I don't think it's all editing. Because I know many people "in dogs" who can do the exact same thing.

ADD: Knowing it when I see it in a dog-dog situation - Dog "A" has a chewy. Dog "B" has finished their chewy, and walks over to Dog A. Stands over Dog A. Stares intently at Dog A. Dog A glances up at Dog B from the corner of his/her eye, head low, ears back, half-protecting the chewy. Dog B leans further forward on their toes, grumbles a bit, ears forward, tail up. Dog A decides it's not worth it, withdraws from the chewy, allowing Dog B to snatch it up and carry it away.

Knowing it when I see it in a human-dog situation - repeat the above, except when Dog B approaches Dog A and starts invading personal space, the human makes a noise to get the dog's attention, walks over. Dog B immediately looks away from Dog A to the human, ears flick back and forth (Dog B is still trying to posture to Dog A, whom s/he has not given up on, while acknowledging the presence of the human), eyes dart between human and Dog A. Tail wags, if a bit stiffly, and lowers. Human redirects Dog B away from Dog A, and Dog B complies willingly, body language becoming more relaxed, lower, more submissive as they walk away from Dog A. Dog A is left to finish the chewy in peace. b. the dominance rules for rows and columns.- Dominance Rules

(a) For rows : (i) In the payoff matrix if all the entries in a row i1 are greater than or equal to the corresponding entries of another row i2, then row i2 is said to be dominated by row i 1. In this situation row i2 of the payoff matrix can be deleted.

e.g., i2 = ( 1 , 2, -1) is dominated by i1 = (2, 2, 1), hence (1, 2, - 1 ) can be deleted.

(ii) If sum of the entries of any two rows is greater than or equal to the corresponding entry of a third row, then that third row is said to be dominated by the above two rows and hence third row can be deleted.

(b) For columns : (i) In the payoff matrix if all the entries in a column j1 are less than or equal to the corresponding entries of another column h then column h is said to be dominated by column j 1. In this situation column h of the payoff matrix can be deleted.

e.g., j2 = (2 4) is dominated by j1 =(1 2 ). Hence (2 4) can be deleted.

(ii) If sum of the entries of any two columns is less than or equal to the corresponding entry of a third column, then that third column is said to be dominated by the above two columns and hence third column can be deleted.

Example 4. Using the rules for dominance solve the following game :

Solution . The given game has no saddle point. Let us apply the rules for dominance. It is observed that column 1 is dominated by column 3 . Hence delete column 1 and the payoff matrix is reduced as follows :

Again, row 1 is dominated by row 2. Hence delete row 1 and the payoff matrix is reduced to a 2 x 2 matrix.

Let the mixed strategy for player A be SA = ( I II III 0 p1 p2) with p2 = 1 - p 1 and the mixed strategy for player B be

P1 = 3-( -2) / (3 + 3) - (- 1 - 2) = 5/9 = p2 = 4/9

Q3 = 3-(- 1) / (3 + 3) - (-1 - 2 ) = 4/9, q2 = 5/9

V = 9-2 / (3 + 3) - (-1 - 2) = 7/ 9

Hence the optimal mixed strategies are

SA = (I II III 0 5/9 4/9 ) SB = (I II III 0 4/9 5 /9 )

v = 7/9.

Example 5. Solve the following game: PlayerB I I II II 4 3 III 3 4 IV 0 3 III 5 4 3 0 4 4 3 4 3

Player A IV 0

Solution. The given game has no saddle point. Let us apply the rules for dominance to reduce the size of the payoff matrix. It is observed that row II is dominated by row III, hence row I can be deleted and the payoff matrix reduces as follows

It is observed that column III is dominated by column I. Hence column III can be deleted. Also it is observed that column II is dominated by column IV. Hence column IV can also be deleted. Hence the payoff matrix reduces as follows :

Here row II is dominated by row III. Hence row II can be deleted and the payoff matrix reduces to 2 x 2 matrix.

Let the mixed strategies for A be SA = ( I II III IV 0 0 p1 p2 )

With

P2 = 1 p1

and the mixed strategies for Sb = (I II III IV q1 0 0 q) with q2 = 1-q1

p1 = 4-0 / (4+4) (0-3) = 4/5 , p2 = 1-p1 = 1/5 p2 = 4-3 / (4+4) ( 0 +3) = 1/5 , q2 = 1-q1 = 4/5

v = 16-0/ (4+4) (0+3)

Hence the optimal mixed strategies are

SA = ( I II III IV 0 0 4/5 1/5 )

SB = ( I II III IV 1/5 0 0 4/5 )

And v = 16/5

Q6.a What are the differences between PERT and CPM? b. A project has eleven activities whose duration is given in the following table

Activit 0-1 y 2 Durati on (days)

1-2 8

1-3 10

2-4 6

2-5 3

3-4 3

3-6 7

4-7 5

5-7 2

6-7 8

7-8 3

i. Draw the network ii. Identify the critical activities and critical path Ans.a.- Difference Between CPM and PERT.- Project management is an important part of every business enterprise. Whenever a new product or service is launched; when embarking on a marketing

campaign; or when organizing any new projects; project management is needed to make everything organized and successful.

As all projects consume resources such as materials, time, people, and money; starting one would entail an effective project management team and the right techniques to accomplish them, especially those projects that are very complex ones.

A complex project would normally encounter several delays and may surpass the budget allocated for it making a project very costly and which may lead to losses. While many techniques fail in solving these problems, there are two tools which have been proven to be effective. The two most effective and widely used techniques are the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and the Critical Path Method (CPM).

While both serve the same purpose, that is, the fast and effective completion of a project, they are different in many aspects such as the amount of time that they allow for each assignment.

CPM is a technique that is used in projects that have predictable activities and tasks such as in construction projects. It allows project planners to decide which aspect of the project to reduce or increase when a trade-off is needed. It is a deterministic tool and provides an estimate on the cost and the amount of time to spend in order to complete the project. It allows planners to control both the time and cost of the project.

PERT, on the other hand, is used in projects that have unpredictable tasks and activities such as in research and development projects. It utilizes three estimates of the time to complete the project: the most probable, the most promising, and the most unfavorable. It is a probabilistic tool using several estimates to determine the time completion of the project and to control the activities involved in the project so that it will be completed faster and at a lower cost.

In projects that allow for a longer period of time for completion and which are difficult to estimate like in research, PERT is suitable; while in conventional projects with predictable activities and tasks, CPM is suitable.

Summary:

1.The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a project management technique or tool which is suitable for projects that have unpredictable activities while the Critical Path Method (CPM) is a project management tool which is suitable for projects that have predictable activities. 2.CPM uses a single estimate for the time that a project can be completed while PERT uses three estimates for the time that it can be completed. 3.CPM is a deterministic project management tool while PERT is a probabilistic project management tool. 4.CPM allows project management planners to determine which aspect of the project to sacrifice when a trade-off is needed in order to complete the project while PERT does not.

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